Biomimetic pathways for assembling inorganic thin films

Science

Volumn 273, Issue 5277, 1996, Pages 892-898

  Aksay, I A ^a,b   Trau, M ^a,b   Manne, S ^a,b   Honma, I ^a,b   Yao, N ^a,b   Zhou, L ^a,b   Fenter, P ^a,b   Eisenberger, P M ^a,b   Gruner, S M ^a,b  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Princeton University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMORPHOUS MATERIALS; BIOMATERIALS; CERAMIC MATERIALS; FILM GROWTH; INORGANIC COMPOUNDS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; NUCLEATION; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; PHASE INTERFACES; SUBSTRATES; SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS; SURFACES;

BIOCOMPOSITE; CONTINUOUS THIN FILMS; HYDROPHILIC SURFACES; HYDROPHOBIC SURFACES; INORGANIC ORGANIC NANOCOMPOSITE; INORGANIC THIN FILMS; LAMINATED NANOCOMPOSITES; SELF ASSEMBLED ORGANIC TEMPLATES; SELF ASSEMBLY; SOLID LIQUID INTERFACE;

THIN FILMS;

GRAPHITE; SILICATE; SILICON DIOXIDE; SURFACTANT;

AQUEOUS SOLUTION; ARTICLE; CERAMICS; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; FILM; HYDROPHILICITY; HYDROPHOBICITY; INORGANIC CHEMISTRY; MICELLE; MINERALIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TEMPERATURE; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

MICA;

EID: 9444252986     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5277.892     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. H. A. Lowenstam and S. Weiner, On Biomineralization (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1989); Biomineralization: Chemical and Biochemical Perspectives, S. Mann, J. Webb, R. J. P. Williams, Eds. (VCH Press, New York, 1989).
2. H. A. Lowenstam and S. Weiner, On Biomineralization (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1989); Biomineralization: Chemical and Biochemical Perspectives, S. Mann, J. Webb, R. J. P. Williams, Eds. (VCH Press, New York, 1989).
3. Hierarchically Structured Materials, I. A. Aksay et al., Eds., MRS Proc. 255 (1992); Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology, NMAB-464 (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994).
4. Hierarchically Structured Materials, I. A. Aksay et al., Eds., MRS Proc. 255 (1992); Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology, NMAB-464 (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994).
5. S. Mann, Nature 365, 499 (1993); B. R. Heywood and S. Mann, Langmuir 8, 1492 (1992); S. Mann, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1993, 1 (1993).
6. S. Mann, Nature 365, 499 (1993); B. R. Heywood and S. Mann, Langmuir 8, 1492 (1992); S. Mann, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1993, 1 (1993).
7. S. Mann, Nature 365, 499 (1993); B. R. Heywood and S. Mann, Langmuir 8, 1492 (1992); S. Mann, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1993, 1 (1993).
8. M. Sarikaya and I. A. Aksay, in Structure, Cellular Synthesis and Assembly of Biopolymers, S. T. Case, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992), pp. 1-25.
9. J. D. Currey, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 196, 443 (1977).
10. S. A. Wainwright et al., Mechanical Design in Organisms (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1982).
11. H. Nakahara and M. Kakei, Bull. Yosai Dent. Univ. 12, 1 (1983); S. Weiner and W. Traub, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 304, 421 (1984); FEBS Lett. 111, 311 (1980); S. Weiner, Y. Talmon, W. Traub, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 5, 325 (1983).
12. H. Nakahara and M. Kakei, Bull. Yosai Dent. Univ. 12, 1 (1983); S. Weiner and W. Traub, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 304, 421 (1984); FEBS Lett. 111, 311 (1980); S. Weiner, Y. Talmon, W. Traub, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 5, 325 (1983).
13. H. Nakahara and M. Kakei, Bull. Yosai Dent. Univ. 12, 1 (1983); S. Weiner and W. Traub, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 304, 421 (1984); FEBS Lett. 111, 311 (1980); S. Weiner, Y. Talmon, W. Traub, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 5, 325 (1983).
14. H. Nakahara and M. Kakei, Bull. Yosai Dent. Univ. 12, 1 (1983); S. Weiner and W. Traub, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 304, 421 (1984); FEBS Lett. 111, 311 (1980); S. Weiner, Y. Talmon, W. Traub, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 5, 325 (1983).
15. H. Nakahara, M. Kakei, G. Bevelander, Jpn. J. Malacol. 39, 167 (1980); M. Cariolu and D. E. Morse, J. Comp. Biol. B 157, 717 (1988); J. Keith et al., Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 105, 487 (1993); R. Humbert et al., MRS Symp. Proc. 330, 89 (1994).
16. H. Nakahara, M. Kakei, G. Bevelander, Jpn. J. Malacol. 39, 167 (1980); M. Cariolu and D. E. Morse, J. Comp. Biol. B 157, 717 (1988); J. Keith et al., Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 105, 487 (1993); R. Humbert et al., MRS Symp. Proc. 330, 89 (1994).
17. H. Nakahara, M. Kakei, G. Bevelander, Jpn. J. Malacol. 39, 167 (1980); M. Cariolu and D. E. Morse, J. Comp. Biol. B 157, 717 (1988); J. Keith et al., Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 105, 487 (1993); R. Humbert et al., MRS Symp. Proc. 330, 89 (1994).
18. H. Nakahara, M. Kakei, G. Bevelander, Jpn. J. Malacol. 39, 167 (1980); M. Cariolu and D. E. Morse, J. Comp. Biol. B 157, 717 (1988); J. Keith et al., Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 105, 487 (1993); R. Humbert et al., MRS Symp. Proc. 330, 89 (1994).
19. G. Falini et al., Science 271, 67 (1996); A. M. Belcher et al., Nature 381, 56 (1996).
20. G. Falini et al., Science 271, 67 (1996); A. M. Belcher et al., Nature 381, 56 (1996).
21. M. Sarikaya, J. Liu, I. A. Aksay, in Biomimetics: Design and Processing of Materials, M. Sarikaya and I. A. Aksay, Eds. (AIP Press, Woodbury, NY, 1995), pp. 35-90.
22. B. C. Bunker et al., Science 264, 48 (1994).
23. A. W. Adamson, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces (Wiley, New York, 1990).
24. R. Becker and W. Doring, Ann. Phys. 24, 719 (1935); F. F. Abraham, Homogeneous Nucleation Theory (Academic Press, New York, 1974), chap. 5.
25. R. Becker and W. Doring, Ann. Phys. 24, 719 (1935); F. F. Abraham, Homogeneous Nucleation Theory (Academic Press, New York, 1974), chap. 5.
26. H. Shin et al., J. Mater. Res. 10, 692 (1995); E. B. Slamovich and I. A. Aksay, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 79, 239 (1996).
27. H. Shin et al., J. Mater. Res. 10, 692 (1995); E. B. Slamovich and I. A. Aksay, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 79, 239 (1996).
28. S. Mann, in Biomimetic Materials Chemistry, S. Mann, Ed. (VCH Press, New York, 1996), pp. 1-40; B. R. Heywood, ibid., pp. 143-174; F. C. Meldrum and J. Fendler, ibid., pp. 175-220.
29. S. Mann, in Biomimetic Materials Chemistry, S. Mann, Ed. (VCH Press, New York, 1996), pp. 1-40; B. R. Heywood, ibid., pp. 143-174; F. C. Meldrum and J. Fendler, ibid., pp. 175-220.
30. S. Mann, in Biomimetic Materials Chemistry, S. Mann, Ed. (VCH Press, New York, 1996), pp. 1-40; B. R. Heywood, ibid., pp. 143-174; F. C. Meldrum and J. Fendler, ibid., pp. 175-220.
31. S. Mann, Nature 332, 119 (1988).
32. The SAM approach for metal substrates involves the use of organothiol rather than chlorosilane surfactants.
33. A. Kumar and G. M. Whitesides, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 2002 (1993); A. Kumar, H. A. Biebuyck, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 10, 1498 (1994).
34. A. Kumar and G. M. Whitesides, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 2002 (1993); A. Kumar, H. A. Biebuyck, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 10, 1498 (1994).
35. B. J. Tarasevich, P. C. Rieke, J. Liu, Chem. Mater. 8, 292 (1996); P, C. Rieke et al., Langmuir 10, 619 (1994).
36. B. J. Tarasevich, P. C. Rieke, J. Liu, Chem. Mater. 8, 292 (1996); P, C. Rieke et al., Langmuir 10, 619 (1994).
37. M. R. De Guire et al., SPIE Proc., in press.
38. R. J. Collins, H. Shin, M. R. De Guire, C. N. Sukenik, A. H. Heuer, unpublished results.
39. E. Kim, Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Nature 376, 581 (1995).
40. C. T. Kresge et al., Nature 359, 710 (1992); J. S. Beck et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 10834 (1992).
41. C. T. Kresge et al., Nature 359, 710 (1992); J. S. Beck et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 10834 (1992).
42. D. M. Antonelli and J. Y. Ying, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 34, 2014 (1995).
43. P. V. Braun, P. Osenar, S. I. Strupp, Nature 380, 325 (1996).
44. A. Monnier et al., Science 261, 1299 (1993); A. Firouzi et al., ibio. 267, 1138 (1995); C. H. Chen, S. L. Burkett, H. X. Li, M. E. Davis, Microporous Mater. 2, 27 (1993).
45. A. Monnier et al., Science 261, 1299 (1993); A. Firouzi et al., ibio. 267, 1138 (1995); C. H. Chen, S. L. Burkett, H. X. Li, M. E. Davis, Microporous Mater. 2, 27 (1993).
46. A. Monnier et al., Science 261, 1299 (1993); A. Firouzi et al., ibio. 267, 1138 (1995); C. H. Chen, S. L. Burkett, H. X. Li, M. E. Davis, Microporous Mater. 2, 27 (1993).
47. H. Yang et al., Nature 379, 703 (1996).
48. S. Manne et al., Langmuir 10, 4409 (1994); _ and H. Gaub, Science 270, 1480 (1995).
49. S. Manne et al., Langmuir 10, 4409 (1994); _ and H. Gaub, Science 270, 1480 (1995).
50. 2O. Under these solution conditions, mesoscopic silica films spontaneously grow onto substrates in contact with the liquid.
51. Under similar conditions, freestanding mesostructured silica films can also be grown at the air/water interfaces [H. Yang et al., Nature 381, 589 (1996); and work at Princeton University by N. Nakagawa et al., unpublished results].
52. To obtain these images, we used a method described in (28) and (32) that uses electrical double layer repulsive forces to image the charge distribution of an adsorbed layer on the sample. The images of the outer layer of the reacting mesostructured film were obtained by immersing the imaging tip and substrate in the reacting mixture and, once sufficient time was allowed for thermal and mechanical equilibration, setting the imaging setpoint in the repulsive precontact region. In this way, the tip is held ∼1 nm above the reacting surface and the scanning motion of the AFM produces a topological map of charge density.
53. T. J. Senden, C. J. Drummond, P. Kekicheff, Langmuir 10, 358 (1994).
54. After 10 hours of reaction, in situ AFM images are difficult to obtain because of the appreciable growth of mesostructured silica on the top surface of the AFM flow cell and cantilever spring. The presence and irregular nature of both of these films disturb the reflection of the laser light beam used to monitor spring deflection.
55. AFM studies on systems containing only surfactant, with no TEOS, reveal the presence of several layers of adsorbed surfactant tubules. Three-dimensional "multilayer" features have been imaged with the microscope, and as many as three "steplike" features are observed in the repulsive portion of the force-distance curve near the substrate (M. Trau et al., in preparation). The existence of such supramolecular surfactant structures in the absence of TEOS suggests a sequential reaction mechanism involving surfactant self-assembly followed by inorganic condensation.
56. Y. Gao, J. Du, T. Gu, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 83, 2671 (1987); B.-Y. Zhu and T. Gu, ibid. 85, 3813 (1989); T. Gu and Z. Huang, Colloids Surf. 40, 71 (1989); J. Leimbach and J. S. H. Rupprecht, ibid. 94, 1 (1995).
57. Y. Gao, J. Du, T. Gu, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 83, 2671 (1987); B.-Y. Zhu and T. Gu, ibid. 85, 3813 (1989); T. Gu and Z. Huang, Colloids Surf. 40, 71 (1989); J. Leimbach and J. S. H. Rupprecht, ibid. 94, 1 (1995).
58. Y. Gao, J. Du, T. Gu, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 83, 2671 (1987); B.-Y. Zhu and T. Gu, ibid. 85, 3813 (1989); T. Gu and Z. Huang, Colloids Surf. 40, 71 (1989); J. Leimbach and J. S. H. Rupprecht, ibid. 94, 1 (1995).
59. Y. Gao, J. Du, T. Gu, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 83, 2671 (1987); B.-Y. Zhu and T. Gu, ibid. 85, 3813 (1989); T. Gu and Z. Huang, Colloids Surf. 40, 71 (1989); J. Leimbach and J. S. H. Rupprecht, ibid. 94, 1 (1995).
60. W. Z. Helfrich, Naturforchung 28C, 693 (1973).
61. S. M. Gruner, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 7562 (1989); R. P. Rand et al., Biochemistry 29, 76 (1990).
62. S. M. Gruner, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 7562 (1989); R. P. Rand et al., Biochemistry 29, 76 (1990).
63. We observed +18% strain in the film grown in the nonequilibrium condition, in the case where the solution is confined in a thin film geometry by a wrap. We found that the film grows about an order of magnitude faster in this condition. A striking feature of our data is that there is a large change in the Bragg peak position as these films dry that corresponds to large changes in the film lattice constant and strain. For example, the degree of hexagonal strain varies from +18% while wet to +2% a few hours after removal from solution, and finally -7% several days later when they are dry. In this process, the lateral spacings of the film increased by 2% upon drying and finally by 5% after a few days. This implies that the 25% change in a/b ratio of the film upon drying is largely due to a change in the vertical lattice spacings due to drying shrinkage in the normal direction.
64. This work was supported by the U.S. Army Research Office (grant DAAH04-95-1-0102) and MRSEC program of the NSF (DMR-940032). We thank D. M. Dabbs for useful discussions and help in the manuscript preparation and Digital Instruments for technical support.