American nationalism and U.S. foreign policy from September 11 to the Iraq war

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 119, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 399-423

  McCartney, Paul T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 8744239352     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/20202389     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. George W. Bush, "Remarks by the President," 12 September 2001, accessed on the White House website at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/ 2001/09/20010912-4.html, 2 October 2001.
2. For the best presentation of this argument, see Rogers Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in US History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997). On the relationship between race and U.S. foreign policy, see Thomas Ambrosio, Ethnic Identity Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002); Gerald Horne, "Race from Power: U.S. Foreign Power and the General Crisis of 'White Supremacy'" in Michael J. Hogan, ed., The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the "American Century" (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 302-336; and Michael Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987).
3. For the best presentation of this argument, see Rogers Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in US History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997). On the relationship between race and U.S. foreign policy, see Thomas Ambrosio, Ethnic Identity Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002); Gerald Horne, "Race from Power: U.S. Foreign Power and the General Crisis of 'White Supremacy'" in Michael J. Hogan, ed., The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the "American Century" (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 302-336; and Michael Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987).
4. For the best presentation of this argument, see Rogers Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in US History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997). On the relationship between race and U.S. foreign policy, see Thomas Ambrosio, Ethnic Identity Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002); Gerald Horne, "Race from Power: U.S. Foreign Power and the General Crisis of 'White Supremacy'" in Michael J. Hogan, ed., The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the "American Century" (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 302-336; and Michael Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987).
5. For the best presentation of this argument, see Rogers Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in US History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997). On the relationship between race and U.S. foreign policy, see Thomas Ambrosio, Ethnic Identity Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002); Gerald Horne, "Race from Power: U.S. Foreign Power and the General Crisis of 'White Supremacy'" in Michael J. Hogan, ed., The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the "American Century" (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 302-336; and Michael Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987).
6. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. "America: Experiment or Destiny," The American Historical Review 82 (June 1977): 505-522.
7. This distinction between exemplarism and vindicationism is discussed more fully in works such as Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 17-56; H.W. Brands, What America Owes the World: The Struggle for the Soul of Foreign Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); William W. Cobb, Jr., The American Foundation Myth in Vietnam: Reigning Paradigms and Raining Bombs (New York: University Press of America, 1998); Elliot Abrams, ed., The Influence of Faith: Religious Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 1-33; and Edward McNall Burns, The American Idea of Mission: Concepts of National Destiny and Purpose (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1957).
8. This distinction between exemplarism and vindicationism is discussed more fully in works such as Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 17-56; H.W. Brands, What America Owes the World: The Struggle for the Soul of Foreign Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); William W. Cobb, Jr., The American Foundation Myth in Vietnam: Reigning Paradigms and Raining Bombs (New York: University Press of America, 1998); Elliot Abrams, ed., The Influence of Faith: Religious Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 1-33; and Edward McNall Burns, The American Idea of Mission: Concepts of National Destiny and Purpose (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1957).
9. This distinction between exemplarism and vindicationism is discussed more fully in works such as Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 17-56; H.W. Brands, What America Owes the World: The Struggle for the Soul of Foreign Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); William W. Cobb, Jr., The American Foundation Myth in Vietnam: Reigning Paradigms and Raining Bombs (New York: University Press of America, 1998); Elliot Abrams, ed., The Influence of Faith: Religious Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 1-33; and Edward McNall Burns, The American Idea of Mission: Concepts of National Destiny and Purpose (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1957).
10. This distinction between exemplarism and vindicationism is discussed more fully in works such as Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 17-56; H.W. Brands, What America Owes the World: The Struggle for the Soul of Foreign Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); William W. Cobb, Jr., The American Foundation Myth in Vietnam: Reigning Paradigms and Raining Bombs (New York: University Press of America, 1998); Elliot Abrams, ed., The Influence of Faith: Religious Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 1-33; and Edward McNall Burns, The American Idea of Mission: Concepts of National Destiny and Purpose (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1957).
11. This distinction between exemplarism and vindicationism is discussed more fully in works such as Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 17-56; H.W. Brands, What America Owes the World: The Struggle for the Soul of Foreign Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); William W. Cobb, Jr., The American Foundation Myth in Vietnam: Reigning Paradigms and Raining Bombs (New York: University Press of America, 1998); Elliot Abrams, ed., The Influence of Faith: Religious Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 1-33; and Edward McNall Burns, The American Idea of Mission: Concepts of National Destiny and Purpose (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1957).
12. But see Abrams, The Influence of Faith.
13. Brian Klunk, Consensus and the American Mission (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1986); William Pfaff, The Wrath of Nations: Civilization and the Furies of Nationalism (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993).
14. Brian Klunk, Consensus and the American Mission (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1986); William Pfaff, The Wrath of Nations: Civilization and the Furies of Nationalism (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993).
15. Lawrence J. Friedman, Inventors of the Promised Land (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975).
16. Thomas Paine, "Common Sense" in Nelson F. Adkins, ed., Common Sense and Other Writings (New York: MaCmillan, 1953).
17. See also, Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: America's Encounter with the World Since 1776 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997).
18. James H. Moorhead, "The American Israel: Protestant Tribalism and Universal Mission" in William R. Hutchison and Hartmut Lehman, eds., Many Are Chosen: Divine Elections and Western Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1994), 145-166.
19. Hans Kohn, American Nationalism: An Interpretive Essay (New York: Macmillan, 1957).
20. Thomas Jefferson, "First Inaugural Address" in Davis Newton Lott, ed., The Presidents Speak: The Inaugural Addresses of the American Presidents, from Washington to Clinton (New York: Henry Holt, 1994).
21. Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996), 18, 31.
22. Daniel Bell, "The 'Hegelian Secret': Civil Society and American Exceptionalism" in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Is America Different? A New Look at American Exceptionalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 46-70.
23. For potent criticisms of the idea of American exceptionalism, see J. Victor Koschmann, "Review Essay: The Nationalism of Cultural Uniqueness," American Historical Review 102 (June 1997): 758-768; Ian Tyrrell, "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History," American Historical Review 96 (October 1991): 1031-1055; and Reinhold Niebhur, The Irony of American History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1954).
24. For potent criticisms of the idea of American exceptionalism, see J. Victor Koschmann, "Review Essay: The Nationalism of Cultural Uniqueness," American Historical Review 102 (June 1997): 758-768; Ian Tyrrell, "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History," American Historical Review 96 (October 1991): 1031-1055; and Reinhold Niebhur, The Irony of American History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1954).
25. For potent criticisms of the idea of American exceptionalism, see J. Victor Koschmann, "Review Essay: The Nationalism of Cultural Uniqueness," American Historical Review 102 (June 1997): 758-768; Ian Tyrrell, "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History," American Historical Review 96 (October 1991): 1031-1055; and Reinhold Niebhur, The Irony of American History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1954).
26. Robert N. Bellah, "Civil Religion in America" in Russell E. Richey and Donald G. Jones, eds., American Civil Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 21-44. See also, Dante Germino, The Inaugural Addresses of American Presidents: The Public Philosophy and Rhetoric, with a preface and introduction by Kenneth W. Thompson (New York: University Press of America, 1984).
27. Robert N. Bellah, "Civil Religion in America" in Russell E. Richey and Donald G. Jones, eds., American Civil Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 21-44. See also, Dante Germino, The Inaugural Addresses of American Presidents: The Public Philosophy and Rhetoric, with a preface and introduction by Kenneth W. Thompson (New York: University Press of America, 1984).
28. Conrad Cherry, God's New Israel: Religious Interpretations of American Destiny, 2nd ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 11.
29. See Cherry, God's New Israel, 11-12; and Bellah, "Civil Religion," 30-32.
30. See Cherry, God's New Israel, 11-12; and Bellah, "Civil Religion," 30-32.
31. Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America's Millennial Role (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1968), 195-196.
32. For what remains the best account of the Enlightenment's importance to American political identity, see Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America, with a new Introduction by Tom Wicker (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1991).
33. Wilson Carey McWilliams, The Idea of Fraternity in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 173.
34. See Hartz, The Liberal Tradition, 3-32.
35. Schlesinger, "America: Experiment or Destiny," 517.
36. Sam Kernell, Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1986).
37. 299 U.S. 304, (1936).
38. "President's Remarks at National Day of Prayer and Remembrance," 14 September 2001, accessed on the White House website at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/print/20010914-2. html, 2 October 2001.
39. "Remarks by the President upon Arrival at the South Lawn," 16 September 2001, accessed on the White House website at http://whitehouse.gov/ news/releases/2001/09/print/20010916-2.html, 2 October 2001.
40. "President's Remarks at National Day of Prayer and Remembrance."
41. "Remarks by the President Supporting Charities," 18 September 2001, accessed on the White House website at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ releases/2001/09/20010918-1.html, 4 October 2001.
42. "Remarks by the President at the Islamic Center of Washington, DC," 17 September 2001, accessed on the White House website at http://whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010917-11.html, 2 October 2001.
43. "Remarks by the President at Photo Opportunity with House and Senate Leadership," 19 September 2001, accessed on the White House website at http://whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/ 20010919-8.html, 5 August 2002.
44. "Remarks by the President at Islamic Center."
45. "Remarks by the President Upon Arrival at the South Lawn."
46. "President's Remarks at National Day of Prayer and Remembrance."
47. "President George W. Bush's Inaugural Address," 20 January 2001. accessed on the White House website at http://whitehouse.gov/news/ inaugural-address.html, 23 September 2003.
48. "Remarks by the President upon Arrival at Barksdale Air Force Base," 11 September 2001, accessed on the White House website at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911. 1-html, 2 October 2001.
49. "Presidential Proclamation: National Day of Prayer and Remembrance for the Victims of the Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001," 13 September 2001, accessed on the White House website at http://www.whitehouse. gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010913-7.html, 2 October 2001 (emphasis added).
50. "President's Remarks at National Day of Prayer and Remembrance."
51. "Remarks by the President to Employees at the Pentagon," 17 September 2001, accessed on the White House website at http://whitehouse.gov/ news/releases/2001/09/20010917-3.html, 4 October 2001 (emphasis added).
52. George W. Bush, "President Bush's Address on Terrorism before a Joint Meeting of Congress: Transcript," 21 September 2001, accessed on New York Times on the Web at www.nytimes.com/2001/ 09/21/national/21BTEX.html, 21 September 2001.
53. I b i d.
54. I b i d.
55. I b i d.
56. George W. Bush, "Text: President Bush Addresses the U.N.," 10 November 2001, accessed on The Washington Post Online at www.washingtonpost.com/ wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/ bushtext_111001, 10 November 2001.
57. George W. Bush, "Prepared Text: The State of the Union Address," 29 January 2002, accessed on The Washington Post Online at http://washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/transcripts/sou012902. html, 29 January 2002.
58. "Remarks by the President on the Six-Month Anniversary of the September 11th Attacks," 11 March 2002," accessed on the White House website at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/ 03/20020311-1.html, 5 August 2002.
59. "President Promotes Compassionate Conservatism," 30 April 2002, accessed on the White House website at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/ 2002/04/20020430-5.html, 5 August 2002.
60. "Remarks by the President at 2002 Graduation Exercise of the United States Military Academy," 1 June 2002, accessed on the White House website at http://www.whitehouse.gov.news/releases/2002/ 06/20020601-3.html, 5 August 2002.
61. I b i d.
62. I b i d.
63. For the best analysis of this document, see Edward Rhodes, "The Imperial Logic of Bush's Liberal Agenda," Survival (Spring, 2003): 131-154.
64. G. John Ikenberry, "America's Imperial Ambition," Foreign Affairs 81 (September/October 2002): 44-60.
65. George W. Bush, "Full Text: Bush's National Security Strategy," 1, 22-23.
66. Ibid., 3.
67. Ibid., 2.
68. Ibid., 3.
69. Ibid., 3-4.
70. Ibid., 4-5.
71. Ibid., 7.
72. Ibid., 14.
73. Ibid., 10.
74. Ibid., 11-12.
75. Nicholas Lemann, "How It Came to War," The New Yorker (31 March 2003): 36-40, 39.
76. See Richard Cheney, "Full Text: In Cheney's Words," 26 August 2002, accessed on New York Times Online at http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/26/ international/middleeast/26WEB-CHENEY.html, 26 August 2002.
77. George W. Bush, "Text: Bush's Speech to the U.N. on Iraq," 12 September 2002, accessed on New York Times Online at http://www.nytimes.com/ 2002/09/12/politics/12AP-PTEX.html, 12 September 2002.
78. George W. Bush, "State of the Union Address," 28 January 2003, accessed on New York Times Online at http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/28/politics/ 28CND-TEXT1.html, 28 January 2003.
79. George W. Bush, "President Discusses the Future of Iraq," 26 February 2003, accessed on the White House website at http://www.whitehouse.gov/ news/releases/2003/02/20030226-11.html, 24 May 2003.
80. George W. Bush, "President Bush Announces Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended," 1 May 2003, accessed on the White House website at http://whithouse.gov/news/releases/2003/05/20030501-15. html, 24 May 2003.
81. Stephen G. Brooks and William C. Wohlforth, "American Primacy in Perspective," Foreign Affairs 81 (July/August 2002): 20-33.
82. On this point, see Henry Nau, At Home Abroad: Identity and Power in American Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002).
83. Joseph Nye, The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
84. Geir Lundestad, "'Empire By Invitation' in the American Century" in Michael J. Hogan, ed., The Ambiguous Legacy: US Foreign Relations in the "American Century" (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 52-91.
85. Thomas M. Franck, "The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance," American Journal of International Law 86 (January 1992): 46-91.
86. See Graham T. Allison, Jr. and Robert P. Beschel, Jr., "Can the United States Promote Democracy?" Political Science Quarterly 107 (Spring 1992): 81-98.
87. See Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1998).
88. See Rhodes, "The Imperial Logic of Bush's Liberal Agenda"; and John Gerard Ruggie, "Third Try at World Order? America and Multilateralism after the Cold War," Political Science Quartery 109 (Autumn 1994): 553-570.
89. See Rhodes, "The Imperial Logic of Bush's Liberal Agenda"; and John Gerard Ruggie, "Third Try at World Order? America and Multilateralism after the Cold War," Political Science Quartery 109 (Autumn 1994): 553-570.
90. J. William Fulbright, The Arrogance of Power (New York: Random House, 1966), quoted in Cherry, God's New Israel, 328.
91. See Allison and Beschel, "Can the United States Promote Democracy?"; Nau, At Home Abroad; Nye, The Paradox of American Power; Ruggie, "Third Try at World Order."
92. See Allison and Beschel, "Can the United States Promote Democracy?"; Nau, At Home Abroad; Nye, The Paradox of American Power; Ruggie, "Third Try at World Order."
93. See Allison and Beschel, "Can the United States Promote Democracy?"; Nau, At Home Abroad; Nye, The Paradox of American Power; Ruggie, "Third Try at World Order."
94. See Allison and Beschel, "Can the United States Promote Democracy?"; Nau, At Home Abroad; Nye, The Paradox of American Power; Ruggie, "Third Try at World Order."