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The rough surface of the film [Fig. 3(a)] is due to "ion milling" for TEM specimen preparation. TEM measurements showed that the Fe films varied from ∼0.6 to ∼80 nm in thickness, as the deposition time increased from 20 s to 20 min.
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For the 20 s-Fe substrate, it was not possible to measure the density and size of the decomposed Fe nanoparticles, since the CVD growth for 5 min resulted in the formation of aligned nanotubes [Fig. 1(a)]. Thus, we compared other three samples.
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