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Volumn 99, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 1469-1480

Nucleophilic Additions to 4,4-Disubstituted 2,5-Cyclohexadienones: Can Dipole Effects Control Facial Selectivity?

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EID: 0000428270     PISSN: 00092665     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/cr9803838     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (54)

References (124)
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    • Even though more commonly attributed to hyperconjugation, stereoelectronics, and frontier orbital interactions, it is important to note that electrostatics have also been suggested as the origin of anomeric effects. See: Perrin, C. L.; Armstrong, K. B.; Fabian, M. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 715, and references therein.
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    • For the assignment of product ratios and relative configurations, see rets 30 and 31
    • For the assignment of product ratios and relative configurations, see rets 30 and 31.
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    • Conformational flexibility and a slight variation in bond angles account for the decreased dipole moment of the acyclic versus that of the spirocyclic ether
    • Conformational flexibility and a slight variation in bond angles account for the decreased dipole moment of the acyclic versus that of the spirocyclic ether.
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    • For a recent general discussion of the role of electrostatic effects in organic chemistry, see: Wiberg, K. B. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 1089.
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    • A particular interesting variation of the principle of electrostatic reaction control is the use of highly electron-withdrawing groups, such as fluorinated residues, in asymmetric ligand design. For a recent example of a high asymmetric induction based on the ability of the trifluoromethyl group to interact with a chiral Ni-(II) complex of glycine, see: Soloshonok, V. A.; Avilov, D. V.; Kukhar, V. P. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 12433.
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    • note
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    • note
    • A referee suggested that an anomeric stabilization of a half-boat reactant with the OR substituent in a pseudoaxial orientation would lead to a preference for pseudoaxial attack to form the product in a boat conformation. While the preference for such a conformation under Curtin-Hammett kinetics cannot be excluded, there is no indication from ground state X-ray analysis and calculations that a half-boat is thermodynamically preferred for 4,4-disubstituted dienones. In addition, it would have to be postulated that the introduction of the pentafluoroethyl substituent leads to a ring flip and places the OR group into the pseudoequatorial position.
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    • note
    • As pointed out by a referee, the nonzero intercept could also be due to changes in the relative volume of the dienones plotted in Figure 12. Depending on the size of the molecule, the effect of the calculated molecular dipole moment onto the reaction center is likely to vary.
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    • The conformer with the larger dipole moment is often, but not always, the less stable one. See, for example: Perrin, C. L.; Young, D. B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 7185. The minimization of dipole moments in the transition state can also play an important role in determining the observed diastereoselectivity: Jones, D. K.; Liotta, D. C.; Choi, W.-B.; Volante, R. P.; Reider, P. J.; Shinkai, I.; Churchill, H. R. O.; Lynch, J. E. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3749.
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