Biomanipulation in shallow lakes: State of the art

Hydrobiologia

Volumn 342-343, Issue , 1997, Pages 355-365

  Perrow, Martin R ^a,d   Meijer, Marie Louise ^b   Dawidowicz, Piotr ^c   Coops, Hugo ^b  

^a NERI   (Denmark)

^b INST INLAND WATER MGMT WASTE W   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW   (Poland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DAPHNIA;

EID: 8544271629     PISSN: 00188158     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-5648-6_37     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Agami, M. & Y. Waisel, 1986. The role of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) in distribution and germination of seeds of the submerged hydrophyte Najas marina L. Oecologia 68: 473-475.
2. Anderson, M. G. & J. B. Low, 1976. Use of Sago pondweed on the Delta Marsh, Manitoba. J. Wildl. Mgmt 40: 233-242.
3. Backx, J. J. G. M. & M. P. Grimm, 1994. Mass removal of fish from Lake Wolderwijd, The Netherlands. Part II: Implementation phase. In Cowx, I. G. (ed.), Rehabilitation of Freshwater Fisheries. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford, England.
4. Balls, H., B. Moss & K. Irvine, 1989. The loss of submerged plants with eutrophication I. Experimental design, water chemistry, aquatic plant and phytoplankton biomass in experiments carried out in ponds in the Norfolk Broadland. Freshwat. Biol. 22: 71-87.
5. Benndorf, J., 1992. The control of the indirect effects of biomanipulation. In Sutcliffe, D. W. & J. G. Jones (eds), Eutrophication: Research and Application to Water Supply. Freshwater Biological Association, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria, England.
6. Benndorf, J. & U. Miersch, 1991. Phosphorus loading and efficiency of biomanipulation. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 24: 2482-2488.
7. Berg, S., E. Jeppesen & M. Søndergaard, 1997. Pike (Esox lucius L.) stocking as a biomanipulation tool 1. Effects on the fish population in Lake Lyng, Denmark. Hydrobiologia 342/343: 311-318.
8. Berg, S., E. Jeppesen, M. Sondergaard & E. Mortensen, 1994. Environmental effects of introducing whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.) in Lake Ring. Hydrobiologia 275/276: 71-79.
9. Blindlow, I., G. Andersson, A. Hargeby & S. Johansson, 1993. Long- term pattern of alternative stable states in two shallow eutrophic lakes. Freshwat. Biol. 30: 159-167.
10. Breukelaar, A. W., E. H. R. R. Lammens, J. G. P. Klein Breteler & I. Tatrai, 1994. Effects of benthivorous beam (Abramis brama L.) and carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) on sediment resuspension and concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll a. Freshwat. Biol. 32: 113-121.
11. Bronmark, C., 1994. Effects of tench and perch on interactions in a freshwater, benthic food chain. Ecology 75: 1818-1828.
12. Bronmark, C., C. A. Paszkowski, W. M. Tonn & A. Hargeby, 1995. Predation as a determinant of size structure in populations of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and tench (Tinca tinca). Ecol. Freshwat. Fish 4: 85-92.
13. Bronmark, C. & S. E. B. Weisner, 1992. Indirect effects of fish community structure on submerged vegetation in shallow, eutrophic lakes: an alternative mechanism. Hydrobiologia 243/244: 293- 301.
14. Brooks, J. L. & S. I. Dodson, 1965. Predation, body size, and composition of plankton. Science 150: 28-35.
15. Carvalho, L., 1994. Top-down control of phytoplankton in a shallow hypertrophie lake: Little Mere (England). Hydrobiologia 275/276: 53-63.
16. Cook, M. F. & E. P. Bergersen, 1988. Movements, Habitat Selection, and Activity Periods of Northern Pike in Eleven Mile Reservoir, Colorado. Trans, am. Fish. Soc. 117: 495-502.
17. Coops, H. & R. W. Doef, 1996. Submerged vegetation development in two shallow, eutrophic lakes. Hydrobiologia 340: 115-120.
18. Cryer, M., G. Peirson & C. R. Townsend, 1986. Reciprocal interactions between roach Rutilus rutilus, and Zooplankton in a small lake: Prey dynamics and fish growth and recruitment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 31: 1022-1038.
19. Dawidowicz, P., 1990. Effectiveness of phytoplankton control by large-bodied and small-bodied Zooplankton. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 43-47.
20. de Bernardi, R. & G. Giussani, 1990. Are blue-green algae a suitable food for Zooplankton? An overview. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 29- 41.
21. de Nie, A. W., 1987. The decrease in aquatic vegetation in Europe and its consequences for fish populations. EIFAC Occasional Paper 19. FAO, Rome, 88 pp.
22. Denny, P., 1987. Mineral cycling by wetland plants - a review. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 27: 1-25.
23. Diehl, S., 1993. Effects of habitat structure on resource availability, diet and growth of benthivorous perch, Perca fluviatilis. Oikos 67: 403-414.
24. Dorgelo, J. & M. Heykoop, 1985. Avoidance of macrophytes by Daphnia longispina. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 22: 3369-3372.
25. Driessen, O., B. Pex & H. Tolkamp, 1993. Restoration of a lake: First results and problems. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 25: 617-621.
26. Eklov, P. & S. F. Hamrin, 1989. Predatory efficiency and prey selection: interactions between pike Esox lucius, perch Perca fluviatilis and rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus. Oikos 56: 149-156.
27. Esler, D., 1989. An assessment of American coot herbivory of Hydrilla. J. Wildl. Mgmt 1147-1149.
28. Faafeng, B. A. & A. Braband, 1990. Biomanipulation of a small urban lake-removal of fish exclude bluegreen blooms. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 24: 597-602.
29. Giles, N., 1992. Wildlife after gravel: twenty years of practical research by the Game Conservancy and ARC. Game Conservancy, Fordingbridge, UK.
30. Gliwicz, Z. M., 1990. Why do cladocerans fail to control algal blooms? Hydrobiologia 200/201: 83-97.
31. Gliwicz, Z. M. & A. Jachner, 1992. Diel migrations of juvenile fish: a ghost of predation past or present? Arch. Hydrobiol. 124: 385-410.
32. Grimm, M. P., 1991. Water quantity management of Dutch polders, adversely affecting the recruitment of northern pike (Esox lucius L.). Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 24: 2443-2445.
33. Grimm, M. P., 1994. The influence of aquatic vegetation and population biomass on recruitment of 0+ and 1+ northern pike (Esox lucius L.). In Cowx, I. G. (ed.), Rehabilitation of Freshwater Fisheries. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford, England.
34. Grimm, M. P. & J. J. G. M. Backx, 1990. The restoration of shallow eutrophic lakes, and the role of northern pike, aquatic vegetation and nutrient concentration. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 557-566.
35. Grimm, M. P. & J. J. G. M. Backx, 1994. Mass removal of fish from Lake Wolderwijd, The Netherlands. Part I: Planning and strategy of a large-scale biomanipulation project. In Cowx, I. G. (ed.), Rehabilitation of Freshwater Fisheries. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford, England.
36. Hambright, K. D., R. J. Trebatoski & R. W. Drenner, 1986. Experimental study of the impacts of Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) on pond community structure. Can. J. Fish, aquat. Sci. 43: 1171-1176.
37. Hamrin, S. F., 1993. Lake restoration by cyprinid control in Satofta Bay (Lake Ringsjon). Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 25: 487-493.
38. Hanson, M. A. & M. G. Butler, 1994. Responses to food web manipulation in a shallow waterfowl lake. Hydrobiologia 279/280: 457- 466.
39. Hart, P. & S. F. Hamrin, 1988. Pike as a selective predator. Effects of prey size, availability, cover and pike jaw dimensions. Oikos 51: 220-226.
40. Horppila, J. & T. Kairesalo, 1990. A fading recovery: the role of roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) in maintaining high phytoplankton productivity and biomass in Lake Vesijarvi, southern Finland. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 153-165.
41. Hosper, S. H. & E. Jagtman, 1990. Biomanipulation additional to nutrient control for restoration of shallow lakes in The Netherlands. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 523-534.
42. Hosper, S. H. & M.-L. Meijer, 1993. Biomanipulation, will it work for your lake. A simple test for the assessment of chances for clear water, following drastic fish-stock reduction in shallow eutrophic lakes. Ecol. Engin. 2: 63-72.
43. Irvine, K., B. Moss & H. Balls, 1989. The loss of submerged plants with eutrophication II. Relationships between fish and zooplankton in a set of experimental ponds, and conclusions. Freshwat. Biol. 22: 89-107.
44. Jacobsen, L., M. R. Perrow, F. Landkildehus, M. Hjørne, T. L. Lauridsen & S. Berg, 1997. Interactions between piscivores, zooplanktivores and Zooplankton in submerged macrophytes: preliminary observations from enclosure and pond experiments. Hydrobiologia 342/343: 197-205.
45. James, W. F. & J. W. Barko, 1990. Macrophyte influences on the zonation of sediment accretion and composition in a north- temperate reservoir. Arch. Hydrobiol. 2: 129-142.
46. Jeppesen, E., J. P. Jensen, P. Kristensen, M. Søndergaard, E. Mortensen, O. Sortkjær & K. Olrik, 1990a. Fish manipulation as a lake restoration tool in shallow, eutrophic, temperate lakes 2: threshold levels, long-term stability and conclusions. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 219-227.
47. Jeppesen, E., J. P. Jensen, M. Søndegaard, T. Lauridsen, L. J. Pedersen & L. Jensen, 1997. Top-down control in freshwater lakes: the role of nutrient state, submerged macrophytes and water depth. Hydrobiologia 342/343: 151-164.
48. Jeppesen, E., M. Søndergaard, E. Mortensen, P. Kristensen, B. Riemann, H. J. Jensen, J. P. Müller, O. Sortkjser, J. P. Jensen, K. Christoffersen, S. Bosselmann & E. Dali, 1990K Fish manipulation as a lake restoration tool in shallow, eutrophic temperate lakes 1: cross-analysis of three Danish case-studies. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 205-218.
49. Jupp, B. P. & D. H. N. Spence, 1977. Limitations of macrophytes in a eutrophic lake, Loch Leven. II. Wave action, sediments and waterfowl grazing. J. Ecol. 65: 431-446.
50. Koch, M. S., I. A. Mendelssohn & K. L. McKee, 1990. Mechanism for the hydrogensulphide-induced growth limitation in wetland macrophytes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35: 399-408.
51. Lammens, E. H. R. R., P. J. Boesewinkel-de Bruyn, H. Hoogveld & E. van Donk, 1992. P-load, phytoplankton, Zooplankton and fish stock in Loosdrecht Lake and Tjeukemeer: confounding effect of predation and food availability. Hydrobiologia 233: 87-95.
52. Lammens, E. H. R. R., H. W. de Nie, J. Vijverberg & W. L. T. van Densen, 1985. Resources Partitioning and Niche Shifts of Bream (Abramis brama) and Eel (Anguilla anguilla) Mediated by Predation of Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) on Daphnia hyalina. Can. J. Fish, aquat. Sci. 42: 1342-1351.
53. Lammens, E. H. R. R., R. D. Gulati, M.-L. Meijer, E. van Donk, 1990. The first biomanipulation conference: a synthesis. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 619-628.
54. Lauridsen, T. L., E. Jeppesen & F. Ostergaard Andersen, 1993. Colonization of submerged macrophytes in shallow fish manipulated Lake Vaeng: impact of sediment composition and waterfowl grazing. Aquat. Bot. 46: 1-15.
55. Lauridsen, T. L., E. Jeppesen & M. Søndergaard, 1994. Colonization and succession of submerged macrophytes in shallow Lake Vaeng during the first five years following fish manipulation. Hydrobiologia 275/276: 233-242.
56. Lauridsen, T. L. & D. M. Lodge, 1996. Avoidance by Daphnia magtia of fish and macrophytes: chemical cues and predator- mediated use of macrophyte habitat. Limnol. Oceanogr. 22: 805- 810.
57. Lauridsen, T. L., L. J. Pedersen, E. Jeppesen & M. Søndergaard (in press). The importance of macrophyte bed size for composition and horizontal migration of cladocerans in a shallow lake. J. Plankton Res.
58. Mauck, W. L. & D. W. Coble, 1973. Vulnerability of Some Fishes to Northern Pike (Esox lucius) Predation. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 28: 957-969.
59. Meijer, M.-L., A. W. Breukelaar & S. H. Hosper, 1994a. Mass removal offish from Lake Wolderwijd, The Netherlands. Part III: Effects on water quality. In I. G. Cowx (ed.), Rehabilitation of Freshwater Fisheries. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford, England.
60. Meijer, M.-L., M. W. de Haan, A. W. Breukelaar & H. Buiteveld, 1990. Is reduction of the benthivorous fish an important cause of high transparency following biomanipulation in shallow lakes? Hydrobiologia 200/201: 303-315.
61. Meijer, M.-L. & H. Hosper, 1997. Effects of biomanipulation in the large and shallow Lake Wolderwijd, The Netherlands. Hydrobiologia 342/343: 335-349.
62. Meijer, M.-L., E. Jeppesen, E. van Donk, B. Moss, M. Scheffer, E. Lammens, E. van Nes, J. A. van Berkum, G. L. de Jong, B. A. Faafeng & J. P. Jensen, 1994b. Long-term responses to fish-stock reduction in small shallow lakes: interpretation of five- year results of four biomanipulation cases in The Netherlands and Denmark. Hydrobiologia 275/276: 457-466.
63. Meijer, M.-L., E. H. R. R. Lammens, A. J. P. Raat, J. G. P. Klein Breteler & M. P. Grimm, 1995. Development of fish communities in lakes after biomanipulation. Neth. J. aquat. Ecol. 29: 91-101.
64. Mitchell, S. F., D. P. Hamilton, W. S. MacGibbon, P. K. B. Nayar & R. N. Reynolds, 1988. Interactions between phytoplankton, submerged macrophytes, black swans and Zooplankton in a shallow lake. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 73: 145-170.
65. Moss, B., 1990. Engineering and biological approaches to the restoration from eutrophication of shallow lakes in which aquatic plant communities are important components. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 367-377.
66. Moss, B., J. H. Stansfield, K. Irvine, M. R. Perrow & G. L. Phillips, 1996. Progressive restoration of a shallow lake - a twelve-year experiment in isolation, sediment removal and biomanipulation. J. appl. Ecol. 33: 71-86.
67. Ozimek, T., R. D. Gulati & E. van Donk, 1990. Can macrophytes be useful in biomanipulation of lakes? The Lake Zwemlust example. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 399-407.
68. Pennak, R. W., 1973. Some evidence for aquatic macrophytes as repellents for a limnetic species of Daphnia. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 58: 569-576.
69. Perrow, M. R., 1991. Reversing the effects of eutrophication upon fish communities: lessons from Broadland. In Lucas, M. C., I. Diack & L. Laird (eds), Interactions Between Fisheries and the Environment. Proceedings of the Institute of Fisheries Management, Nottingham, England: 111-125.
70. Perrow, M. R., 1994. Practical aspects of the biomanipulation of fish populations. In Pitt, J.-A. & G. L. Phillips (eds), The Development of Biomanipulation Techniques & Control of Phosphorus Release from Sediments, EC LIFE project 92-3/UK/031, NRA Report No. 475/2/A. National Rivers Authority/Broads Authority, Bristol, UK.
71. Perrow, M. R. & K. Irvine, 1992. The relationship between cladoceran body size and the growth of underyearling roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)) in two shallow lowland lakes: a mechanism for density-dependent reductions in growth. Hydrobiologia 241: 155-161.
72. Perrow, M. R., B. Moss & J. H. Stansfield, 1994. Trophic interactions in a shallow lake following a reduction in nutrient loading: a long term study. Hydrobiologia 275/276: 43-52.
73. Perrow, M. R., J. Schutten, J. R. Howes, T. Holzer, F. J. Madgwick & A. J. D. Jowitt, 1997. Interactions between coot (Fulica atra) and submerged macrophytes: the role of birds in the restoration process. Hydrobiologia 342/343: 241-255.
74. Persson, L., S. Diehl, L. Johansson, G. Andersson & S. F. Hamrin, 1991. Shifts in fish communities along the productivity gradient of temperate lakes-patterns and the importance of size-structured populations. J. Fish. Biol. 38: 281-293.
75. Persson, L. & P. Eklov, 1995. Prey refuges affecting interactions between piscivorous perch and juvenile perch and roach. Ecology 76:70-81.
76. Phillips, G. L., D. F. Eminson & B. Moss, 1978. A mechanism to account for macrophyte decline in progressively eutrophicated freshwaters. Aquat. Bot. 4: 103-126.
77. Phillips, G. L., M. R. Perrow & J. H. Stansfield, 1996. Manipulating the fish-zooplankton interaction in shallow lakes: a tool for restoration. In Greenstreet, S. P. R. & M. L. Tasker (eds), Aquatic Predators and Their Prey. Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford. England 174-183.
78. Prejs, A., A. Martyniak, S. Boron, P. Illiwa & P. Koperski, 1994. Food web manipulation in a small, eutrophic Lake Wirbel, Poland: effect of stocking with juvenile pike on planktivorous fish. Hydrobiologia 275/276: 65-70.
79. Reynolds, C.S., 1994. The ecological basis for the successful biomanipulation of aquatic communities. Arch. Hydrobiol. 130: 1-33.
80. Ridley, H. N., 1930. The dispersal of plants throughout the world. L. Reeve & Co. Ashford, Kent, England.
81. Scheffer, M., 1990. Multiplicity of stable states in freshwater systems. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 475-486.
82. Scheffer, M., S. H. Hosper, M.-L. Meijer, B. Moss & E. Jeppesen, 1993. Alternative Equilibria in Shallow Lakes. TREE 8: 275-279.
83. Scheffer, M., M. van der Berg, A. Breukelaar, C. Breukers, H. Coops, R. Doef & M.-L. Meijer, 1994. Vegetated areas with clear water in turbid shallow lakes. Aquat. Bot. 49: 193-196.
84. Schriver, P., J. Bøgestrand, E. Jeppesen & M. Søndergaard, 1995. Impact of submerged macrophytes on fish-zooplankton- phytoplankton interactions: large-scale enclosure experiments in a shallow lake. Freshwat. Biol. 33: 255-270.
85. Shapiro, J., 1990. Biomanipulation: the next phase-making it stable. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 13-27.
86. Søndergaard, M., L. Bruun, T. L. Lauridsen, E. Jeppesen & T. Vindbaek Madsen, (in press). The impact of grazing waterfowl on submerged macrophytes: in situ experiments in a shallow eutrophic lake. Aquat. Bot.
87. Søndergaard, M., E. Jeppesen & S. Berg, 1997. Pike (Esox lucius L.) stocking as a biomanipulation tool 2. Effects on the lower trophic levels in Lake Lyng, Denmark. Hydrobiologia 342/343: 319-325.
88. Spencer, C. N. & D. L. King, 1984. Role of fish in Regulation of Plant and Animal Communities in Eutrophic Ponds. Can J. Fish, aquat. Sci. 41: 1851-1855.
89. Stansfield, J. H. & M. R. Perrow, 1994. The influence of benthivorous fish upon benthic communities. In Pitt, J.-A. & G. L. Phillips (eds), The Development of Biomanipulation Techniques & Control of Phosphorus Release from Sediments, EC LIFE project 92-3/UK/031, NRA Report No. 475/2/A. National Rivers Authority/Broads Authority, Bristol, UK.
90. Stansfield, J. H., M. R. Perrow, L. D. Tench, A. J. D. Jowitt & A. A. L. Taylor, 1997. Submerged macrophytes as refuges for grazing Cladocera against fish predation: observations on seasonal changes in relation to macrophyte cover and predation pressure.
91. Tatrai, I. & V. Istvanovics, 1986. The role of fish in the regulation of nutrient cycling in lake Balaton, Hungary. Freshwat. Biol. 16: 417-424.
92. Tatrai, I., E. H. R. R. Lammens, A. W. Breukelaar & J. G. P. Klein Breteler, 1994. The impact of mature cyprinid fish on the composition and biomass of benthic macroinvertebrates. Arch. Hydrobiol. 131: 309-320.
93. Ten Winkel, E. H. & J. T. Meulemans, 1984. Effects of fish upon submerged vegetation. Hydrobiol. Bull. 18: 157-158.
94. Timms, R. M. & B. Moss, 1984. Prevention of growth of potentially dense phytoplankton populations by zooplankton grazing, in the presence of zooplanktivorous fish, in a shallow wetland system. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 472-486.
95. Turner, A. M. & G. G. Mittelbach, 1992. Effects of grazer community composition and fish on algal dynamics. Can J. Fish, aquat. Sci. 49: 1908-1915.
96. Underwood, G. J. C., J. D. Thomas & J. H. Baker, 1992. An experimental investigation of interactions in snail-macrophyte-epiphyte systems. Oecologia 91: 587-595.
97. Van Berkum, J. A., M. Klinge & M. P. Grimm, 1995. Biomanipulation on the Duinigermeer: first results. Neth. J. aquat. Ecol. 29: 472-486.
98. Van Densen, W. L. T., 1994. Predator enhancement in freshwater fish communities. In Cowx, I. G. (ed.), Rehabilitation of Freshwater Fisheries. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford, England.
99. Van der Vlugt, J. C., P. A. Walker, J. van der Does & A. J. P. Raat, 1992. Fisheries management as an additional lake restoration measure: biomanipulation scaling-up problems. Hydrobiologia 233: 213-225.
100. Van Donk, E., E. de Deckere, J. G. P. Klein Breteler & J. T. Meulemans, 1994b. Herbivory by waterfowl and fish on macrophytes in a biomanipulated lake: effects on long-term recovery. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 25: 2139-2143.
101. Van Donk, E., M. P. Grimm, R. D. Gulati, P. G. M. Heuts, W. A. de Kloet & L. van Liere, 1990a. First attempt to apply wholelake food-web manipulation on a large scale in the Netherlands. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 291-301.
102. Van Donk, E., M. P. Grimm, R. D. Gulati & J. P. G. Klein Breteler, 1990b. Whole-lake food-web manipulation as a means to study community interactions in a small ecosystem. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 275-289.
103. Van Donk, E., M. P. Grimm, P. G. M. Heuts, G. Blom, K. Everards & O. F. R. van Tongeren, 1994a. Use of mesocosms in a shallow eutrophic lake to study the effects of different restoration measures. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 40: 283-294.
104. Van Donk, E. & R. D. Gulati, in press. Transition of a lake to turbid state six years after biomanipulation: mechanisms and pathways. Wat. Sci. Tech.
105. Van Donk, E., R. D. Gulati, A. Iedema & J. T. Meulemans, 1993. Macrophyte-related shifts in the nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the different trophic levels in a biomanipulated shallow lake. Hydrobiologia 251: 19-26.
106. Van Liere, L., R. D. Gulati, F. G. Wortelboer & E. H. R. R. Lammens, 1990. Phosphorus dynamics following restoration measures in the Loosdrecht Lakes (The Netherlands). Hydrobiologia 191: 87-95.
107. Werner, E. E., J. F. Gilliam, D. J. Hall & G. G. Mittelbach, 1983. An experimental test of the effects of predation risk on habitat use in fish. Ecology 64: 1540-1548.
108. Winfield, I. J., 1986. The influence of simulated aquatic macrophytes on the zooplankton consumption rate of juvenile roach, Rutilus rutilus, rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, and perch, Perca fluviatilis. J. Fish. Biol. 29: 37-48.
109. Wium-Anderson, S., U. Anthoni, C. Christophersen & G. Houen, 1982. Allelopathic effects on phytoplankton by substances isolated from aquatic macrophytes (Charales). Oikos 39: 187-190.