메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 11, 2004, Pages 1584-1600

Unilateral frontal lobe contusion and forelimb function: Chronic quantitative and qualitative impairments in reflexive and skilled forelimb movements in rats

Author keywords

Bilateral skilled limb use impairments; Concussion; Concussion and skilled movement impairment; Contusion; Skilled forelimb use; Skilled forelimb use and recovery; Traumatic brain injury

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BASAL GANGLION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CONTUSION; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; FORELIMB; FRONTAL LOBE; HEAD INJURY; MALE; NEOCORTEX; NONHUMAN; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RAT; REFLEX; SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX;

EID: 8744304831     PISSN: 08977151     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1584     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (31)

References (56)
  • 1
    • 0041854534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine impairs short-term neurological outcome after concussive head injury in rats
    • AL MOUTAERY, K., AL DEEB, S., AHMAD KHAN H., and TARIQ, M. (2003). Caffeine impairs short-term neurological outcome after concussive head injury in rats. Neurosurgery 53, 704-711.
    • (2003) Neurosurgery , vol.53 , pp. 704-711
    • Al Moutaery, K.1    Al Deeb, S.2    Ahmad Khan, H.3    Tariq, M.4
  • 2
    • 0025314211 scopus 로고
    • Functional subdivisions of the rat somatic sensorimotor cortex
    • BARTH, T.M., JONES, T.A., and CHALLERT, T. (1990). Functional subdivisions of the rat somatic sensorimotor cortex. Behav. Brain Res. 39, 73-95.
    • (1990) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.39 , pp. 73-95
    • Barth, T.M.1    Jones, T.A.2    Challert, T.3
  • 3
    • 0035118492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lesion(s) in traumatic brain injury: Implications for clinical neuropsychology
    • BIGLER, E.D. (2001). The lesion(s) in traumatic brain injury: Implications for clinical neuropsychology. Arch. Clin. Neuropsych. 16, 95-131.
    • (2001) Arch. Clin. Neuropsych. , vol.16 , pp. 95-131
    • Bigler, E.D.1
  • 4
    • 0028928504 scopus 로고
    • Asymmetrical motor behavior in rats with unilateral striatal excitotoxic lesions as revealed by the elevated body swing test
    • BORLONGAN, C.V., RANDALL, T.S., CAHILL, D.W., and SANBERG, P.R. (1995). Asymmetrical motor behavior in rats with unilateral striatal excitotoxic lesions as revealed by the elevated body swing test. Brain Res. 676, 231-234.
    • (1995) Brain Res. , vol.676 , pp. 231-234
    • Borlongan, C.V.1    Randall, T.S.2    Cahill, D.W.3    Sanberg, P.R.4
  • 5
    • 0036732996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed changes in regional brain energy metabolism following cerebral concussion in rats
    • BUCZEK, M., ALVAREZ, J., AXHAR, D., et al. (2002). Delayed changes in regional brain energy metabolism following cerebral concussion in rats. Metab. Brain Dis. 17, 153-167.
    • (2002) Metab. Brain Dis. , vol.17 , pp. 153-167
    • Buczek, M.1    Alvarez, J.2    Axhar, D.3
  • 6
    • 0038374983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time course of cellular pathology after controlled cortical impact injury
    • CHEN, S., PICKARD, J.D., and HARRIS, N.G. (2003). Time course of cellular pathology after controlled cortical impact injury. Exp. Neurol. 18, 87-102.
    • (2003) Exp. Neurol. , vol.18 , pp. 87-102
    • Chen, S.1    Pickard, J.D.2    Harris, N.G.3
  • 8
    • 0347418151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allopregnanolone and progesterone decrease cell death and cognitive deficits after a contusion of the rat pre-frontal cortex
    • DJEBAILI, M., HOFFMAN, S.W., and STEIN, D.G. (2004). Allopregnanolone and progesterone decrease cell death and cognitive deficits after a contusion of the rat pre-frontal cortex. Neuroscience 123, 349-359.
    • (2004) Neuroscience , vol.123 , pp. 349-359
    • Djebaili, M.1    Hoffman, S.W.2    Stein, D.G.3
  • 9
    • 0030640904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From laboratory to clinic: Noradrenergic enhancement of physical therapy for stroke or trauma patients
    • FEENEY, D.M. (1997). From laboratory to clinic: noradrenergic enhancement of physical therapy for stroke or trauma patients. Adv. Neurol. 73, 383-394.
    • (1997) Adv. Neurol. , vol.73 , pp. 383-394
    • Feeney, D.M.1
  • 10
    • 8744241240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The topography of three-dimensional exploration: A new quantification of vertical and horizontal exploration, postural support, and exploratory bouts in the cylinder test*1
    • GHARWABIE, O.A., WHISHAW, P.A., and WHISHAW, I.Q. (2004). The topography of three-dimensional exploration: a new quantification of vertical and horizontal exploration, postural support, and exploratory bouts in the cylinder test*1. Behav. Brain Res. 151, 125-135.
    • (2004) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.151 , pp. 125-135
    • Gharwabie, O.A.1    Whishaw, P.A.2    Whishaw, I.Q.3
  • 11
    • 0142195893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral effects and anatomic correlates after brain injury: A progesterone dose-response study
    • GOSS, C.W., HOFFMAN, S.W., and STEIN, D.G. (2003). Behavioral effects and anatomic correlates after brain injury: a progesterone dose-response study. Pharm. Biochem. Behav. 76, 231-242.
    • (2003) Pharm. Biochem. Behav. , vol.76 , pp. 231-242
    • Goss, C.W.1    Hoffman, S.W.2    Stein, D.G.3
  • 12
    • 0034610510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does endogenous progesterone promote recovery of chronic sensorimotor deficits following contusion to the forelimb representation of the sensorimotor cortex?
    • GROSSMAN, K.J., and STEIN, D.G. (2000). Does endogenous progesterone promote recovery of chronic sensorimotor deficits following contusion to the forelimb representation of the sensorimotor cortex? Behav. Brain Res. 116, 141-148.
    • (2000) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.116 , pp. 141-148
    • Grossman, K.J.1    Stein, D.G.2
  • 13
    • 0004866314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology
    • D.W. Marion (ed.), Thieme: New York
    • HALLIDAY, A.L. (1999). Pathophysiology, in: Traumatic Brain Injury. D.W. Marion (ed.), Thieme: New York, pps. 29-38.
    • (1999) Traumatic Brain Injury , pp. 29-38
    • Halliday, A.L.1
  • 14
    • 0016790334 scopus 로고
    • Motor-sensory cortex-corticospinal system and developing locomotion and placing in rats
    • HICKS, S.P., and D'AMATO, C.J. (1975). Motor-sensory cortex-corticospinal system and developing locomotion and placing in rats. Am. J. Anat. 143, 1-42.
    • (1975) Am. J. Anat. , vol.143 , pp. 1-42
    • Hicks, S.P.1    D'Amato, C.J.2
  • 15
    • 0027999174 scopus 로고
    • Bilateral frontal cortical contusion in rats: Behavioral and anatomical consequences
    • HOFFMAN, S.W., FULOP, Z., and STEIN, D.G. (1994). Bilateral frontal cortical contusion in rats: behavioral and anatomical consequences. J. Neurotrauma 11, 417-431.
    • (1994) J. Neurotrauma , vol.11 , pp. 417-431
    • Hoffman, S.W.1    Fulop, Z.2    Stein, D.G.3
  • 16
    • 0022551746 scopus 로고
    • Graft-induced behavioral recovery in an animal model of Huntington disease
    • ISACSON, O., DUNNETT, S.B., and BJORKLUND, A. (1986). Graft-induced behavioral recovery in an animal model of Huntington disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 2728-2732.
    • (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.83 , pp. 2728-2732
    • Isacson, O.1    Dunnett, S.B.2    Bjorklund, A.3
  • 17
    • 0032876499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akinesia and postural abnormality after unilateral dopamine depletion
    • JOHNSON, R.E., SCHALLERT, T., and BECKER, J.B., (1999). Akinesia and postural abnormality after unilateral dopamine depletion. Behav. Brain Res. 104, 189-196.
    • (1999) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.104 , pp. 189-196
    • Johnson, R.E.1    Schallert, T.2    Becker, J.B.3
  • 18
    • 0032440820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional reorganization of the rat motor cortex following motor skill learning
    • KLEIM, J.A., BARBAY, S., and NUDO, R.J. (1998). Functional reorganization of the rat motor cortex following motor skill learning. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 3321-3325.
    • (1998) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.80 , pp. 3321-3325
    • Kleim, J.A.1    Barbay, S.2    Nudo, R.J.3
  • 19
    • 0034570799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of acute hyponatraemea on severe traumatic brain injury in rats
    • KE, C., POON, W.S., NG, H.K., et al. (2000). The impact of acute hyponatraemea on severe traumatic brain injury in rats. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 76, 405-408.
    • (2000) Acta Neurochir. Suppl. , vol.76 , pp. 405-408
    • Ke, C.1    Poon, W.S.2    Ng, H.K.3
  • 20
    • 0002552581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemical, cellular and molecular mechanisms in the evolution of secondary damage after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children: Lessons learned from the bedside
    • KOCHANEK, P., CLARK, R., RUPPEL, R., et al. (2000). Biochemical, cellular and molecular mechanisms in the evolution of secondary damage after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children: lessons learned from the bedside. Pediatr. Crit. Care 1, 4-19.
    • (2000) Pediatr. Crit. Care , vol.1 , pp. 4-19
    • Kochanek, P.1    Clark, R.2    Ruppel, R.3
  • 21
    • 0036737048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral blood flow at one year after controlled cortical impact in rats: Assessment by magnetic resonance imaging
    • KOCHANEK, P.M., HENDRICH, K.S., DIXON, C.E., SCHIDING, J.K., and WILLIAMS, D.S. (2002). Cerebral blood flow at one year after controlled cortical impact in rats: assessment by magnetic resonance imaging. Neurotrauma 19, 1029-1037.
    • (2002) Neurotrauma , vol.19 , pp. 1029-1037
    • Kochanek, P.M.1    Hendrich, K.S.2    Dixon, C.E.3    Schiding, J.K.4    Williams, D.S.5
  • 22
    • 0036089438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral ischemia and trauma-different etiologies yet similar mechanisms: Neuroprotective opportunities
    • LEKER, R.R., and SHOHAMI, E. (2002). Cerebral ischemia and trauma-different etiologies yet similar mechanisms: neuroprotective opportunities. Brain Res. Rev. 39, 55-73.
    • (2002) Brain Res. Rev. , vol.39 , pp. 55-73
    • Leker, R.R.1    Shohami, E.2
  • 24
    • 0002702106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural system imbalances and the consequence of large brain injuries
    • S. Finger, T.E. LeVere, C. Robert Almli, et al. (eds), Academic Press: New York
    • LEVERE, T.E. (1998). Neural system imbalances and the consequence of large brain injuries, in: Brain Injury and Recovery: Theoretical and Controversial Issues. S. Finger, T.E. LeVere, C. Robert Almli, et al. (eds), Academic Press: New York, pps. 15-28.
    • (1998) Brain Injury and Recovery: Theoretical and Controversial Issues , pp. 15-28
    • Levere, T.E.1
  • 26
    • 0032212382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of unilateral pyramidal tract section on hindlimb motor performance in the rat
    • METZ, G.A., DIETZ, V., SCHWAB, M.E., and VAN DE MEENT, H. (1998). The effects of unilateral pyramidal tract section on hindlimb motor performance in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 96, 37-46.
    • (1998) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.96 , pp. 37-46
    • Metz, G.A.1    Dietz, V.2    Schwab, M.E.3    Van De Meent, H.4
  • 27
    • 0037091202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical and subcortical lesions impair skilled walking in the variably spaced ladder rung walking test: A new task for fore- and hind-limb stepping, placing and co-ordination
    • METZ, G.A., and WHISHAW, I.Q. (2002). Cortical and subcortical lesions impair skilled walking in the variably spaced ladder rung walking test: a new task for fore- and hind-limb stepping, placing and co-ordination. J. Neurosci. Methods 115, 169-179.
    • (2002) J. Neurosci. Methods , vol.115 , pp. 169-179
    • Metz, G.A.1    Whishaw, I.Q.2
  • 28
    • 0028036660 scopus 로고
    • Skilled reaching deficits in unilateral dopamine-depleted rats: Impairments in movement and posture and compensatory adjustments
    • MIKLYAEVA, E.I., CASTANEDA, E., and WHISHAW, I.Q. (1994). Skilled reaching deficits in unilateral dopamine-depleted rats: impairments in movement and posture and compensatory adjustments. J. Neurosci. 14, 7148-7158.
    • (1994) J. Neurosci. , vol.14 , pp. 7148-7158
    • Miklyaeva, E.I.1    Castaneda, E.2    Whishaw, I.Q.3
  • 29
    • 0029017129 scopus 로고
    • Impairments and compensatory adjustments in spontaneous movement after unilateral dopamine depletion in rats
    • MIKLYAEVA, E.I., MARTENS, D.J., and WHISHAW, I.Q. (1995). Impairments and compensatory adjustments in spontaneous movement after unilateral dopamine depletion in rats. Brain Res. 681, 23-40.
    • (1995) Brain Res. , vol.681 , pp. 23-40
    • Miklyaeva, E.I.1    Martens, D.J.2    Whishaw, I.Q.3
  • 30
    • 0032880887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete locomotor recovery following corticospinal tract lesions: Measurement of ground reaction forces during overground locomotion in rats
    • MUIR, G.D., and WHISHAW, I.Q. (1999). Complete locomotor recovery following corticospinal tract lesions: measurement of ground reaction forces during overground locomotion in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 103, 45-53.
    • (1999) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.103 , pp. 45-53
    • Muir, G.D.1    Whishaw, I.Q.2
  • 31
    • 0022618745 scopus 로고
    • The organization of the rat motor cortex: A microstimulation mapping study
    • NEAFSEY, E.J., BOLD, E.L., HAAS, G., et al. (1986). The organization of the rat motor cortex: a microstimulation mapping study. Brain Res. 396, 77-96.
    • (1986) Brain Res. , vol.396 , pp. 77-96
    • Neafsey, E.J.1    Bold, E.L.2    Haas, G.3
  • 32
    • 0025315197 scopus 로고
    • Descending pathways to the spinal cord. IV. Some factors related to the amount of cortex devoted to the corticospinal tract
    • NUDO, R.J., and MASTERTON, R.B. (1990). Descending pathways to the spinal cord. IV. Some factors related to the amount of cortex devoted to the corticospinal tract. J. Comp. Anat. 296, 584-597.
    • (1990) J. Comp. Anat. , vol.296 , pp. 584-597
    • Nudo, R.J.1    Masterton, R.B.2
  • 35
    • 0025343659 scopus 로고
    • Regionally selective roles of the rat's striatum in modality-specific discrimination learning and forelimb reaching
    • PISA, M., and CYR, J. (1990). Regionally selective roles of the rat's striatum in modality-specific discrimination learning and forelimb reaching. Behav. Brain Res. 37, 281-92.
    • (1990) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.37 , pp. 281-292
    • Pisa, M.1    Cyr, J.2
  • 36
    • 0016324337 scopus 로고
    • Effects of posterior hypothalamic lesions on voluntary behavior and hippocampal electroencephalograms in the rat
    • ROBINSON, T.E., and WHISHAW, I.Q. (1974). Effects of posterior hypothalamic lesions on voluntary behavior and hippocampal electroencephalograms in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 8, 768-86.
    • (1974) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. , vol.8 , pp. 768-786
    • Robinson, T.E.1    Whishaw, I.Q.2
  • 37
    • 0026690043 scopus 로고
    • Progesterone treatment attenuates brain edema following contusion injury in male and female rats
    • ROOF, R.L., DUVDEVANI, R., and STEIN, D.G. (1992). Progesterone treatment attenuates brain edema following contusion injury in male and female rats. Res. Neurol. Neurosci. 4, 425-437.
    • (1992) Res. Neurol. Neurosci. , vol.4 , pp. 425-437
    • Roof, R.L.1    Duvdevani, R.2    Stein, D.G.3
  • 38
    • 0027522598 scopus 로고
    • Gender influences outcome of brain injury: Progesterone plays a protective role
    • ROOF, R.L., DUVDEVANI, R., and STEIN, D.G. (1993). Gender influences outcome of brain injury: progesterone plays a protective role. Brain Res. 607, 333-336.
    • (1993) Brain Res. , vol.607 , pp. 333-336
    • Roof, R.L.1    Duvdevani, R.2    Stein, D.G.3
  • 39
    • 0018421663 scopus 로고
    • Excessive bracing reactions and their control by atropine and L-DOPA in an animal analog of Parkinsonism
    • SCHALLERT, T., DE RYCK, M., WHISHAW, I.Q., RAMIREZ, V.D., and TEITELBAUM, P. (1979). Excessive bracing reactions and their control by atropine and L-DOPA in an animal analog of Parkinsonism. Exp. Neurol. 64, 33-43.
    • (1979) Exp. Neurol. , vol.64 , pp. 33-43
    • Schallert, T.1    De Ryck, M.2    Whishaw, I.Q.3    Ramirez, V.D.4    Teitelbaum, P.5
  • 40
    • 0030248041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traumatic brain injury of the forelimb and hindlimb sensorimotor areas in the rat: Physiological, histological and behavioral correlates
    • SOBLOSKY, J.S., MATTHEWS, M.A., DAVIDSON, J.F., TABOR, S.L., and CAREY, M.E. (1997). Traumatic brain injury of the forelimb and hindlimb sensorimotor areas in the rat: physiological, histological and behavioral correlates. Behav. Brain Res. 79, 79-92.
    • (1997) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.79 , pp. 79-92
    • Soblosky, J.S.1    Matthews, M.A.2    Davidson, J.F.3    Tabor, S.L.4    Carey, M.E.5
  • 41
    • 0041807584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concepts of CNS plasticity in the context of brain damage and repair
    • STEIN, D.G., and HOFFMAN, S.W. (2003). Concepts of CNS plasticity in the context of brain damage and repair. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 18, 317-341.
    • (2003) J. Head Trauma Rehabil. , vol.18 , pp. 317-341
    • Stein, D.G.1    Hoffman, S.W.2
  • 42
    • 0037439941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel skilled-reaching impairment in paw supination on the "good" side of the hemi-Parkinson rat improved with rehabilitation
    • VERGARA-ARAGON, P., GONZALEZ, C.L., and WHISHAW, I.Q. (2003). A novel skilled-reaching impairment in paw supination on the "good" side of the hemi-Parkinson rat improved with rehabilitation. J. Neurosci. 23, 579-586.
    • (2003) J. Neurosci. , vol.23 , pp. 579-586
    • Vergara-Aragon, P.1    Gonzalez, C.L.2    Whishaw, I.Q.3
  • 43
    • 0037756814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic intermittent nicotine administration attenuates traumatic brain injury-induced cognitive dysfunction
    • VERBOIS, S.L., HOPKINS, D.M., SCHEFF, S.W., and PAULY, J.R. (2003). Chronic intermittent nicotine administration attenuates traumatic brain injury-induced cognitive dysfunction. Neuroscience 119, 1199-1208.
    • (2003) Neuroscience , vol.119 , pp. 1199-1208
    • Verbois, S.L.1    Hopkins, D.M.2    Scheff, S.W.3    Pauly, J.R.4
  • 44
    • 0347914632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of estrous cycle stage and gender on behavioral outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury
    • WAGNER, A.K., WILLARD, L.A., KLINE, A.E., et al. (2004). Evaluation of estrous cycle stage and gender on behavioral outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 998, 113-121.
    • (2004) Brain Res. , vol.998 , pp. 113-121
    • Wagner, A.K.1    Willard, L.A.2    Kline, A.E.3
  • 45
    • 0033980568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of the innate cortical engram for action patterns used in skilled reaching and the development of behavioral compensation following motor cortex lesions in the rat
    • WHISHAW, I.Q. (2000). Loss of the innate cortical engram for action patterns used in skilled reaching and the development of behavioral compensation following motor cortex lesions in the rat. Neuropharmacology 39, 788-805.
    • (2000) Neuropharmacology , vol.39 , pp. 788-805
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1
  • 46
    • 0026689958 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous forelimb grasping in free feeding by rats: Motor cortex aids limb and digit positioning
    • WHISHAW, I.Q., DRINGENBERG, H.C., and PELLIS, S.M. (1992). Spontaneous forelimb grasping in free feeding by rats: motor cortex aids limb and digit positioning. Behav. Brain Res. 48, 113-125.
    • (1992) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.48 , pp. 113-125
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Dringenberg, H.C.2    Pellis, S.M.3
  • 47
    • 0037151286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absence of impairments or recovery mediated by the uncrossed pyramidal tract in the rat versus enduring deficits produced by the crossed pyramidal tract
    • WHISHAW, I.Q., and METZ, G.A. (2002). Absence of impairments or recovery mediated by the uncrossed pyramidal tract in the rat versus enduring deficits produced by the crossed pyramidal tract. Behav. Brain Res. 134, 323-336.
    • (2002) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.134 , pp. 323-336
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Metz, G.A.2
  • 48
    • 0003267526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A rat's reach should exceed its grasp: Analysis of independent limb and digit use in the laboratory rat
    • K.P. Ossenkopp (ed.), Landes: New York
    • WHISHAW, I.Q., and MIKLYAEVA, E.I. (1996). A rat's reach should exceed its grasp: analysis of independent limb and digit use in the laboratory rat, in: Invertebrates to Humans. K.P. Ossenkopp (ed.), Landes: New York, pps. 130-165.
    • (1996) Invertebrates to Humans , pp. 130-165
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Miklyaeva, E.I.2
  • 49
    • 0023032147 scopus 로고
    • The contributions of motor cortex, nigrostriatal dopamine and caudate-putamen to skilled forelimb use in the rat
    • WHISHAW, I.Q., O'CONNOR, R.B., and DUNNETT, S.B. (1986). The contributions of motor cortex, nigrostriatal dopamine and caudate-putamen to skilled forelimb use in the rat. Brain 109, 805-843.
    • (1986) Brain , vol.109 , pp. 805-843
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    O'Connor, R.B.2    Dunnett, S.B.3
  • 50
    • 0025201875 scopus 로고
    • The structure of skilled forelimb reaching in the rat: Proximally driven movement with a single distal rotatory component
    • WHISHAW, I.Q., and PELLIS, S.M. (1990). The structure of skilled forelimb reaching in the rat: proximally driven movement with a single distal rotatory component. Behav. Brain Res. 41, 49-59.
    • (1990) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.41 , pp. 49-59
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Pellis, S.M.2
  • 51
    • 0026582809 scopus 로고
    • Skilled reaching in rats and humans: Parallel development of homology
    • WHISHAW, I.Q., PELLIS, S.M., and GORNY, B.P. (1992). Skilled reaching in rats and humans: parallel development of homology. Behav. Brain Res. 47, 59-70.
    • (1992) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.47 , pp. 59-70
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Pellis, S.M.2    Gorny, B.P.3
  • 52
    • 0027219846 scopus 로고
    • Proximal and distal impairments in rat forelimb use in reaching follow unilateral pyramidal tract lesions
    • WHISHAW, I.Q., PELLIS, S.M., GORNY, B., KOLB, B., and TETZLAFF, W. (1993). Proximal and distal impairments in rat forelimb use in reaching follow unilateral pyramidal tract lesions. Behav. Brain Res. 56, 59-67.
    • (1993) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.56 , pp. 59-67
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Pellis, S.M.2    Gorny, B.3    Kolb, B.4    Tetzlaff, W.5
  • 53
    • 0019530115 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of feeding and sensorimotor abilities of rats after decortication
    • WHISHAW, I.Q., SCHALLERT, T., and KOLB, B. (1981). An analysis of feeding and sensorimotor abilities of rats after decortication. J. Comp. Physiol. Psych. 95, 85-103.
    • (1981) J. Comp. Physiol. Psych. , vol.95 , pp. 85-103
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Schallert, T.2    Kolb, B.3
  • 56
    • 0028011892 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between traumatic brain injury-induced changes in brain temperature and behavioral and anatomical outcome
    • WEISEND, M.P., and FEENEY, D.M. (1994). The relationship between traumatic brain injury-induced changes in brain temperature and behavioral and anatomical outcome. J. Neurosurg. 80, 120-132.
    • (1994) J. Neurosurg. , vol.80 , pp. 120-132
    • Weisend, M.P.1    Feeney, D.M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.