Human dignity in bioethics and law

Human Dignity in Bioethics and Law

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-183

  Foster, Charles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 85199628823     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (117)

1. T Beauchamp and J Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994), Although, as I argue in ch 1, there is a sense in which my contentions here might be said to amount to a plea to listen properly to the conversation between those principles.
2. E Pellegrino, A Schulman and T Merrill (eds) Human Dignity and Bioethics (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 2009).
3. R Neuhaus, 'Human dignity and public discourse', in E Pellegrino, A Schulman and T Merrill (eds) Human Dignity and Bioethics (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 2009) 217.
4. C Foster, Choosing Life, Choosing Death (Oxford, Hart, 2009).
5. C Dupre, 'Unlocking Human Dignity: Towards a Theory for the 21st Century' (2009) 2 European Human Rights Law Review 190, 201.
6. R Duff, 'Harms and wrongs' (2002) 5 Buffalo Criminal Law Review 13.
7. Ruth Macklin would object that I am invoking in each of these elements not a real idea of dignity, but the idea of 'respect for persons': see R Macklin 'Dignity is a useless concept' (2003) 327 British Medical Journal 1419, 1420. I deal with that objection in ch 4.
8. G Anscombe, Intention (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1957); G Anscombe and P Geach, Three Philosophers (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 2002).
9. M Nussbaum, 'Non-relative virtues: An Aristotelean approach' in M Nussbaum and A Sen (eds), The Quality of Life (New York, OUP, 1993) 242-69; and J Gentzler 'What is a death with dignity?' (2003) 28 Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 461, 476-80.
10. J Gentzler 'What is a death with dignity?' (2003) 28 Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 461, 476-80.
11. A MacIntyre, After Virtue (London, Duckworth, 1985) especially ch16.
12. M Nussbaum, Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).
13. M Slote, 'Virtue Ethics and Democratic Values' (1993) 14 Journal of Social Philosophy 5
14. C Swanton, 'Profiles of the Virtues' (1995) 76 Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 47.
15. S Harris, The Moral Landscape (London, Bantam, 2011).
16. R Sheldrake, A New Science of Life: The Hypothesis of Formative Causation (London, Icon, 2009).
17. D Feldman, 'Human dignity as a legal value: Part 1' (1999) Public Law 682, 685.
18. D Feldman, Civil Liberties and Human Rights in England and Wales (Oxford, OUP, 2002) 133. He does continue, pessimistically, that this does 'not thereby [make] intractable moral and legal issues easier.' Not easier, perhaps, but more satisfactory.
19. S Weil, 'Human Personality' in S Miles (ed), Simone Weil: An anthology (New York, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1950).
20. R Rorty, 'Postmodernist bourgeois liberalism' (1983) 80 Journal of Philosophy 583.
21. H Spigelberg 'Human dignity: a Challenge to Contemporary Philosophy' (1971) 9 Philosophy Forum 39.
22. A Schulman, 'Bioethics and the Question of Human Dignity' in Pellegrino et al (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics 12.
23. C Farrelly and L Solum (eds), Virtue Jurisprudence (London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
24. C Cimino, 'Private Law, Public Consequence and Virtue Jurisprudence' (2010) 71 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 279.
25. D Kretzmer and K Eckart, The Concept of Human Dignity in Human Rights Discourse (The Hague, Kluwer, 2002).
26. C Pasternak, What Makes Us Human? (London, One World, 2007).
27. C Foster, Wired for God ? The Biology of Spiritual Experience (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 2010).
28. Cicero, De Officilis I, 30, cited in C McCrudden, 'Human dignity and judicial interpretation of human rights' (2008) European Journal ofInternational Law 655, 657.
29. G Fletcher, 'In God's image: the religious imperative of equality under law' (1999) 6 Columbia Law Review 1608.
30. A Altmann, ' Homo Imago Dei in Jewish and Christian theology' (1968) 48 Journal of Religion 235.
31. R Kraynak, 'Human Dignity and the Mystery of the Human Soul' in Pellegrino et al (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics 75.
32. F Bohling (ed), S Pufendorf, De Jure Naturae et GentiumLibriocto, 1672, GesamelteWerke Vol 4, (Berlin 1998) 1, III, 1: 37, II: 1:5: 109.
33. Thomas Kingsmill Abbott, available at www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/5682/pg5682.html.
34. M Gregor (tr and ed), I Kant, The Metaphysics of Morals: Metaphysical First Principles of the Doctrine of Virtue (Cambridge, CUP, 1996) 462: 1: 18.
35. O Sensen, 'Kant's Conception of Human Dignity' (2009) 100 Kant-Studien 309, 309.
36. C Foster, Choosing Life, Choosing Death: The Tyranny of Autonomy in Medical Ethics and Law (Oxford, Hart, 2009).
37. J Harris, 'Cloning and Human Dignity'(1998) 7 Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 163, 164.
38. C Dupre, 'Unlocking Human Dignity: Towards a Theory for the 21st Century' (2009) European Human Rights Law Review 190, 193-95.
39. McCrudden, 'Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights' 660-63.
40. T Paine, Rights of Man: Part the First (1791).
41. D Luban, 'Human Dignity, Humiliation and Torture' (2009) 19 Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 211.
42. R Ashcroft, 'Making Sense of Dignity'(2005) 31 Journal of Medical Ethics 679.
43. D Beyleveld and R Brownsword, Human Dignity in Bioethics and Biolaw (Oxford, OUP, 2004).
44. D Feldman, Civil Liberties and Human Rights in England and Wales (Oxford, OUP, 2002) 125-28.
45. D Schroeder, 'Dignity: Two Riddles and Four Concepts' (2008) 17 Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 230.
46. S Killmister, 'Dignity: Not Such a Useless Concept' (2010) 36 Journal of Medical Ethics 160.
47. A Clapham, Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors (Oxford, OUP, 2006) 545-46,
48. C McCrudden, 'Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights' (2008) European Journal of International Law 655, 686-87.
49. N Bostrom, 'Dignity and Enhancement' in E Pellegrino, A Schulman and T Merrill (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 2009) 173 et seq.
50. L Gormally, 'Human Dignity and Respect for the Elderly', paper for II Jornadas Internacionales Bioetica, Granada, 25 September 1998, available at www.linacre.org/elderly.html.
51. M Lebech, On the Problem of Human Dignity. A Hermeneutical and Phenomenological Investigation (Würzburg, Könighausen und Neumann, 2009).
52. L Kass, 'Defending human dignity' in Pellegrino et al (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics 297 et seq.
53. D Beyleveld and R Brownsword, Human Dignity in Bioethics and Biolaw (Oxford, OUP, 2004).
54. R Macklin 'Dignity is a Useless Concept' (2003) 327 British Medical Journal 1419, referred to in chs 1 and 4.
55. M Lebech, On the Problem of Human Dignity. A Hermeneutical and Phenomenological Investigation (Würzburg, Könighausen und Neumann, 2009) 18.
56. F Matthewes-Green, 'Dignity, Always Dignity', World Magazine, 18 February 1995, cited in Schroeder, 'Dignity: Two Riddles and Four Concepts' 231.
57. P Lawler (2009), 'Modern and American Dignity' in Pellegrino et al (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics 231. Stars, of course, aren't eternal, but his point is clear.
58. R Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1977) 238.
59. M Bagaric and J Allan, 'The vacuous concept of dignity'(2006) 5 Journal of Human Rights 257, discussed in ch4 below. They seize particularly eagerly on this statement from Dworkin.
60. R Macklin, 'Dignity is a Useless Concept' (2003) 327 British Medical Journal 1419.
61. P Singer, Applied Ethics (Oxford, OUP, 1986)228.
62. J Harris, 'Cloning and Human Dignity' (1998) 7 Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 163.
63. M Bagaric and J Allan, 'The Vacuous Concept of Dignity' (2006) 5 Journal of Human Rights 257.
64. S Grover, 'A Response to Bagaric and Allan's "The Vacuous Concept of Dignity"'(2009) 13 International Journal of Human Rights 615, 619.
65. P Churchland, 'Human Dignity from a Neurophilosophical Perspective' in Pellegrino et al (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics 99-121.
66. D Beyleveld and R Brownsword, Human Dignity in Bioethics and Biolaw (Oxford, OUP, 2004).
67. D Dwyer, 'Beyond Autonomy: The Role of Dignity in "Biolaw"' (2003) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 319, 320.
68. McHale, 'Human Dignity in Bioethics and Biolaw' 345.
69. C Foster, Choosing Life, Choosing Death: The Tyranny of Autonomy in Medical Ethics and Law (Oxford, Hart, 2009).
70. D Schaub, 'Commentary on Meilaender and Lawler' in Pellegrino et al (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics 285.
71. M Nussbaum, 'Human Dignity and Political Entitlements' in Pellegrino et al (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics 372.
72. D Egonsson, Dimensions of Dignity: The Moral Importance of Being Human (Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic, 1998) 132.
73. R Wertheimer, 'Philosophy on Humanity' in R Perkins (ed), Abortion: Pro and Con (Cambridge, MA, Schenkman, 1974) 107-28.
74. C Foster, Choosing Life, Choosing Death: The Tyranny of Autonomy in Medical Law and Ethics (Oxford, Hart, 2009).
75. L Nordenfelt, 'The Varieties of Dignity' (2004) 12 Health Care Annals 69.
76. R Matthews and LC Callister, 'Childbearing Women's Perceptions of Nursing Care that Promotes Dignity' (2006) 33 Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 501.
77. L Callister, 'Beliefs and Perceptions of Childbearing Women Choosing Different Primary Care Providers' (1995) 4 Clinical Nursing Research 168, 175 (cited in Matthews and Callister, 'Childbearing Women's Perceptions of Nursing Care that Promotes Dignity').
78. E Pellegrino, 'The Lived Experience of Human Dignity' in E Pellegrino, A Schulman and T Merrill (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 2009) 514.
79. G Kateb, Human Dignity (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2011) 131.
80. M Nussbaum, 'Human Dignity and Political Entitlements' in E Pellegrino, A Schulman and T Merrill (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 2009) 377-78.
81. C McCrudden, 'Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights' (2008) 19 European Journal of International Law 655.
82. McCrudden, 'Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights' 673.
83. Stephen Wilkinson in his chapter 'Commodification' in R Ashcroft, A Dawson and H Draper (eds), Principles of Healthcare Ethics (London, Wiley, 2007) 287.
84. C Foster, Choosing Life, Choosing Death (Oxford, Hart, 2009).
85. R v Department of Health ex p Source Informatics Ltd [2000] Lloyd's Rep Med 76. For detailed discussion of this decision, see Foster, Choosing Life, Choosing Death 72.
86. Foster, Choosing Life, Choosing Death, esp 5-6.
87. R v Brown [1994] 1 AC 212; Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 39.
88. Foster, Choosing Life, Choosing Death 125.
89. C Foster, 'Why Doctors Should get a Life' (2010) 102 Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 519-20.
90. R Duff, 'Harms and wrongs' (2002) 5 Buffalo Criminal Law Review 13, 39.
91. D Feldman, 'The developing scope of Article 8 ECHR' (1997) 3 European Human Rights Law Review 270.
92. R McDougall, 'A Resource-based Version of the Argument that Cloning is an Affront to Human Dignity' (2008) 34 JME 259, 260.
93. M Williams, 'Resource Expenditure not Resource Allocation: Response to McDougall on Cloning and Dignity' (2009) 35 JME 330.
94. Jonathan Herring disagrees, contending that the QALY places no weight on concepts such as dignity: J Herring, Medical Law and Ethics (Oxford, OUP, 2010) 78.
95. E Parens, 'Toward a More Fruitful Debate about Enhancement' in Savulescu and Bostrom (eds) Human Enhancement 196.
96. J Herring, Medical Law and Ethics (Oxford, OUP, 2010) 387-90.
97. C Foster, T Hope and J McMillan, 'Submissions from Non-existent Claimants: The Nonidentity Problem and the Law' (2006) 25 Medicine and Law 1.
98. R Braidotti Nomadic Subjects (New York, Columbia University Press, 1994) 88, cited in Herring, Medical Law and Ethics 351.
99. G Corea, The Mother Machine (London, The Women's Press, 1985) 4: cited in Herring, Medical Law and Ethics 352.
100. L Kass, 'The Wisdom of Repugnance: Why we should Ban the Cloning of Humans' in G McGee, (ed), The Human Cloning Debate (Berkeley, CA, Berkeley Hills Books, 2002).
101. D Dennett, 'How to Protect Human Dignity from Science', in E Pellegrino, A Schulman and T Merrill (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 2009) 39.
102. J Habermas, tr H Beister and W Rehg, The Future of Human Nature (London, Polity Press, 2003)13.
103. S Wheatley, 'Human Rights and Human Dignity in the Resolution of Certain Ethical Questions in Biomedicine'(2001) 3 European Human Rights Law Review, 312, 318-19, for an examination of the way in which dignity arguments might affect identity-changing manipulations.
104. G Kahane, presentation at the MacDonald Centre Conference on Human Enhancement, Christ Church, Oxford, October 2010.
105. N Bostrom and A Sandberg, 'The Wisdom of Nature: An evolutionary heuristic for human enhancement' in Savulescu and Bostrom (eds) Human Enhancement 375-416.
106. L Kass, 'Defending human dignity' in Pellegrino et al (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics 313.
107. N Bostrom, 'Dignity and enhancement' in Pellegrino et al (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics 173-206.
108. C Rubin, 'Human Dignity and the Future of Man' in Pellegrino et al (eds), Human Dignity and Bioethics 160.
109. J Savulescu and N Bostrom, 'Human Enhancement Ethics: The State of the Debate', in Savulescu and Bostrom (eds) Human Enhancement 13.
110. C Foster, Choosing Life, Choosing Death (Oxford, Hart, 2009) 33-34.
111. S Choudry and H Fenwick, 'Taking the Rights of Parents and Children Seriously: Confronting the Welfare Principle Under the Human Rights Act' (2005) 25 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 453.
112. J Harris, '"ARTBs": Assisted Reproductive Technological Blunders' (2003) 29 JME 205.
113. Foster, Choosing Life, Choosing Death 41-54.
114. W Wing Han Lamb and H Thomson, Wholeness, Dignity and the Aging Self: A Conversation between Philosophy and Theology' (2002) 12 Journal of Religious Gerontology 57, 63.
115. S Nuland, How We Die: Reflections on Life' Final Chapter (New York, Knopf Doubleday, 1995).
116. Sopinka J, with La Forest, Gonthier, lacobucci and Major JJ concurring: ibid 177-78. C Foster, Choosing Life, Choosing Death (Oxford, Hart, 2009) 173-80.
117. C Foster, Choosing Life, Choosing Death (Oxford, Hart, 2009) 173-80.