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The Z piezo was calibrated by measuring the height of many monolayer HOPG steps. A histogram of these measurements showed a peak centered at 3.44 A, but with considerable breadth (a = 1 A), possibly due to varying amounts of sample compressibility.
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note
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At 725 C and below no new monolayer pits formed during oxidation, while at 800 C some new pits did form during oxidation. This was insignificant for shorter etch times (1 and 2 min), but for the longest etch time (3 min) only the largest one-third of the observed monolayer etch pits were used in calculations.
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Yang14 used a formula of reactions per edge carbon per second = 0.938-dr/d; (dr/df = rate of change in pit radius in A-s"'). Using slightly different methods, we derived a similar formula of 0.763-dr/d; (this value is partly dependent on the value chosen for edge atoms per unit perimeter, which depends on the details of the edge geometry).
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Often in calculations such as this, only the kinetic energy normal to the surface is considered, since "glancing" collisions deliver little energy to a flat surface.42 In the present case, reaction occurs at step edges, rather than at a flat surface, so collisions need not be normal to the surface to be effective. Since explicit treatment of this issue is geometry dependent, we chose to use the total number of collisions. Including this geometry term would only lower the predicted reaction rate, further widening the gap between experimental and predicted values.
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