메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 861-882

Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: New developments concerning microbiology and pathophysiology - Impact on approaches to risk stratification and therapy

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; CEPHALOSPORIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CORTICOSTEROID; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DOXYCYCLINE; GEMIFLOXACIN; MOXIFLOXACIN; RANTES; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

EID: 8844256694     PISSN: 08915520     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2004.07.006     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (31)

References (79)
  • 1
    • 0029907597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based health policy - Lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study
    • C.J. Murray, and A.D. Lopez Evidence-based health policy - lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study Science 274 1996 740 743
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 740-743
    • Murray, C.J.1    Lopez, A.D.2
  • 2
    • 0036261061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COPD: Epidemiology, prevalence, morbidity and mortality, and disease heterogeneity
    • D.M. Mannino COPD: epidemiology, prevalence, morbidity and mortality, and disease heterogeneity Chest 121 2002 121S 126S
    • (2002) Chest , vol.121
    • Mannino, D.M.1
  • 3
    • 0034715257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health care utilization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A case-control study in a health maintenance organization
    • D.W. Mapel, J.S. Hurley, F.J. Frost, H.V. Petersen, M.A. Picchi, and D.B. Coultas Health care utilization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A case-control study in a health maintenance organization Arch Intern Med 160 2000 2653 2658
    • (2000) Arch Intern Med , vol.160 , pp. 2653-2658
    • Mapel, D.W.1    Hurley, J.S.2    Frost, F.J.3    Petersen, H.V.4    Picchi, M.A.5    Coultas, D.B.6
  • 4
    • 0041810589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD: 2003 update
    • L.M. Fabbri, and S.S. Hurd Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD: 2003 update Eur Respir J 22 2003 1 2
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.22 , pp. 1-2
    • Fabbri, L.M.1    Hurd, S.S.2
  • 5
    • 0034064973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations
    • R. Rodriguez-Roisin Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations Chest 117 2000 398S 401S
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117
    • Rodriguez-Roisin, R.1
  • 6
    • 0037103420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of a new bacterial strain and occurrence of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • S. Sethi, N. Evans, B.J.B. Grant, and T.F. Murphy Acquisition of a new bacterial strain and occurrence of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease N Engl J Med 347 7 2002 465 471
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.347 , Issue.7 , pp. 465-471
    • Sethi, S.1    Evans, N.2    Grant, B.J.B.3    Murphy, T.F.4
  • 9
    • 0037260438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 6: The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • A.J. White, S. Gompertz, and R.A. Stockley Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 6: The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Thorax 58 2003 73 80
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 73-80
    • White, A.J.1    Gompertz, S.2    Stockley, R.A.3
  • 10
    • 1842557644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New developments in the pathogenesis of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • S. Sethi New developments in the pathogenesis of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Curr Opin Infect Dis 17 2004 113 119
    • (2004) Curr Opin Infect Dis , vol.17 , pp. 113-119
    • Sethi, S.1
  • 11
    • 85002306682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airway inflammation and etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • S. Sethi, K. Muscarella, N. Evans, K.L. Klingman, B.J.B. Grant, and T.F. Murphy Airway inflammation and etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Chest 118 6 2000 1557 1565
    • (2000) Chest , vol.118 , Issue.6 , pp. 1557-1565
    • Sethi, S.1    Muscarella, K.2    Evans, N.3    Klingman, K.L.4    Grant, B.J.B.5    Murphy, T.F.6
  • 12
    • 0034883814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in bronchial inflammation during acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • S. Gompertz, C. O'Brien, D.L. Bayley, S.L. Hill, and R.A. Stockley Changes in bronchial inflammation during acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Eur Respir J 17 6 2001 1112 1119
    • (2001) Eur Respir J , vol.17 , Issue.6 , pp. 1112-1119
    • Gompertz, S.1    O'Brien, C.2    Bayley, D.L.3    Hill, S.L.4    Stockley, R.A.5
  • 13
    • 0035402125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exacerbations of bronchitis: Bronchial eosinophilia and gene expression for interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and eosinophil chemoattractants
    • J. Zhu, Y.S. Qiu, S. Majumdar, E. Gamble, D. Matin, and G. Turato Exacerbations of bronchitis: bronchial eosinophilia and gene expression for interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and eosinophil chemoattractants Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 2001 109 116
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.164 , pp. 109-116
    • Zhu, J.1    Qiu, Y.S.2    Majumdar, S.3    Gamble, E.4    Matin, D.5    Turato, G.6
  • 14
    • 0030933120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased bronchoalveolar grnulocytes and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor during exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • B. Balbi, C. Bason, E. Balleari, F. Fiasella, A. Pesci, and R. Ghio Increased bronchoalveolar grnulocytes and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor during exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Eur Respir J 10 1997 846 850
    • (1997) Eur Respir J , vol.10 , pp. 846-850
    • Balbi, B.1    Bason, C.2    Balleari, E.3    Fiasella, F.4    Pesci, A.5    Ghio, R.6
  • 16
    • 0028019608 scopus 로고
    • The role of proteinases in the pathogenesis of chronic bronchits
    • R.A. Stockley The role of proteinases in the pathogenesis of chronic bronchits Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150 1994 S109 S113
    • (1994) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.150
    • Stockley, R.A.1
  • 17
    • 0036899028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 5: Systemic effects of COPD
    • E.F. Wouters Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 5: systemic effects of COPD Thorax 57 2002 1067 1070
    • (2002) Thorax , vol.57 , pp. 1067-1070
    • Wouters, E.F.1
  • 18
    • 0033865911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are accompanied by elevations of plasma fibrinogen and serum IL-6 levels
    • J.A. Wedzicha, T.A. Seemungal, P.K. MacCallum, E.A. Paul, G.C. Donaldson, and A. Bhowmik Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are accompanied by elevations of plasma fibrinogen and serum IL-6 levels Thromb Haemost 84 2000 210 215
    • (2000) Thromb Haemost , vol.84 , pp. 210-215
    • Wedzicha, J.A.1    Seemungal, T.A.2    MacCallum, P.K.3    Paul, E.A.4    Donaldson, G.C.5    Bhowmik, A.6
  • 19
    • 0031946651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of C-reactive protein measurements in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • D. Dev, E. Wallace, R. Sankaran, J. Cunniffe, J.R. Govan, and C.G. Wathen Value of C-reactive protein measurements in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Respir Med 92 4 1998 664 667
    • (1998) Respir Med , vol.92 , Issue.4 , pp. 664-667
    • Dev, D.1    Wallace, E.2    Sankaran, R.3    Cunniffe, J.4    Govan, J.R.5    Wathen, C.G.6
  • 20
    • 0031844394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diesel exhaust particles stimulate human airway epithelial cells to produce cytokines relevant to airway inflammation in vitro
    • T. Ohtoshi, H. Takizawa, H. Okazaki, S. Kawasaki, N. Takeuchi, and K. Ohta Diesel exhaust particles stimulate human airway epithelial cells to produce cytokines relevant to airway inflammation in vitro J Allergy Clin Immunol 101 1998 778 785
    • (1998) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.101 , pp. 778-785
    • Ohtoshi, T.1    Takizawa, H.2    Okazaki, H.3    Kawasaki, S.4    Takeuchi, N.5    Ohta, K.6
  • 21
    • 0027962630 scopus 로고
    • Effect of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide on airway response of mild asthmatic patients to allergen inhalation
    • J.L. Devalia, C. Rusznak, M.J. Herdman, C.J. Trigg, H. Tarraf, and R.J. Davies Effect of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide on airway response of mild asthmatic patients to allergen inhalation Lancet 344 1994 1668 1671
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 1668-1671
    • Devalia, J.L.1    Rusznak, C.2    Herdman, M.J.3    Trigg, C.J.4    Tarraf, H.5    Davies, R.J.6
  • 22
    • 0032791311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchoalveolar inflammation after exposure to diesel exhaust: Comparison between unfiltered and particle trap filtered exhaust
    • B. Rudell, A. Blomberg, R. Helleday, M.C. Ledin, B. Lundback, and N. Stjernberg Bronchoalveolar inflammation after exposure to diesel exhaust: comparison between unfiltered and particle trap filtered exhaust Occup Environ Med 56 1999 527 534
    • (1999) Occup Environ Med , vol.56 , pp. 527-534
    • Rudell, B.1    Blomberg, A.2    Helleday, R.3    Ledin, M.C.4    Lundback, B.5    Stjernberg, N.6
  • 23
    • 1642586609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and mortality in a cohort of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A time series analysis
    • J. Garcia-Aymerich, A. Tobias, J.M. Anto, and J. Sunyer Air pollution and mortality in a cohort of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a time series analysis J Epidemiol Community Health 54 2000 73 74
    • (2000) J Epidemiol Community Health , vol.54 , pp. 73-74
    • Garcia-Aymerich, J.1    Tobias, A.2    Anto, J.M.3    Sunyer, J.4
  • 24
    • 0027193297 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and emergency room admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A 5-year study
    • J. Sunyer, M. Saez, C. Murillo, J. Castellsague, F. Martinez, and J.M. Anto Air pollution and emergency room admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 5-year study Am J Epidemiol 137 1993 701 705
    • (1993) Am J Epidemiol , vol.137 , pp. 701-705
    • Sunyer, J.1    Saez, M.2    Murillo, C.3    Castellsague, J.4    Martinez, F.5    Anto, J.M.6
  • 25
    • 0033928887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are at increased risk of death associated with urban particle air pollution: A case-crossover analysis
    • J. Sunyer, J. Schwartz, A. Tobias, D. Macfarlane, J. Garcia, and J.M. Anto Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are at increased risk of death associated with urban particle air pollution: a case-crossover analysis Am J Epidemiol 151 2000 50 56
    • (2000) Am J Epidemiol , vol.151 , pp. 50-56
    • Sunyer, J.1    Schwartz, J.2    Tobias, A.3    MacFarlane, D.4    Garcia, J.5    Anto, J.M.6
  • 26
    • 0034110061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • S. Sethi Infectious etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Chest 117 2000 380S 385S
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117
    • Sethi, S.1
  • 27
    • 0033944282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do bacteria cause exacerbations of COPD?
    • J.V. Hirschmann Do bacteria cause exacerbations of COPD? Chest 118 2000 193 203
    • (2000) Chest , vol.118 , pp. 193-203
    • Hirschmann, J.V.1
  • 28
    • 0033931145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of bacteria in exacerbations of COPD. A constructive view
    • T.F. Murphy, S. Sethi, and M.S. Niederman The role of bacteria in exacerbations of COPD. A constructive view Chest 118 1 2000 204 209
    • (2000) Chest , vol.118 , Issue.1 , pp. 204-209
    • Murphy, T.F.1    Sethi, S.2    Niederman, M.S.3
  • 29
    • 0035070005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2000: A state-of-the-art review
    • S. Sethi, and T.F. Murphy Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2000: a state-of-the-art review Clin Microbiol Rev 14 2 2001 336 363
    • (2001) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 336-363
    • Sethi, S.1    Murphy, T.F.2
  • 31
    • 0029085092 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A study of stable and exacerbated outpatients using the protected specimen brush
    • E. Monso, J. Ruiz, A. Rosell, J. Manterola, J. Fiz, and J. Morera Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A study of stable and exacerbated outpatients using the protected specimen brush Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152 1995 1316 1320
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 1316-1320
    • Monso, E.1    Ruiz, J.2    Rosell, A.3    Manterola, J.4    Fiz, J.5    Morera, J.6
  • 32
  • 33
    • 0031747166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation
    • N. Soler, A. Torres, S. Ewig, J. Gonzalez, R. Celis, and M. El-Ebiary Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157 1998 1498 1505
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.157 , pp. 1498-1505
    • Soler, N.1    Torres, A.2    Ewig, S.3    Gonzalez, J.4    Celis, R.5    El-Ebiary, M.6
  • 34
    • 0031689541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airways microbial flora in COPD patients in stable clinical conditions and during exacerbations: A bronchoscopic investigation
    • R. Pela, F.F. Marchesani, C. Agostinelli, D. Staccioli, L. Cecarini, and C. Bassotti Airways microbial flora in COPD patients in stable clinical conditions and during exacerbations: a bronchoscopic investigation Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 53 3 1998 262 267
    • (1998) Monaldi Arch Chest Dis , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 262-267
    • Pela, R.1    Marchesani, F.F.2    Agostinelli, C.3    Staccioli, D.4    Cecarini, L.5    Bassotti, C.6
  • 35
    • 0035662726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the lower respiratory tract of patients with chronic bronchitis
    • V. Bandi, M.A. Apicella, E. Mason, T.F. Murphy, A. Siddiqi, and R.L. Atmar Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the lower respiratory tract of patients with chronic bronchitis Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 11 2001 2114 2119
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.164 , Issue.11 , pp. 2114-2119
    • Bandi, V.1    Apicella, M.A.2    Mason, E.3    Murphy, T.F.4    Siddiqi, A.5    Atmar, R.L.6
  • 37
    • 0019308094 scopus 로고
    • A study of infective and other factors in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • V.U. McHardy, J.M. Inglis, M.A. Calder, and J.W. Crofton A study of infective and other factors in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Br J Dis Chest 74 1980 228 238
    • (1980) Br J Dis Chest , vol.74 , pp. 228-238
    • McHardy, V.U.1    Inglis, J.M.2    Calder, M.A.3    Crofton, J.W.4
  • 38
    • 0037168563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics and selection of many-strain pathogens
    • J.R. Gog, and B.T. Grenfell Dynamics and selection of many-strain pathogens Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 2002 17209 17214
    • (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.99 , pp. 17209-17214
    • Gog, J.R.1    Grenfell, B.T.2
  • 39
    • 0442313530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strain specific immune response to Haemophilus influenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • S. Sethi, C. Wrona, B. Grant, and T. Murphy Strain specific immune response to Haemophilus influenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169 4 2004 448 453
    • (2004) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.169 , Issue.4 , pp. 448-453
    • Sethi, S.1    Wrona, C.2    Grant, B.3    Murphy, T.4
  • 40
    • 0036498644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic and mucosal antibody response to Moraxella catarrhalis following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • F. Bakri, A.L. Brauer, S. Sethi, and T.F. Murphy Systemic and mucosal antibody response to Moraxella catarrhalis following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease J Infect Dis 185 2002 632 640
    • (2002) J Infect Dis , vol.185 , pp. 632-640
    • Bakri, F.1    Brauer, A.L.2    Sethi, S.3    Murphy, T.F.4
  • 41
    • 0037373308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immune response to outer membrane protein CD of Moraxella catarrhalis in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • T.F. Murphy, C. Kirkham, D.F. Liu, and S. Sethi Human immune response to outer membrane protein CD of Moraxella catarrhalis in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Infect Immun 71 3 2003 1288 1294
    • (2003) Infect Immun , vol.71 , Issue.3 , pp. 1288-1294
    • Murphy, T.F.1    Kirkham, C.2    Liu, D.F.3    Sethi, S.4
  • 42
    • 0036529109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte proliferative response to P6 of Haemophilus influenzae is associated with relative protection from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Y. Abe, T.F. Murphy, S. Sethi, H.S. Faden, J. Dmochowski, and Y. Harabuchi Lymphocyte proliferative response to P6 of Haemophilus influenzae is associated with relative protection from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 2002 967 971
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.165 , pp. 967-971
    • Abe, Y.1    Murphy, T.F.2    Sethi, S.3    Faden, H.S.4    Dmochowski, J.5    Harabuchi, Y.6
  • 43
    • 0037722851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with respiratory viruses and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae
    • V. Bandi, M. Jakubowycz, C. Kinyon, E.O. Mason, R.L. Atmar, and S.B. Greenberg Infectious exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with respiratory viruses and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 37 2003 69 75
    • (2003) FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol , vol.37 , pp. 69-75
    • Bandi, V.1    Jakubowycz, M.2    Kinyon, C.3    Mason, E.O.4    Atmar, R.L.5    Greenberg, S.B.6
  • 44
    • 0035137558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Granulocyte inflammatory markers and airway infection during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • S.D. Aaron, J.B. Angel, M. Lunau, K. Wright, C. Fex, and N. Le Saux Granulocyte inflammatory markers and airway infection during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 2001 349 355
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , pp. 349-355
    • Aaron, S.D.1    Angel, J.B.2    Lunau, M.3    Wright, K.4    Fex, C.5    Le Saux, N.6
  • 45
    • 0041620454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolution of bronchial inflammation is related to bacterial eradication following treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • A.J. White, S. Gompertz, D.L. Bayley, S.L. Hill, C. O'Brien, and I. Unsal Resolution of bronchial inflammation is related to bacterial eradication following treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Thorax 58 8 2003 680 685
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , Issue.8 , pp. 680-685
    • White, A.J.1    Gompertz, S.2    Bayley, D.L.3    Hill, S.L.4    O'Brien, C.5    Unsal, I.6
  • 46
    • 0037253901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring hospitalisation: A case-control study
    • G. Rohde, A. Wiethege, I. Borg, M. Kauth, T.T. Bauer, and A. Gillissen Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring hospitalisation: a case-control study Thorax 58 2003 37 42
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 37-42
    • Rohde, G.1    Wiethege, A.2    Borg, I.3    Kauth, M.4    Bauer, T.T.5    Gillissen, A.6
  • 47
    • 0041377790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in patients hospitalized with near-fatal asthma, acute exacerbations of asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • W.C. Tan, X. Xiang, D. Qiu, T.P. Ng, S.F. Lam, and R.G. Hegele Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in patients hospitalized with near-fatal asthma, acute exacerbations of asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Med 115 2003 272 277
    • (2003) Am J Med , vol.115 , pp. 272-277
    • Tan, W.C.1    Xiang, X.2    Qiu, D.3    Ng, T.P.4    Lam, S.F.5    Hegele, R.G.6
  • 48
    • 0033773356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of rhinovirus in induced sputum at exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • T.A. Seemungal, R. Harper-Owen, A. Bhowmik, D.J. Jeffries, and J.A. Wedzicha Detection of rhinovirus in induced sputum at exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur Respir J 16 2000 677 683
    • (2000) Eur Respir J , vol.16 , pp. 677-683
    • Seemungal, T.A.1    Harper-Owen, R.2    Bhowmik, A.3    Jeffries, D.J.4    Wedzicha, J.A.5
  • 51
    • 0036344235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chlamydia pneumoniae and chronic bronchitis: Association with severity and bacterial clearance following treatment
    • F. Blasi, S. Damato, R. Cosentini, P. Tarsia, R. Raccanelli, and S. Centanni Chlamydia pneumoniae and chronic bronchitis: association with severity and bacterial clearance following treatment Thorax 57 2002 672 676
    • (2002) Thorax , vol.57 , pp. 672-676
    • Blasi, F.1    Damato, S.2    Cosentini, R.3    Tarsia, P.4    Raccanelli, R.5    Centanni, S.6
  • 53
    • 0032772257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute purulent exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection
    • N. Mogulkoc, S. Karakurt, B. Isalska, U. Bayindir, T. Celikel, and V. Korten Acute purulent exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 1 1999 349 353
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.160 , Issue.1 , pp. 349-353
    • Mogulkoc, N.1    Karakurt, S.2    Isalska, B.3    Bayindir, U.4    Celikel, T.5    Korten, V.6
  • 54
    • 0031732416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis and COPD
    • N. Miyashita, Y. Niki, M. Nakajima, H. Kawane, and T. Matsushima Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis and COPD Chest 114 4 1998 969 971
    • (1998) Chest , vol.114 , Issue.4 , pp. 969-971
    • Miyashita, N.1    Niki, Y.2    Nakajima, M.3    Kawane, H.4    Matsushima, T.5
  • 55
    • 0034758777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • D. Karnak, S. Beng-sun, S. Beder, and O. Kayacan Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Respir Med 95 10 2001 811 816
    • (2001) Respir Med , vol.95 , Issue.10 , pp. 811-816
    • Karnak, D.1    Beng-Sun, S.2    Beder, S.3    Kayacan, O.4
  • 56
    • 0026723636 scopus 로고
    • Smoking is a potential confounder of the Chlamydia pneumoniae-coronary artery disease association
    • D.L. Hahn, and R. Golubjatnikov Smoking is a potential confounder of the Chlamydia pneumoniae-coronary artery disease association Arterioscler Thromb 12 1992 945 947
    • (1992) Arterioscler Thromb , vol.12 , pp. 945-947
    • Hahn, D.L.1    Golubjatnikov, R.2
  • 57
    • 0026317782 scopus 로고
    • Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR, infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • C.D. Beaty, J.T. Grayston, S.P. Wang, C.C. Kuo, C.S. Reto, and T.R. Martin Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR, infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am Rev Respir Dis 144 1991 1408 1410
    • (1991) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.144 , pp. 1408-1410
    • Beaty, C.D.1    Grayston, J.T.2    Wang, S.P.3    Kuo, C.C.4    Reto, C.S.5    Martin, T.R.6
  • 59
    • 0018827121 scopus 로고
    • Association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute respiratory illness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
    • C.B. Smith, C. Golden, R. Kanner, and A.D. Renzetti Jr. Association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute respiratory illness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases Am Rev Respir Dis 121 1980 225 232
    • (1980) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.121 , pp. 225-232
    • Smith, C.B.1    Golden, C.2    Kanner, R.3    Renzetti Jr., A.D.4
  • 60
    • 0036227347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute exacerbations of COPD: A "multipronged" approach
    • S. Sethi Acute exacerbations of COPD: a "multipronged" approach J Respir Dis 23 4 2002 217 255
    • (2002) J Respir Dis , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 217-255
    • Sethi, S.1
  • 61
    • 0035799388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A summary and appraisal of published evidence
    • P.B. Bach, C. Brown, S.E. Gelfand, and D.C. McCrory Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a summary and appraisal of published evidence Ann Intern Med 134 7 2001 600 620
    • (2001) Ann Intern Med , vol.134 , Issue.7 , pp. 600-620
    • Bach, P.B.1    Brown, C.2    Gelfand, S.E.3    McCrory, D.C.4
  • 62
    • 0141670266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian guidelines for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • M.S. Balter, J. La Forge, D.E. Low, L. Mandell, and R.F. Grossman Canadian guidelines for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Can Respir J 10 Suppl B 2003 3B 32B
    • (2003) Can Respir J , vol.10
    • Balter, M.S.1    La Forge, J.2    Low, D.E.3    Mandell, L.4    Grossman, R.F.5
  • 63
    • 0036425163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Role of bacteria and guide to antibacterial selection in the older patient
    • T.F. Murphy, and S. Sethi Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of bacteria and guide to antibacterial selection in the older patient Drugs Aging 19 2002 761 775
    • (2002) Drugs Aging , vol.19 , pp. 761-775
    • Murphy, T.F.1    Sethi, S.2
  • 64
    • 8344264016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteria in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Phenomenon or epiphenomenon?
    • S. Sethi Bacteria in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Phenomenon or epiphenomenon? Proc Am Thorac Soc 1 2004 109 114
    • (2004) Proc Am Thorac Soc , vol.1 , pp. 109-114
    • Sethi, S.1
  • 65
    • 0345550450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults
    • L.A. Mandell, J.G. Bartlett, S.F. Dowell, T.M. File Jr., D.M. Musher, and C. Whitney Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults Clin Infect Dis 37 2003 1405 1433
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.37 , pp. 1405-1433
    • Mandell, L.A.1    Bartlett, J.G.2    Dowell, S.F.3    File Jr., T.M.4    Musher, D.M.5    Whitney, C.6
  • 66
    • 1542539367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis 2004
    • Sinus and Allergy Health Partnership Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis 2004 Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130 1 2004 1 45
    • (2004) Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , vol.130 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-45
    • Sinus1    Health Partnership, A.2
  • 67
    • 0028918620 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. A meta-analysis
    • S. Saint, S. Bent, E. Vittinghoff, and D. Grady Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. A meta-analysis JAMA 273 12 1995 957 996
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.273 , Issue.12 , pp. 957-996
    • Saint, S.1    Bent, S.2    Vittinghoff, E.3    Grady, D.4
  • 68
    • 0029070242 scopus 로고
    • Changes in symptoms, peak expiratory flow, and sputum flora during treatment with antibiotics of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in general practice
    • A.P.E. Sachs, G.H. Koeter, K.H. Groenier, D. van der Waaij, J. Schiphuis, and B.M. Jong Changes in symptoms, peak expiratory flow, and sputum flora during treatment with antibiotics of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in general practice Thorax 50 1995 758 763
    • (1995) Thorax , vol.50 , pp. 758-763
    • Sachs, A.P.E.1    Koeter, G.H.2    Groenier, K.H.3    Van Der Waaij, D.4    Schiphuis, J.5    Jong, B.M.6
  • 69
    • 0035894617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: A randomised placebo- controlled trial
    • S. Nouira, S. Marghli, M. Belghith, L. Besbes, S. Elatrous, and F. Abroug Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: a randomised placebo- controlled trial Lancet 358 2001 2020 2025
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 2020-2025
    • Nouira, S.1    Marghli, S.2    Belghith, M.3    Besbes, L.4    Elatrous, S.5    Abroug, F.6
  • 70
    • 0034968423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic treatment and baseline severity of disease in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: A re-evaluation of previously published data of a placebo-controlled randomized study
    • L. Allegra, F. Blasi, B. de Bernardi, R. Cosentini, and P. Tarsia Antibiotic treatment and baseline severity of disease in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a re-evaluation of previously published data of a placebo-controlled randomized study Pulm Pharmacol Ther 14 2001 149 155
    • (2001) Pulm Pharmacol Ther , vol.14 , pp. 149-155
    • Allegra, L.1    Blasi, F.2    De Bernardi, B.3    Cosentini, R.4    Tarsia, P.5
  • 72
    • 0036255914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of gemifloxacin and clarithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and long-term clinical outcomes
    • R. Wilson, J.J. Schentag, P. Ball, and L. Mandell A comparison of gemifloxacin and clarithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and long-term clinical outcomes Clin Ther 24 2002 639 652
    • (2002) Clin Ther , vol.24 , pp. 639-652
    • Wilson, R.1    Schentag, J.J.2    Ball, P.3    Mandell, L.4
  • 73
    • 0037677450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time course of recovery of health status following an infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
    • S. Spencer, and P.W. Jones Time course of recovery of health status following an infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis Thorax 58 2003 589 593
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 589-593
    • Spencer, S.1    Jones, P.W.2
  • 74
    • 1642378789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term and long-term outcomes of moxifloxacin compared to standard antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • R. Wilson, L. Allegra, G. Huchon, J.L. Izquierdo, P. Jones, and T. Schaberg Short-term and long-term outcomes of moxifloxacin compared to standard antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Chest 125 2004 953 964
    • (2004) Chest , vol.125 , pp. 953-964
    • Wilson, R.1    Allegra, L.2    Huchon, G.3    Izquierdo, J.L.4    Jones, P.5    Schaberg, T.6
  • 76
  • 77
    • 0034949016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with relapse after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. DAFNE Study Group
    • M. Miravitlles, C. Murio, and T. Guerrero Factors associated with relapse after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. DAFNE Study Group Eur Respir J 17 2001 928 933
    • (2001) Eur Respir J , vol.17 , pp. 928-933
    • Miravitlles, M.1    Murio, C.2    Guerrero, T.3
  • 78
    • 0043234165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality and mortality-related factors after hospitalization for acute exacerbation of COPD
    • K.H. Groenewegen, A.M. Schols, and E.F. Wouters Mortality and mortality-related factors after hospitalization for acute exacerbation of COPD Chest 124 2003 459 467
    • (2003) Chest , vol.124 , pp. 459-467
    • Groenewegen, K.H.1    Schols, A.M.2    Wouters, E.F.3
  • 79
    • 0000809921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics are associated with lower relapse rates in outpatients with acute exacerbations of COPD
    • S.G. Adams, J. Melo, M. Luther, and A. Anzueto Antibiotics are associated with lower relapse rates in outpatients with acute exacerbations of COPD Chest 117 2000 1345 1352
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 1345-1352
    • Adams, S.G.1    Melo, J.2    Luther, M.3    Anzueto, A.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.