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In a private communication, Professor Houk has provided the following comments concerning microscopic reversibility and transition states of nucleophilic additions. (1) About microscopic reversibility: "Marcus theory is one elegant way to talk about the fact that both thermodynamic factors (heats of reaction) and transition state stabilization are involved in determining activation energies. Microscopic reversibility does not require both forward and reverse rates to be accelerated by a substituent effect, unless the heat of reaction is constant. The lone pair of an oxygen speeds up formation of a cation at an adjacent center, but it also slows down the reverse reaction, because a cation is more stabilized by the lone pair donation than the transition state." (2) About transition states of nucleophilic additions: " - that electron donors slow down nucleophilic additions is ample proof that the transition states are electron rich with respect to reactants. Cieplak model would predict that amides react fastest, then esters, then ketones, then aldehydes, which is wrong."
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