A kinematic comparison of forward and backward swimming in the eel Anguilla anguilla

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 202, Issue 11, 1999, Pages 1511-1521

  D'Août, Kristiaan ^a   Aerts, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Anguilla anguilla; Anguilliform swimming; Backward swimming; European eel; Kinematics

Indexed keywords

ANGUILLA ANGUILLA;

EID: 0033006762     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Alexander, R. McN. (1969). The orientation of muscles fibres in the myomeres of fishes. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 49, 263-290.
2. Altringham, J. D., Wardle, C. S. and Smith, C. I. (1993). Myotomal muscle function at different locations in the body of a swimming fish. J. Exp. Biol. 182, 191-206.
3. Blancheteau, M. (1972). L'ondolation natatoire chez l'Anguille (Poissons, Ostéichtyens, Apodes, Anguillidés, Anguilla anguilla L.) spinale. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Ser. 3 80, 917-924.
4. Blaxter, J. H. S. (1969). Swimming speeds of fish. FAO Fish. Rep. 62, 69-100.
5. Bowtell, G. and Williams, T. L. (1994). Anguilliform body dynamics: a continuum model for the interaction between muscle activation and body curvature. J. Math. Biol. 32, 83-91.
6. Breder, C. M. (1926). The locomotion of fishes. Zoologica 4, 159-297.
7. Carling, J. C., Bowtell, G. and Williams, T. L. (1994). Swimming in the lamprey: modelling the neural pattern generation, the body dynamics and the fluid mechanics. In Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming (ed. L. Maddock, Q. Bone and J. M. V. Rayner), pp. 119-132. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Carling, J., Williams, T. L. and Bowtell, G. (1998). Self-propelled anguilliform swimming: simultaneous solution of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and Newton's laws of motion. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 3143-3166.
9. Coughlin, D. J., Valdes, L. and Rome, L. C. (1996). Muscle length changes during swimming in scup: sonomicrometry verifies the anatomical high-speed cine technique. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 459-463.
10. Courtland, H. W., Long, J. H. and Root, R. G. (1998). Making waves: fourier analysis of forward and backward swimming in the marine lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Am. Zool. 38, 17A.
11. Cowx, I. G. and Lamarque, P. (1990). (eds) Fishing with Electricity. Applications in Freshwater Fisheries Management. Oxford: Blackwell.
12. D'Août, K. and Aerts, P. (1997). Kinematics and efficiency of steady swimming in adult axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum). J. Exp. Biol. 200, 1863-1871.
13. D'Août, K. and Aerts, P. (1999). The kinematics of voluntary steady swimming of hatchling and adult axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum Shaw, 1789). Belg. J. Zool 129, 305-316.
14. D'Août, K., Aerts, P. and De Vree, F. (1996). The timing of muscle strain and activation during steady swimming in a salamander, Ambystoma mexicanum. Neth. J. Zool. 46, 263-271.
15. Ekeberg, Ö. (1993). A combined neuronal and mechanical model of fish swimming. Biol. Cybernetics 69, 363-374.
16. Gillis, G. (1996). Undulatory locomotion in elongate aquatic vertebrates: anguilliform swimming since Sir James Gray. Am. Zool. 36, 656-665.
17. Gillis, G. (1997). Anguilliform locomotion in an elongate salamander (Siren intermedia): effects of speed on axial undulatory movements. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 767-784.
18. Gillis, G. (1998a). Environmental effects on undulatory locomotion in the American eel Anguilla rostrata: kinematics in water and on land. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 949-962.
19. Gillis, G. (1998b). Neuromuscular control of anguilliform locomotion: patterns of red and white muscle activity during swimming in the American eel Anguilla rostrata. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 3245-3256.
20. Graham, J. B., Lowell, W. R., Rubinoff, I. and Motta, J. (1987). Surface and subsurface swimming of the sea snake Pelamis platurus. J. Exp. Biol. 127, 27-44.
21. Gray, J. (1933). Studies in animal locomotion. I. The movement of fish with special reference to the eel. J. Exp. Biol. 10, 88-103.
22. Grillner, S. (1995). The neural network coordinating locomotion in the lamprey - from ion channels to behaviour. Physiol. Zool. 68, 25-33.
23. Grillner, S. (1996). Neural networks for vertebrate locomotion. Scient. Am. 274, 48-53.
24. Grillner, S. and Kashin, S. (1976). On the generation and performance of swimming in fish. In Neural Control of Locomotion (ed. R. M. Herman, S. Grillner, P. S. G. Stein and D. G. Stuart), pp. 181-201. New York: Plenum Press.
25. Hoff, K., Huq, N., King, V. A. and Wassersug, R. J. (1989). The kinematics of larval salamander swimming. Can. J. Zool. 67, 2756-2761.
26. Hulbert, W. C. and Moon, T. W. (1978a). A histochemical, light and electron microscopic examination of eel, Anguilla rostrata red and white muscle. J. Fish Biol. 13, 527-533.
27. Hulbert, W. C. and Moon, T. W. (1978b). General characteristics and morphology of eel (Anguilla rostrata L.) red and white muscle. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61A, 377-382.
28. Jayne, B. C. (1985). Swimming in constricting (Elaphe g. guttata) and nonconstricting (Nerodia fasciata pictiventris) colubrid snakes. Copeia 1985, 195-208.
29. Katz, S. L. and Shadwick, R. E. (1998). Curvature of swimming fish midlines as an index of muscle strain suggests swimming muscle produces net positive work. J. Theor. Biol. 193, 243-256.
30. Lighthill, M. J. (1960). Note on the swimming of slender fish. J. Fluid Mech. 9, 305-317.
31. Lighthill, M. J. (1970). Aquatic animal propulsion of high hydromechanical efficiency. J. Fluid Mech. 44, 265-301.
32. Liu, H., Wassersug, R. J. and Kawachi, K. (1996). A computational fluid dynamics study of tadpole swimming. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 1245-1260.
33. Long, J. H., Jr (1998). Muscles, elastic energy and the dynamics of body stiffness in swimming eels. Am. Zool. 38, 181-202.
34. Rome, L. C. (1994). The mechanical design of the fish muscular system. In Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming (ed. L. Maddock, Q. Bone and J. M. V. Rayner), pp. 75-97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35. Rome, L. C., Choi, I.-H., Lutz, G. and Sosnicki, A. A. (1992). The influence of temperature on muscle function in the fast swimming scup. I. Shortening velocity and muscle recruitment during swimming. J. Exp. Biol. 163, 259-279.
36. Rome, L. C., Funke, R. P., Alexander, R., McN Iutz, G., Aldridge, H., Scott, F. and Freedman, M. (1988). Why animals have different muscle fibre types. Nature 355, 824-827.
37. Rome, L. C. and Sosnicki, A. A. (1991). Myofilament overlap in swimming carp. II. Sarcomere length changes during swimming. Am. J. Physiol. 260, C289-C296.
38. Vandelannoote, A., Bruylants, B., Verheyen, R., Coeck, J., Maes, J., Belpaire, C., Van Thuyne, G., Denayer, B., Beyens, J., De charleroy, D. and Vandenabeele, P. (1998). Atlas van de Vlaamse Beek-en Riviervissen. Wijnegem (Belgium): v.z.w. WEL, pp. 50-54.
39. Videler, J. J. (1993). Fish Swimming. London: Chapman & Hall.
40. Videler, J. J. and Wardle, C. S. (1978). New kinematic data from high speed cine film recordings of swimming cod (Gadus morhua). Neth. J. Zool. 28, 465-484.
41. Wardle, C. S., Tetteh-Lartey, N., McDonald, A. G., Harper, A. A. and Pennec, J. P. (1987). The effect of pressure on the lateral swimming muscle of the european eel Anguilla anguilla and the deep sea eel Histobranchus bathybius; results of challenger cruise 6B/85. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 88A, 595-598.
42. Wardle, C. S. and Videler, J. J. (1994). The timing of lateral muscle strain and EMG activity in different species of steadily swimming fish. In Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming (ed. L. Maddock, Q. Bone and J. M. V. Rayner), pp. 111-118. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43. Wardle, C. S. and Videler, J. J. (1995). Tuning in to fish swimming waves: body form, swimming mode and muscle function. J. Exp. Biol. 198, 1629-1636.
44. Webb, P. W. (1975). Hydrodynamics and energetics of fish propulsion. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 190, 1-158.
45. Williams, T. L. (1992). Phase coupling by synaptic spread in chains of coupled neuronal oscillators. Science 258, 662-665.
46. Williams, T. L., Grillner, S., Smoljaninov, V. S., Wallén, P., Kashin, S. and Rossignol, S. (1989). Locomotion in lamprey and trout: the relative timing of activation and movement. J. Exp. Biol. 143, 559-566.
47. Winter, D. (1990). Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement (second edition). New York: Wiley and Sons.