Interactions between the intestinal microflora, diet and diarrhoea, and their influences on piglet health in the immediate post-weaning period

Weaning the pig: concepts and consequences

Volumn , Issue , 2023, Pages 199-218

  Hopwood, D E ^a   Hampson, D J ^b  

^a Animal Resources Centre   (Australia)

^b MURDOCH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85199601891     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (93)

1. Amezcua, R., R.M. Friendship, C.E. Dewey, C.L. Gyles and J.R. Fairbrother, 2002. Presentation of postweaning Escherichia coli diarrhea in southern Ontario, prevalence of hemolytic E. coli serogroups involved, and their antimicrobial resistance patterns. Canadian Journal Veterinary Research 66, 73-78.
2. Argenzio, R.A., 1992. Pathophysiology of diarrhea. In: N. Anderson (editor), Veterinary Gastroenterology, 2nd ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp. 163-172.
3. Argenzio, R.A., H.W. Moon, L.J. Kemeny and S.C. Whipp, 1984. Colonic compensation in transmissible gastroenteritis of swine. Gastroenterology 86, 1501-1509.
4. Armstrong, W.D. and T.R. Cline, 1976. Effects of various dietary nutrient levels on the incidence of colibacillary diarrhea in pigs: Intestinal ligation studies. Journal of Animal Science 42, 592-598.
5. Armstrong, W.D. and T.R. Cline, 1977. Effects of various nutrient levels and environmental temperatures on the incidence of colibacillary diarrhea in pigs: intestinal fistulation and titration studies. Journal of Animal Science 45, 1042-1050.
6. Aumaitre, A., J. Peiniau and F. Madec, 1995. Digestive adaptation after weaning and nutritional consequences in the piglet. Pig News and Information 16, 73-79N.
7. Baker, D.R., L.O. Billey and D.H. Francis, 1997. Distribution of K88 Esherichia coli-adhesive and non-adhesive phenotypes amongst four breeds. Veterinary Microbiology 54, 123-132.
8. Ball, R.O. and F.X. Aherne, 1982. Effect of diet complexity and feed restriction on the incidence and severity of diarrhoea in early weaned pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 62, 907-913.
9. Bertschinger, H.U., 1999. Postweaning Escherichia coli diarrhoea and oedema disease. In: B.E. Straw, S. D’Allaire, W. L. Mengeling and D.J. Taylor (editors), Diseases of Swine 8th Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 441-454.
10. Bertschinger, H.U. and E. Eggenberger, 1978. Evaluation of low nutrient, high fibre diets for the prevention of porcine Escherichia coli enterotoxaemia. Veterinary Microbiology 3, 281-290.
11. Bertschinger, H.U. and J.M. Fairbrother, 1999. Escherichia coli infections. In: B.E. Straw, S. D’Allaire, W.L. Mengeling and D.J. Taylor (editors). Diseases of Swine, 8th edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 431-433.
12. Blackburn, N.A. and I.T. Johnson, 1981. The effect of guar gum on the viscosity of the gastrointestinal contents and on glucose uptake from the perfused jejunum in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition 46, 239-246.
13. Blackburn, N.A., J.S. Redfern, H. Jarjis, A.M. Holgate, I. Hanning, J.H.B. Scarpello, I.T. Johnson and N.W. Read, 1984. The mechanism of action of guar gum in improving glucose tolerance in man. Clinical Science 66, 329-336.
14. Bolduan, G., H. Jung, E. Schnabel and R. Schneider, 1988. Recent advances in the nutrition of weaner piglets. Pig News and Information 9, 381-385.
15. Chandler, D.S., T.L. Mynott, R. Luke and J.A. Craven, 1994. The distribution and stability of Escherichia coli K88 receptor in the gastrointestinal tract of the pig. Veterinary Microbiology 38, 203-215.
16. Choct, M. and G. Annison, 1992. Anti-nutritive effect of wheat pentosans in broiler chickens: roles of viscosity and gut microflora. British Poultry Science 33, 821-834.
17. Choi, C., W-S. Cho, H-K Chung, T. Jung, J. Kim and C. Chae, 2001. Prevalence of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST 1) gene in isolates in weaned pigs with diarrhea and/or edema disease. Veterinary Microbiology 81, 65-71.
18. Conway, P.L. 1994. Function and regulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota of the pig. In: W-B. Souffrant and H. Hagemeister (editors). Proceedings of the VIth International Symposium on Digestive Physiology in Pigs Proceedings. EAAP Publication, Ban Doberan, Germany, pp.231-240.
19. Cooke, E.M., 1985. Escherichia coli—an overview. Journal of Hygiene (Lond) 95, 523-530.
20. Cox, E., V. Cools, H. Thoonen, J. Hoorens and A. Houvenaghel, 1988. Effect of experimentally-induced villus atrophy on adhesion of K88ac-positive Escherichia coli in just-weaned piglets. Veterinary Microbiology 17, 159-169.
21. Cutler, R., 1981. Post weaning diarrhoea in young pigs. In: T.G. Hungerford (editor). Pigs. The Post-Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia. pp. 49-51.
22. Cutler, R. and I. Gardner, 1988. A Blue Print for Pig Health Research. Australian Pig Research Council, Canberra, Australia.
23. English, P.R., 1981. Establishing the early weaned pig. Proceedings of the Pig Veterinary Society 7, 29-37.
24. Erickson, A.K., J.A. Willgohs, S.Y. McFarland, D.A. Benfield and D.H. Francis, 1992. Identification of two porcine brush border glycoproteins that bind the K88ac adhesin of Escherichia coli and correlation of these binding glycoproteins with the adhesive porcine phenotype. Infection and Immunity 60, 983-988.
25. Ermer, P. M., P. S. Miller and A.J. Lewis, 1994. Diet preference and meal patterns of weanling pigs offered diets containing either spray-dried porcine plasma or dried skim milk. Journal of Animal Science 72, 1548-1554.
26. Etheridge, R.D., R.W. Seerley and T.L. Huber, 1984. The effect of diet on fecal moisture, osmolarity of fecal extracts, products of bacterial fermentation and loss of minerals in feces of weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 58, 1403-1411.
27. Francis, D.H., 2002. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in pigs and its diagnosis. Journal of Swine Health and Production 10, 171-175.
28. Franklin, M.A., A.G. Mathew, J.R. Vickers and R.A. Clift, 2002. Characterization of microbial populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations in the jejunum, ileum, and cecum of pigs weaned at 17 vs 24 days of age. Journal of Animal Science 80, 2904-2910.
29. Freter, R., 1974. Interactions between mechanisms controlling the intestinal microflora. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 27, 1409-1416.
30. Fu, Z.F. and D.J. Hampson, 1987. Group A rotavirus excretion patterns in naturally infected pigs. Research in Veterinary Science 43, 297-300.
31. Gaskins, H.R., 2001. Intestinal bacteria and their influence on swine growth. In: A.J Lewis and L.L. Southern (editors). Swine Nutrition, 2nd ed. CRC Press LLC, Florida, pp. 585-608.
32. Gyles, C.L., 1993. Escherichia coli. In: C.L Gyles and C. O. Thoen (editors). Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. pp. 164-187.
33. Hambrecht, E., 1998. Effect of non-starch polysaccharides on performance, incidence of diarrhoea and gut growth in weaned pigs. Masters thesis, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany.
34. Hamilton, D.L. and W.E. Roe, 1977. Electrolyte levels and net fluid and electrolyte movements in the gastrointestinal tract of weanling swine. Canadian Journal of Comparative Median 41, 241-250.
35. Hampson, D.J., 1983. Post-weaning changes in the piglet small intestine in relation to growth checks and diarrhoea. PhD thesis, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
36. Hampson, D.J., 1986. Alterations in piglet small intestinal structure at weaning. Research in Veterinary Science 40, 32-40.
37. Hampson, D.J., 1987. Dietary influences on porcine post-weaning diarrhoea. In: J.L Barnett, E.S. Batterham, G.M. Cronin, C. Hansen, P.H. Hemsworth, D.P. Hennessy, P.E. Hughes, N.E. Johnston and R.H. King (editors). Manipulating Pig Production. Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Victoria, Australia. pp. 202-214.
38. Hampson, D.J., 1994. Postweaning Escherichia coli diarrhoea in pigs. In: C.L. Gyles (editor). Escherichia coli in Domestic Animals and Humans. CAB International, Wallingford, England. pp. 171-191.
39. Hampson, D.J. and W.C. Smith, 1986. Influence of creep feeding and dietary intake after weaning on malabsorption and occurrence of diarrhoea in the newly-weaned pig. Research in Veterinary Science 41, 63-69.
40. Hampson, D.J., M.H. Hinton, and D.E. Kidder, 1985. Coliform numbers in the stomach and small intestine of healthy pigs following weaning at three weeks of age. Journal of Comparative Pathology 95, 353-362.
41. Hampson, D.J., I.D. Robertson, T. La, S.L. Oxberry and D.W. Pethick, 2000. Influences of diet and vaccination on colonisation of pigs with the intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli. Veterinary Microbiology 73, 75-84.
42. Hentges, D.J., 1992. Gut flora and disease resistance. In: R. Fuller (editor). Probiotics. The scientific basis. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 87-110.
43. Higgins, R.J., G.R. Pearson and C. Wray, 1997. Attaching and effacing E. coli. Microscopic and ultrastructural observations of intestinal infections in pigs. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 412, 59-62.
44. Hill, I.R. and R. Kenworthy, 1970. Microbiology of pigs and their environment in relation to weaning. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 33, 299-316.
45. Hinton, M., D.J. Hampson, E.M. Hampson and A.H. Linton, 1985. A comparison of the ecology of Escherichia coli in the intestines of healthy unweaned pigs and pigs following weaning. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 58, 471-478.
46. Hopwood, D.E, Pethick, D.W. and D.J. Hampson, 2002. Increasing the viscosity of the intestinal contents stimulates proliferation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Brachyspira pilosicoli in weaner pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 88, 523-532.
47. Jensen, B.B. 1998. The impact of feed additives on the microbial ecology of the gut in young pigs. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 7, 45-64.
48. Jensen, B.B., 2001. Possible ways of modifying type and amount of products from microbial fermentation in the gut. In: A. Piva, K.E. Bach Knudsen and J-E. Lindberg (editors). Gut Environment of Pigs. Nottingham University Press, Loughborough, England, pp.181-200.
49. Kenworthy, R. and W.E. Crabb, 1963. The intestinal flora of young pigs, with reference to early weaning Escherichia coli and scours. Journal of Comparative Pathology 73, 215-228.
50. Langhout, D.J., 1998. The role of the intestinal flora as affected by non-starch polysaccharides in broiler chicks. PhD thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
51. Lecce, J.G., 1983. Dietary regimen, rotavirus, and hemolytic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in weanling diarrhea of pigs. Annales Recherches Veterinaires 14, 463-8.
52. Leser, T.D., J.Z. Amenuvor, T.K. Jensen, R.H. Lindecrona, M. Boye and K. Moller, 2002. Culture-independent analysis of gut bacteria: The pig gastrointestinal tract microbiota revisited. Applied Environmental Microbiology 66, 673-690.
53. Li, D.F., J.L. Nelssen, P.G. Reddy, F. Blecha, J.D. Hancock, G.L. Allee, R.D. Goodband and R.D. Klemm, 1990. Transient hypersensitivity to soybean meal in the early-weaned pig. Journal of Animal Science 68, 1790-1799.
54. Li, D.F., J.L. Nelssen, P.G. Reddy, F. Blecha, R. Klemm and R.D. Goodband, 1991. Interrelationship between hypersensitivity to soybean proteins and growth performance in early-weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 69, 4062-4069.
55. Liebler-Tenorio, E. M., J. F. Pohlenz and S.C. Whipp, 1999. Diseases of the digestive system. In: B.E. Straw, S. D’Allaire, W.L. Mengeling and D.J. Taylor (editors). Diseases of Swine. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA. pp. 821-831.
56. Mackie, R.I., A. Sghir and H.R. Gaskins, 1999. Developmental microbial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 69, 1035S-1045S.
57. MacKinnon, J.D., 1998. Enteritis in the young pig caused by Escherichia coli. The Pig Journal 41, 227-255.
58. Madec, F., N. Bridoux, S. Bounaix and A. Jestin, 1998. Measurement of digestive disorders in the piglet at weaning and related risk factors. Preventative Veterinary Medicine 35, 53-72.
59. Madec, F., N. Bridoux, S. Bounaix, R. Cariolet, Y. Duval-Iflah, D.J. Hampson and A. Jestin, 2000. Experimental models of porcine postweaning colibacillosis and their relationship to postweaning diarrhoea and digestive disorders as encountered in the field. Veterinary Microbiology 72, 295-310.
60. Mathew, A.G., A.L. Sutton, A.B. Scheidt, J.A. Patterson, D.T. Kelly and K.A. Meyerholtz, 1993. Effect of galactan on selected microbial populations and pH and volatile fatty acids in the ileum of the weanling pig. Journal of Animal Science 71, 1503-1509.
61. Mathews, C.J., R.J. MacLeod, S-X. Zheng, J.W. Hanrahan, H.P.J. Bennett and J.R. Hamilton, 1999. Characterization of the inhibitory effect of boiled rice on intestinal chloride secretion in guinea pig crypt cells. Gastroenterology 116, 1342-1347.
62. McDonald, D.E. 2001. Dietary fibre for the newly weaned pig; influence on pig performance, intestinal development and expression of post-weaning colibacillosis and intestinal spirochaetosis. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.
63. McDonald, D.E., D.W. Pethick, B.P. Mullan, J.R. Pluske and D.J. Hampson, 2000. Soluble non-starch polysaccharides from pearl barley exacerbate experimental post-weaning colibacillosis. In: J.E. Lindberg and B. Ogle (editors). Digestive Physiology of Pigs. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, England. pp. 280-282.
64. McDonald, D.E., D.W. Pethick, B.P. Mullan and D.J. Hampson, 2001. Increasing the viscosity of the intestinal contents alters small intestinal structure and intestinal growth, and stimulates proliferation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in newly weaned pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 86, 487-498.
65. Nabuurs, M.J.A., 1995. Microbiological, structural and functional changes of the small intestine of pigs at weaning. Pig News and Information 16, 93N-97N.
66. Nabuurs, M.J.A., 1998. Weaning piglets as a model for studying pathophysiology of diarrhea. Veterinary Quarterly 20, S42-S45.
67. Nabuurs, M.J.A., A. Hoogendoorn and van Zijderveld-van Bemmel, 1996. Effect of supplementary feeding during the sucking period on net absorption from the small intestine of weaned pigs. Research in Veterinary Science 61, 72-77.
68. Nataro, J.P. and J.B. Kaper, 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clinical Microbiological Reviews 11, 142-201.
69. Nollet, H., P. Deprez, E. Van Driessche and E. Muylle, 1999. Protection of just weaned pigs against infection with F18+ Escherichia coli by non-immune plasma powder. Veterinary Microbiology 65, 37-45.
70. Nurmi, E. and M. Rantala, 1973. New aspects of Salmonella infection in broiler production. Nature 241, 210-211.
71. Okai, D.B., F.X. Aherne and R.T. Hardin, 1976. Effects of creep and starter composition on feed intake and performance of young pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 56, 573-586.
72. Osek, J., 1999. Prevalence of virulence factors of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic and healthy piglets after weaning. Veterinary Microbiology 68, 209-217.
73. Palmer, N.C. and T.J. Hulland, 1965. Factors predisposing to the development of coliform gastroenteritis in weaned pigs. Canadian Veterinary Journal 6, 310-316.
74. Pluske, J.R., D.J. Hampson and I.H. Williams, 1997. Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig: a review. Livestock Production Science 51, 215-236.
75. Pluske, J.R., Z. Durmic, D.W. Pethick, B.P. Mullan and D.J. Hampson, 1998. Confirmation of the role of non-starch polysaccharides and resistant starch in the expression of swine dysentery in pigs following experimental infection. Journal of Nutrition 128, 1737-1744.
76. Pluske, J.R., D.W. Pethick D.E. Hopwood and D.J. Hampson, 2002. Nutritional influences on some major enteric bacterial diseases of pigs. Nutritional Research Reviews 15, 333-371.
77. Prohaszka, L. and F. Baron, 1980. The predisposing role of high dietary protein supplies in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections in weaned pigs. Zbl Veterinary Medicine B, 27, 222-232.
78. Radecki, S.V. and M.T. Yokoyama, 1991. Intestinal bacteria and their influence on swine nutrition. In: E.R. Miller, D. E. Ullrey and A. J. Lewis (editors). Swine Nutrition. Butterworth Heinemann, Boston, USA, pp. 439-447.
79. Richards, W.P.C. and C.M. Fraser, 1961. Coliform enteritis of weaned pigs. A description of the disease and its association with haemolytic Escherichia coli. Cornell Veterinarian 51, 245-257.
80. Sarmiento, J.I., 1988. Postweaning diarrhea in swine: Experimental model of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. American Journal of Veterinary Research 49, 1154-1159.
81. Siba, P.M., D.W. Pethick and D.J. Hampson, 1996. Pigs experimentally infected with Serpulina hyodysenteriae can be protected from developing swine dysentery by feeding them a highly digestible diet. Epidemiology and Infection 116, 207-216.
82. Smith, H.W. and S. Halls, 1968. The production of oedema disease and diarrhoea in weaned pigs by the oral administration of Escherichia coli: Factors that influence the course of the experimental disease. Journal of Medical Microbiology 1, 45-59.
83. Smith, H.W. and J.E.T. Jones, 1963. Observations on the alimentary tract and its bacterial flora in healthy and diseased pigs. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 86, 387-412.
84. Stewart, C.S., 1997. Microorganisms in hindgut fermenters. In: R.I. Mackie, B.A. White and R.E. Isaacson (editors). Gastrointestinal Microbiology. Chapman and Hall, New York, USA, pp. 142-186.
85. Svendsen, J., H.J. Riising and S. Christensen, 1977. Studies of the pathogenesis of enteric E. coli infections in weaned pigs: bacteriological and immunofluorescent studies. Nordisk Veterinary Medicine 29, 212-20.
86. Thomlinson, J.R. and T.L. Lawrence, 1981. Dietary manipulation of gastric pH in the prophylaxis of enteric disease in weaned pigs: Some field observations. Veterinary Record 109, 120-122.
87. Tzipori, S., D. Chandler and M. Smith, 1983. The clinical manifestation and pathogenesis of enteritis associated with rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in domestic animals. Progress in Food Nutrition and Science 7, 193-205.
88. van Beers-Schreurs, H.M.G., 1996. The changes in the function of the large intestine of weaned pigs. PhD thesis, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
89. van Beers-Schreurs, H.M.G., L. Vellenga, T. Wensing and H.J. Breukink 1992. The pathogenesis of the post-weaning syndrome in weaned piglets; a review. Veterinary Quarterly 14, 29-34.
90. van Beers-Schreurs, H.M.G., M.J.A. Nabuurs, L. Vellenga, H.J. Kalsbeek-van der Valk, T. Wensing and H.U. Breukink, 1998a. Weaning piglets, microbial fermentation, short chain fatty acids and diarrhoea. Veterinary Quarterly 20, S64-S69.
91. van Beers-Schreurs, H.M.G., M.J.A. Nabuurs, L. Vellenga, T. Wensing and H.J. Breukink, 1998b. Role of the large intestine in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea in weaned pigs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 59, 696-703.
92. Wathes, C.M., B.G. Miller and F.J. Bourne, 1989. Cold stress and post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets inoculated orally or by aerosol. Animal Production 49, 483-496.
93. Will, L.A., P.S. Paul, T.A. Proescholdt, S.N. Aktar, K.P. Flaming, B.H. Janke, J. Sacks, Y.S. Lyoo, H.T. Hill and L.J. Hoffman, 1994. Evaluation of rotavirus infection and diarrhea in Iowa commercial pigs based on an epidemiologic study of a population represented by diagnostic laboratory cases. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 6, 416-422.