Child Migration in Africa

Child Migration in Africa

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-151

  Hashim, Iman ^a   Thorsen, Dorte ^b  

^a ISTANBUL KULTUR UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85186712860     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (301)

1. Abebe, T. (2007) ‘Changing livelihoods, changing childhoods: patterns of children’s work in rural southern Ethiopia’, Children’s Geographies, 5(1): 77-93.
2. Abu-Lughod, L. (1993) Writing Women’s Worlds. Bedouin Stories, Berkeley: University of California Press.
3. Agarwal, S., M. Attah, N. Apt, M. Grieco, E. A. Kwakye and J. Turner (1997) ‘Bearing the weight: the Kayayoo, Ghana’s working girl child’, International Social Work, 40(3): 425-63.
4. Aitken, S. C. (2007) ‘Desarrollo integral y fronteras’ [Integral development and border spaces], Children’s Geographies, 5(1): 113-29.
5. Ajayi, A. O. and D. O. Torimiro (2004) ‘Perspectives on child abuse and labour: global ethical ideals versus African cultural realities’, Early Child Development and Care, 174(4): 183-91.
6. Akabayashi, H. and G. Psacharopoulos (1999) ‘The trade-off between child labour and human capital formation: a Tanzanian case study’, Journal of Development Studies, 35(5): 120-40.
7. Akresh, R. (2004a) ‘Adjusting household structure: school enrolment impacts of child fostering in Burkina Faso’, BREAD Working Paper 089, Bureau for Research in Economic Analysis of Development.
8. Akresh, R. (2004b) ‘Risk, network quality, and family structure: child fostering decisions in Burkina Faso’, BREAD Working Paper 065, Bureau for Research in Economic Analysis of Development.
9. Alber, E. (2004) ‘Grandparents as foster parents: transformations in foster relations between grandparents and grandchildren in northern Benin’, Africa, 74(1): 28-46.
10. Amanor, K. S. (2001) ‘Land, labour and the family in southern Ghana. A critique of land policy under neo-liberalisation’, Research Report 116, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
11. Anarfi, J., E. N. Appiah and K. Awusabo-Asare (1997) ‘Livelihood and the risk of HIV/AIDS infection in Ghana: the case of female itinerant traders’, Health Transition Review, supplement to vol. 7, pp. 225-42.
12. Anarfi, J. and S. Kwankye (2003) ‘Migration from and to Ghana: a background paper’, with O. Ababio and R. Tiemoko, Working Paper C4, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalization and Poverty, University of Sussex.
13. Andvig, J. (2000) ‘An essay on child labour in sub-Saharan Africa-a bargaining approach’, Working Paper 613, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.
14. Ansell, N. (2004) ‘Secondary schooling and rural youth transitions in Lesotho and Zimbabwe’, Youth and Society, 36(2): 183-202.
15. Ansell, N. (2005) Children, Youth and Development, London: Routledge.
16. Ansell, N. and L. Young (2002) Young AIDS Migrants in Southern Africa, London: Brunel University, DfID and ESCOR.
17. Anti-Slavery International (2001) ‘Situation des enfants domestiques et le trafic des enfants au Burkina Faso’, Research Report, Ouagadougou: GRADE-FRB for Anti-Slavery International and WAO-Afrique.
18. Ardener, E. (1977) ‘Belief and the problem of women’, in S. Ardener (ed.), Perceiving Women, London: J. M. Dent & Sons, pp. 1-17.
19. Aries, P. (1962) Centuries of Childhood, London: Cape.
20. AU (African Union) (1990) ‘African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child’, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/24.9/49 (1990), www. africa-union.org/root/au/documents/treaties/text, accessed 11 September 2006.
21. Awumbila, M. (1997) ‘Women, environmental change and economic crisis in Ghana’, in E. A. Gyasi and J. I. Uitto (eds), Environment, Biodiversity and Agricultural Change in West Africa: Perspectives from Ghana, Tokyo, New York and Paris: United Nations University Press.
22. Awumbila, M. and E. Ardayfio-Schandorf (2008) ‘Gendered poverty, migration and livelihood strategies of female porters in Accra, Ghana’, Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geography], 62(3): 171-9.
23. Bastia, T. (2005) ‘Child trafficking or teenage migration? Bolivian migrants in Argentina’, International Migration, 43(4): 58-89.
24. Beauchemin, E. (1999) ‘The exodus: the growing migration of children from Ghana’s rural areas to the urban centres’, Accra: Catholic Action for Street Children (CAS) and UNICEF.
25. Benedict, R. (1938) ‘Continuities and discontinuities in cultural conditioning’, Psychiatry, 1, reprinted in R. A. LeVine and R. S. New (eds) (2008), Anthropology and Child Development. A Cross-Cultural Reader, Malden: Blackwell.
26. Bequele, A. and J. Boyden (eds) (1988) Combating Child Labour, Geneva: ILO.
27. Berthelette, J. (2001) Survey Report on the Bissa Language, SIL International.
28. Bey, M. (2003) ‘The Mexican child: from work with the family to paid employment’, Childhood, 10(3): 287-300.
29. Bledsoe, C. H. (1990) ‘No success without struggle: social mobility and hardship for foster children in Sierra Leone’, Man, 25(1): 70-88.
30. Bluebond-Langner, M. and J. E. Korbin (2007) ‘Challenges and opportunities in the anthropology of childhoods: an introduction to “Children, Childhoods and Childhood Studies”', American Anthropologist, 109(2): 241-6.
31. Boakye-Boaten, A. (2008) ‘Street children: experiences from the streets of Accra’, Research Journal of International Studies, 8: 76-84.
32. Bøås, M and A. Hatløy (2008) ‘Child labour in West Africa: different work-different vulnerabilities’, International Migration, 46(3): 3-25.
33. Bonnet, D. (1981), ‘Le Retour de l’ancêtre’, Journal des Africanistes, 51: 133-47.
34. Bouquet, M. (1993) Reclaiming English Kinship: Portuguese Refractions on British Kinship Theory, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
35. Bourdet, Y., M. Koné and I. Persson (2006) ‘Genre et economie au Burkina Faso-vers l’egalité des chances?', Country Economic Report 2006: 7, Stockholm: ASDI/SIDA.
36. Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37. Bourdillon, M. F. C. (2005) ‘Translating standards into practice: confronting local barriers’, in B. H. Weston (ed.), Child Labor and Human Rights, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, pp. 143-66.
38. Bourdillon, M. F. C. (2006) ‘Violence against working children. A report on recent research relating to work that is harmful to children’, Stockholm: Save the Children Sweden.
39. Boursin, F. (2002) ‘Travail and trafficking des enfants versus scolarisation’, Paper presented to the colloquium on La recherche face aux défis de l’éducation au Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, 19-22 November.
40. Boutillier, J. L., A. Quesnel and J. Vaugelade (1985) ‘La migration de la jeunesse du Burkina’, Cahiers de l’ORSTOM, Série Sciences Humaines, 21(2/3): 243-9.
41. Boyden, J. (1997) ‘Childhood and policy makers: a comparative perspective on the globalization of childhood’, in A. James and A. Prout (eds), Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, 2nd edn, Basingstoke: Falmer Press.
42. Boyden, J. (2001) ‘Some reflections on scientific conceptualisations of childhood and youth’, in S. Tremayne (ed.), Managing Reproductive Life. Cross-Cultural Themes in Sexuality and Fertility, New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.
43. Bredeloup, S. (2003) ‘La Côte d’Ivoire ou l’étrange destin de l’étranger’, Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales, 19(2): 85-113.
44. Breusers, M. (1998) ‘On the move: mobility, land use and livelihood practices on the Central Plateau in Burkina Faso’, PhD thesis, Department of Rural Development Sociology, Wageningen Agricultural University.
45. Bucholtz, M. (2002) ‘Youth and cultural practice’, Annual Review of Anthropology, 31(1): 525-52.
46. Caldwell, J. C. (1969) African Rural-Urban Migration: The Movements to Ghana’s Towns, London: Hurst & Co.
47. Camacho, A. Z. V. (1999) ‘Child domestic workers in Metro Manila’, Childhood, 6(1): 57-73.
48. Canagarajah, S. and H. Coulombe (1997) ‘Child labor and schooling in Ghana’, Policy Research Working Paper 1844, World Bank Human Development Technical Family African Region, Washington, DC: World Bank.
49. Canagarajah, S. and C. C. Pörtner (2002) ‘Evolution of poverty and welfare in Ghana in the 1990s: achievements and challenges’, Africa Region Working Paper Series no. 61, Washington, DC: World Bank.
50. Caouette, T. (2001) ‘Small dreams beyond reach: the lives of migrant children and youth along the borders of China, Myanmar and Thailand’, London: Save the Children.
51. Carsten, J. (2000) ‘Introduction: cultures of relatedness’, in J. Carsten (ed.), Cultures of Relatedness. New Approaches to the Study of Kinship, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. Cartry, M. (1982) ‘From the village to the bush. An essay on the Gourmantché of Gobnangou (Upper Volta)', in M. Izard and P. Smith (eds), Between Belief and Transgression: Structuralist Essays in Religion, History, and Myth, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
53. Casely-Hayford, L. (1999) ‘Education for all in Ghana: a cultural enquiry’, Paper presented to the Education in Africa Conference, University of Edinburgh Department of African Studies, 10 May.
54. Cassiman, A. (2009) ‘Home call: absence, presence and migration in rural northern Ghana’, African Identities, 8(1): 21-40.
55. Castle, S. and A. Diarra (2003) ‘The international migration of young Malians: tradition, necessity or rite of passage?', Research report, London: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
56. Chauveau, F. (1998) ‘Stratégies pour les jeunes défavorisés. Etat des lieux en Afrique Francophone sub-saharienne’, L’Institut International de Planification de l’Education/UNESCO.
57. Chen, M. (2004) ‘Rethinking the informal economy: linkages with the formal economy and the formal regulatory environment’, Paper presented to the EGDI and UNU-WIDER Conference ‘Unlocking human potential: linking the informal and formal sectors’, Helsinki.
58. Cheney, K. E. (2007) Pillars of the Nation. Child Citizens and Ugandan National Development, Chicago, IL, and London: University of Chicago Press.
59. Clifford, J. (1992) ‘Travelling cultures’, in L. Grossberg, C. Nelson and P. Treichler (eds), Cultural Studies, New York and London: Routledge, pp. 96-116.
60. Collyer, M. (2007) ‘In-between places: trans-Saharan transit migrants in Morocco and the fragmented journey to Europe’, Antipode, 39(4): 668-90.
61. Cordell, D., J. Gregory and V. Piche (1996) Hoe and Wage: A Social History of a Circular Migration System in West Africa, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
62. Cornwall, A. (2007) ‘Of choice, chance and contingency: “career strategies” and tactics for survival among Yoruba women traders’, Social Anthropology, 15(1): 27-46.
63. Cunningham, H. and P. Viazzo (1996) ‘Child labour in historical perspective’, Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.
64. Davin, A. (1996) Growing Up Poor: Home, School and Street in London 1870-1914, London: Rivers Oram Press.
65. De Boeck, F. (2005) ‘The divine seed. Children, gift and witchcraft in the Democratic Republic of Congo’, in A. Honwana and F. de Boeck (eds), Makers and Breakers. Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa, London: James Currey, pp. 188-214.
66. De Boeck, F. and A. Honwana (2005) ‘Introduction: children and youth in Africa: agency, identity and place’, in A. Honwana and F. de Boeck (eds), Makers and Breakers. Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa, London: James Currey, pp. 1-18.
67. De Bruijn, M., R. van Dijk and D. Foeken (2001) ‘Mobile Africa: an introduction’, in M. de Bruijn, R. van Dijk and D. Foeken (eds), Mobile Africa. Changing Patterns of Mobility in Africa and Beyond, Leiden: Brill, pp. 1-7.
68. De Certeau, M. (1984) The Practices of Everyday Life, Berkeley: University of California Press.
69. De Haan, A. (1999) ‘Livelihoods and poverty: the role of migration-a critical review of the migration literature’, Journal of Development Studies, 36(2): 1-47.
70. De Lange, A. (2004) ‘Child trafficking. Observations on Burkina Faso’, in K. G. Lieten (ed.), The Child Labour Problem. Issues and Solutions, Amsterdam/Geneva: IREWOC and Defence for Children International, pp. 65-76.
71. De Lange, A. (2006) '“Going to Kompienga”. A study on child labour migration and trafficking in Burkina Faso’s south-eastern cotton sector’, Research Report, Amsterdam: IREWOC.
72. De Lange, A. (2007) ‘Child labour migration and trafficking in rural Burkina Faso’, International Migration, 45(2): 147-67.
73. De Waal, A. (2002) ‘Realising child rights in Africa: children, young people and leadership’, in A. de Waal and N. Argenti (eds), Young Africa. Realising the Rights of Children and Youth, Trenton and Asmara: Africa World Press.
74. Devereux, S. (1992) ‘Household responses to food insecurity in north-eastern Ghana’, PhD thesis, University of Oxford.
75. Dietz, T. and D. Millar (eds) (1999) Coping with Climate Change in Dryland Ghana: The Case of Bolgatanga, Amsterdam/Tamale: ICCD.
76. Diouf, A., M. Mbaye and Y. Mactman (2001) ‘L’éducation non-formelle au Senegal. Description, évaluation et perspectives, synthèse’, UNESCO.
77. Diouf, M. (2005) ‘Afterword’, in A. Honwana and F. de Boeck (eds), Makers and Breakers. Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa, London: James Currey, pp. 229-34.
78. Dottridge, M. (2002) ‘Trafficking in children in West and Central Africa’, Gender and Development, 10(1): 38-42.
79. Dyson, J. (2008) ‘Harvesting identities: youth, work, and gender in the Indian Himalayas’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 98(1): 160-79.
80. Einarsdóttir, J. (2006) ‘Relocation of children. Fosterage and child death in Biombo, Guinea-Bissau’, in C. Christiansen, M. Utas and H. E. Vigh (eds), Navigating Youth, Generating Adulthood. Social Becoming in an African Context, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, pp. 183-200.
81. Elmhirst, R. (2002) ‘Daughters and displacement: migration dynamics in an Indonesian transmigration area’, Journal of Development Studies, 38(5): 143-66.
82. Elson, D. (1982) ‘The differentiation of children’s labour in the capitalist labour market’, Development and Change, 13(4): 490-92.
83. Ennew, J., W. E. Myers and D. P. Plateau (2005) ‘Defining child labor as if human rights really matter’, in B. H. Weston (ed.), Child Labor and Human Rights, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
84. Eriksen, T. H. (1995) Small Places, Large Issues. An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology, London: Pluto Press.
85. Erulkar, A. S. and T. A. Mekbib (2007) ‘Invisible and vulnerable: adolescent domestic workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’, Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 2(3): 246-56.
86. Evans, R. (2009) ‘Young caregiving and HIV in the UK: caring relationships and mobilities in African migrant families’, Population, Space and Place, published online, September.
87. Evans, R. (2010) '“We are managing our own lives…": life transitions and care in sibling-headed households affected by AIDS in Tanzania and Uganda’, Area, published online, 7 April.
88. Fall, P. D. (2007) ‘La dynamique migratoire Ouest Africaine entre ruptures et continuités’, Paper presented to the workshop ‘Understanding migration dynamics in the continent’, Oxford University and Centre for Migration Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, 18-21 September.
89. Fentiman, A., A. Hall and D. Bundy (1999) ‘School enrolment patterns in rural Ghana: a comparative study of the impact of location, gender, age and health on children’s access to basic schooling’, Comparative Education, 35(3): 331-49.
90. Ferme, M. C. (2001) The Underneath of Things. Violence, History and the Everyday in Sierra Leone, Berkeley: University of California Press.
91. Fierlbeck, K. (1994) ‘Accountability, consent and the articulation of “women’s interests”', Paper presented to the IDS Workshop on ‘Getting institutions right for women in development’, Brighton, 3-5 November.
92. Fierlbeck, K. (1997) ‘Getting representation right for women in development: accountability, consent and the articulation of women’s interests’, in A. M. Goetz (ed.), Getting Institutions Right for Women in Development, London: Zed Books.
93. Finnegan, G. A. (1976) ‘Population movement, labour migration, and social structure in a Mossi village’, Unpublished PhD thesis, Brandeis University.
94. Fortes, M. (1938) ‘Social and psychological aspects of education in Taleland’, Supplement to Africa, 11(4), abridged version in R. A. LeVine and R. S. New (eds) (2008), Anthropology and Child Development. A Cross-Cultural Reader, Malden: Blackwell.
95. Foucault, M. (1978) The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, New York: Vintage.
96. Fréchette, L. and R. Aduayi-Diop (2005) ‘La main-d’oeuvre féminine chez les jeunes d’Afrique: regard sur trois situations aliénantes’, Quebec: Centre d’étude et de recherche en intervention sociale (CÉRIS).
97. Glover, J. (1995) ‘The research programme of development ethics’, in M. Nussbaum and J. Glover (eds), Women, Culture and Development: A Study of Human Capabilities, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
98. GME (1999) ‘Issue paper on the education sector for the National Network of Coordinating Group as input to the Comprehensive Development Framework’, Accra: Ministry of Education.
99. GME (2000) ‘The official Ghana education home page’, www.ghana.edu.gh/home. html, accessed 4 August 2003.
100. Goody, E. N. (1982) Parenthood and Social Reproduction. Fostering and Occupational Roles in West Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
101. Gottlieb, A. (1998) ‘Do infants have religion? The spiritual lives of Beng babies’, American Anthropologist, 100(1): 122-35.
102. Grootaert, C. and R. Kanbur (1995) ‘Child labor-an economic perspective’, International Labour Review, 134(2): 187-203.
103. Grover, S. (2004) ‘Why won’t they listen to us? On giving power and voice to children participating in social research’, Childhood, 11(1): 81-93.
104. GSS (2002) '2000 Population and Housing Census: summary report of final results’, Accra: Ghana Statistical Service.
105. GSS (2003) ‘Ghana Child Labour Survey’, Accra: Ghana Statistical Service.
106. GSS and World Bank (1998) ‘Ghana Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) survey 1997 main report’, Accra/Washington, DC: Ghana Statistical Service/World Bank.
107. Gugler, J. and G. Ludwar-Ene (1995) ‘Gender and migration in Africa south of the Sahara’, in J. Baker and T. A. Aina (eds), The Migration Experience in Africa, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
108. Guichaoua, Y. (2006) ‘Non-protected labour in one West African capital: characteristics of jobs and occupational mobility in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire’, QEH Working Paper Series no. 132, University of Oxford.
109. Guyer, J. (1988) ‘Dynamic approaches to domestic budgeting: cases and methods from Africa’, in D. Dwyer and J. Bruce (eds), A Home Divided: Women and Income in the Third World, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
110. Hannam, K., M. Sheller and J. Urry (2006) ‘Editorial: mobilities, immobilities and moorings’, Mobilities, 1(1): 1-22.
111. Harding, S. (1987) ‘Is there a feminist methodology?', in S. Harding (ed.), Feminism and Methodology, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 1-14.
112. Hart, K. (1973) ‘Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 11(1): 61-89.
113. Hashim, I. (2004) ‘Working with working children: child labour and the barriers to education in rural northeastern Ghana’, Unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Sussex.
114. Hashim, I. (2005) ‘Research report on independent child migration from northeastern to central Ghana’, Research report, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalization and Poverty, University of Sussex.
115. Hashim, I. (2006) ‘The positives and negatives of children’s independent migration: assessing the evidence and the debates’, Working Paper T16, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalization and Poverty, University of Sussex.
116. Hashim, I. (2007) ‘Independent child migration and education in Ghana’, Development and Change, 38(5): 911-31.
117. Hashim, I. (2008) ‘Children on the move: a discussion paper on protection issues for migrant children’, London: Save the Children.
118. Hashim, I. (forthcoming) ‘Learning and livelihoods: children’s education in northeastern Ghana’, Cahiers de Recherche sur l’Education et les Savoirs, Special issue on ‘Out-of-school children and the school’.
119. Hasnat, B. (1995) ‘International trade and child labour’, Journal of Economic Issues, XXIX(2): 419-26.
120. Hendrick, H. (1997) ‘Constructs and reconstructions of British childhood: an interpretive survey, 1800 to the present’, in A. James and A. Prout (eds), Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, 2nd edn, Basingstoke: Falmer Press.
121. Hertrich, V. and M. Lesclingand (2007) ‘Transition to adulthood and gender: changes in rural Mali’, Working Paper no. 140, Paris: INED.
122. Hirschfeld, L. (2002) ‘Why don’t anthropologists like children?', American Anthropologist, 104(2): 611-27.
123. Hoddinott, J. (1992) ‘Rotten kids or manipulative parents: are children old age security in western Kenya?', Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40(3): 545-65.
124. Holland, D., W. J. Lachicotte, D. Skinner and C. Cain (1998) Identity and Agency in Cultural Worlds, Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press.
125. Holy, L. (1996) Anthropological Perspectives on Kinship, London: Pluto Press.
126. Honwana, A. and F. de Boeck (eds) (2005) Makers and Breakers. Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa, London: James Currey.
127. Hopkins, P. E. and M. Hill (2008) ‘Pre-flight experiences and migration stories: the accounts of unaccompanied asylumseeking children’, Children’s Geographies, 6(3): 257-68.
128. Huisjman, R. (2008) ‘Children working beyond their localities: Lao children working in Thailand’, Childhood, 15(3): 331-53.
129. Ike, C. and K. Twumasi-Ankrah (1999) ‘Child abuse and child labour across culture: implications for research, prevention and policy’, Journal of Social Development in Africa, 14(2): 109-18.
130. ILO (1996) ‘Child labour: targeting the intolerable’, Report VI(1), International Labour Conference, 86th Session, Geneva: International Labour Office.
131. ILO (1997) ‘Methodological child labour surveys and statistics: ILO’s recent work in brief’, Geneva: International Labour Office.
132. ILO (1999) ‘Chart of ratifications of ILO Conventions on Minimum Age and Forced Labour by Country’, ilo.org/public/english/comp/child/standards/ratification, accessed 4 April 2000.
133. ILO (2002) ‘Combat the trafficking of children’, Geneva: International Labour Office, www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/publ/childtraf/combat. pdf, accessed 23 February 2003.
134. ILO (2004) ‘A comparative analysis: girl child labour in agriculture, domestic work and sexual exploitation. Rapid assessments on the cases of the Philippines, Ghana and Ecuador’, vol. 2, Geneva: International Labour Office.
135. Imorou, A. B. (2008) ‘Le coton et la mobilité: les implications d’une culture de rente sur les trajectoires sociales des jeunes et enfants au Nord-Bénin’, Dakar: Plan-Waro, Terre des Hommes and Lasdel-Bénin.
136. INSD (2008a) ‘Annuaire statistique. Edition 2008', Ouagadougou: Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie, www. insd.bf, accessed 26 June 2009.
137. INSD (2008b) ‘Enquète nationale sur le travail des enfants au Burkina Faso (ENTE-BF) 2006', Ouagadougou: Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie, www. insd.bf, accessed 26 June 2009.
138. IOM (2003) ‘Ghana trafficked children freed’, Geneva: International Organization for Migration, www.iom.int/en/archive/pbn260803.shtml#item2, accessed 10 December 2004.
139. Isiugo-Abanihe, U. C. (1985) ‘Child fosterage in West Africa’, Population and Development Review, 11(1): 53-73.
140. Isiugo-Abanihe, U. C. (1994) ‘Parenthood in sub-Saharan Africa: child fostering and its relationship with fertility’, in T. Locoh and V. Hertrich (eds), The Onset of Fertility Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium: Derouaux Ordina Editions.
141. Iversen, V. (2002) ‘Autonomy in child labor migrants’, World Development, 30(5): 817-34.
142. Jackson, C. (1997) ‘Post poverty, gender and development?', IDS Bulletin, 28(3): 145-53.
143. Jacquemin, M. Y. (2004) ‘Children’s domestic work in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. The petites bonnes have the floor’, Childhood, 11(3): 383-97.
144. Jacquemin, M. Y. (2007) ‘Sociologie du service domestique juvénile: “petites nièces” et “petites bonnes” à Abidjan’, Doctoral thesis, Centre d’études africaines, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales.
145. Jacquemin, M. Y. (2009) '“Petites nièces” et “petites bonnes” à Abidjan. Les mutations de la domesticité juvénile’, Travail, genre et sociétés, 22: 53-74.
146. James, A. and A. Prout (1997) ‘Introduction’, in A. James and A. Prout (eds), Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, 2nd edn, Basingstoke: Falmer Press.
147. Jenks, C. (2004) ‘Many childhoods?', Childhood, 11(1): 5-8.
148. Johnson-Hanks, J. (2002) ‘On the limits of life stages in ethnography: toward a theory of vital conjunctures’, American Anthropologist, 104: 865-80.
149. Jonckers, D. (1997) ‘Les enfants confiés’, in M. Pilon, T. Locoh, E. Vignikin and P. Vimard (eds), Ménages et Familles en Afrique. Approches des Dynamiques Contemporaines, Paris: CEPED, pp. 193-208.
150. Journet, O. (1981) ‘La quête de l’enfant’, Journal des Africanistes, 51: 97-115.
151. Kabeer, N. (1999) ‘Resources, agency, achievements: reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment’, Development and Change, 30(3): 435-64.
152. Kabeer, N. (2000) ‘Inter-generational contracts, demographic transitions and the “quantity-quality” trade-off: parents, children and investing in the future’, Journal of International Development, 12: 463-82.
153. Kabeer, N. (2001) ‘Deprivation, discrimination and delivery: competing explanations for child labour and educational failure in South Asia’, IDS Working Paper 135, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
154. Kandiyoti, D. (1988) ‘Bargaining with patriarchy’, Gender and Society, 2(3): 274-90.
155. Kandiyoti, D. (1998) ‘Gender, power and contestation: “Bargaining with patriarchy revisited”', in C. Jackson and R. Pearson (eds), Divided We Stand: Gender Analysis and Development, London and New York: Routledge.
156. Katz, C. (2004) Growing Up Global: Economic Restructuring and Children’s Everyday Lives, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
157. Kesby, M., F. Gwanzura-Ottemoller and M. Chizororo (2006) ‘Theorising Other, “other childhoods”: issues emerging from work on HIV in urban and rural Zimbabwe’, Children’s Geographies, 4(2): 185-202.
158. Khair, S. (2005) ‘Preliminary report on child migrant workers in the informal sector in Dhaka’, Dhaka/Brighton: RMMRU/Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalization and Poverty, University of Sussex.
159. Kielland, A. (2009) ‘Child mobility as household risk management’, Forum for Development Studies, 36(2): 257-73.
160. Kielland, A. and I. Sanogo (2002) ‘Burkina Faso: child labor migration from rural areas, research report’, Washington, DC: World Bank.
161. Kielland, A. and M. Tovo (2006) Children at Work. Child Labour Practices in Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
162. King, R. (2002) ‘Towards a new map of European migration’, International Journal of Population Geography, 8(2): 89-106.
163. Klute, G. and H. P. Hahn (2007) ‘Cultures of migration: introduction’, in H. P. Hahn and G. Klute (eds), Cultures of Migration. African Perspectives, Münster and Berlin: Lit Verlag, pp. 9-30.
164. Koné, B. (2001) ‘Monographie du Département de Tenkodogo’, Projet de Développement Rural dans le Boulgou (PDR) et Direction Régionale de l’Economie et de la Planification du Centre-Est.
165. Konkobo, M. K. (2008) ‘Place et rôle des cours du soir dans le système educatif Burkinabè', Women, Health, and Education Programme (WHEP), Groupe Inter-académique pour le Développement (GID), www.whep.info/spip. php?article100.
166. Kwankye, S. O., J. K. Anarfi and C. Addoquaye-Tagoe (2008) ‘Sustainable return of independent child migrants to their home communities in northern Ghana’, Paper presented to the workshop ‘Children on the move in the developing world: sharing research findings’, University of Sussex, 6-8 May.
167. Kwankye, S., J. Anarfi, C. Tagoe and A. Castaldo (2007) ‘Coping strategies of independent child migrants from northern Ghana to southern cities’, Working Paper T-23, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalization and Poverty, University of Sussex.
168. Lachaud, J. P. (1994) ‘Pauvreté et marché du travail urbain en Afrique sub-Saharienne: analyse comparative’, Geneva: IILS.
169. Lambert, M. (2007) ‘Politics, patriarchy, and the new traditions: understanding female migration among the Jola (Senegal, West Africa)', in H. P. Hahn and G. Klute (eds), Cultures of Migration. African Perspectives, Münster and Berlin: Lit Verlag, pp. 129-48.
170. Lancy, D. F. (2008) The Anthropology of Childhood: Cherubs, Chattel, Changelings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
171. Langevang, T. (2008) '“We are managing!" Uncertain paths to respectable adulthoods in Accra, Ghana’, Geoforum, 39(6): 2039-47.
172. Lather, P. (2000) ‘Reading the image of Rigoberta Menchú: undecidability and language lessons’, Qualitative Studies in Education, 13(2): 153-62.
173. Le Jeune, G., V. Piché and J. Poirier (2004) ‘Towards a reconsideration of female migration patterns in Burkina Faso’, Canadian Studies in Population, 31(2): 145-77.
174. Leach, F. (2003) ‘Practicing gender analysis in education’, Oxford: Oxfam.
175. Leinaweaver, J. B. (2007) ‘Choosing to move. Child agency on Peru’s margins’, Childhood, 4(3): 375-92.
176. Lesclingand, M. (2004) ‘Nouvelles stratégies migratoires des jeunes femmes rurales au Mali: de la valorisation individuelle à une reconnaissance sociale’, Sociétés Contemporaines, 55: 21-42.
177. LeVine, R. A. and R. S. New (2008) ‘Introduction’, in R. A. LeVine and R. S. New (eds), Anthropology and Child Development: A Cross-Cultural Reader, Malden: Blackwell.
178. Lund, R. (2007) ‘At the interface of development studies and child research: rethinking the participating child’, Children’s Geographies, 5(1): 131-48.
179. Ly, B. (1985) ‘La socialisation des jeunes dans les villes du Tiers-Monde-le cas de l’Afrique’, International Review of Education, XXXI: 413-28.
180. Mahler, S. J. and P. Pessar (2006) ‘Gender matters: ethnographers bring gender from the periphery toward the core of migration studies’, International Migration Review, 40(1): 27-63.
181. Malhotra, R. and N. Kabeer (2002) ‘Demographic transition, intergenerational contracts and old age security: an emerging challenge for social policy in developing countries’, IDS Working Paper 157, Brighton: Institute for Development Studies.
182. Malkki, L. (1992) ‘National geographic: the rooting of peoples and the territorialization of national identity among scholars and refugees’, Cultural Anthropology, 7(1): 24-44.
183. Malkki, L. and E. Martin (2003) ‘Children and the gendered politics of globalization: in remembrance of Sharon Stephens’, American Ethnologist, 30(2): 216-24.
184. Mani, L. (1992) ‘Multiple mediations: feminist scholarship in the age of multinational scholarship’, in H. Crowley and S. Himmelweit (eds), Knowing Women: Feminism and Knowledge, Cambridge: Polity Press.
185. Massey, D. S., J. Arango, G. Hugo, A. Kouaouci, A. Pellegrino and J. E. Taylor (1993) ‘Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal’, Population and Development Review, 19(3): 431-66.
186. Mazzucato, V. and D. Niemeijer (2000) ‘Rethinking soil and water conservation in a changing society. A case study in eastern Burkina Faso’, PhD thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University.
187. McKay, D. (2005) ‘Reading remittance landscapes: female migration and agricultural transition in the Philippines’, Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography, 105(1): 89-99.
188. McKechnie, J. and S. Hobbs (1999) ‘Child labour: the view from the north’, Childhood, 6(1): 89-100.
189. Mead, M. (1928) Coming of Age in Samoa. A Study of Adolescence and Sex in Primitive Societies, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
190. Meinert, L. (2003) ‘Sweet and bitter places: the politics of schoolchildren’s orientation in rural Uganda’, in K. F. Olwig and E. Gulløv (eds), Children’s Places. Cross-Cultural Perspectives, London: Routledge.
191. Miles, A. (2000) ‘Poor adolescent girls and social transformations in Cuenca, Ecuador’, Ethos, 28(1): 54-74.
192. Mills, M. B. (2001) ‘Auditing for the chorus line: gender, rural youth, and the consumption of modernity in Thailand’, in D. L. Hodgson (ed.), Gendered Modernities. Ethnographic Perspectives, New York: Palgrave, pp. 27-51.
193. Minge-Kalman, W. (1978) ‘The Industrial Revolution and the European family: the institutionalization of “childhood” as a market for family labour’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 20(3): 454-68.
194. Mohanty, C. T. (1991) '“Under Western eyes”: feminist scholarship and colonial discourse’, in C. T. Mohanty, A. Russo and L. Torres (eds), Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
195. Montgomery, H. (2001) ‘Imposing rights?-a case study of child prostitution in Thailand’, in J. Cowan, M. Dembour and R. Wilson (eds), Culture and Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
196. Moore, H. (1988) Feminism and Anthropology, Cambridge: Polity Press.
197. Moore, H. (1994) A Passion for Difference: Essays in Anthropology and Gender, Cambridge: Polity Press.
198. Moore, H. (2004) ‘On being young’, Anthropological Quarterly, 77(4): 735-46.
199. Moore, K. (2001) ‘Frameworks for understanding the intergenerational transmission of poverty and well-being in developing countries’, CPRC Working Paper no. 8, Chronic Poverty Research Centre.
200. Morice, A. (1982) ‘Underpaid child labour and social reproduction: apprenticeship in Kaolack, Senegal’, Development and Change, 13(4): 515-26.
201. Morice, A. (1987) ‘Ceux qui travaillent gratuitement: un salaire confisqué', in M. Agier, J. Copan and A. Morice (eds), Classes Ouvrières d’Afrique Noire, Paris: Karthala.
202. Muzvidziwa, V. (2001) ‘Zimbabwe’s crossborder women traders: multiple identities and responses to new challenges’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 19(1): 67-80.
203. Myers, W. E. (1999) ‘Considering child labour: changing terms, issues and actors at the international level’, Childhood, 6(1).
204. Myers, W. E. and J. Boyden (1998) Child Labour: Promoting the Best Interests of the Working Child, 2nd edn, London: International Save the Children Alliance.
205. Ní Laoire, C., F. Carpena-Méndez, N. Tyrrell and A. White (2010) ‘Introduction: childhood and migration-mobilities, homes and belongings’, Childhood, 17(2): 155-62.
206. Nieuwenhuys, O. (1994) Children’s Lifeworlds: Gender, Welfare and Labour in the Developing World, London and New York: Routledge.
207. Nieuwenhuys, O. (1995) ‘The domestic economy and the exploitation of children’s work: the case of Kerala’, International Journal of Children’s Rights, 3(2): 213-25.
208. Nieuwenhuys, O. (1996) ‘The paradox of child labor and anthropology’, Annual Review of Anthropology, 25: 237-51.
209. Notermans, C. (2004) ‘Sharing home, food and bed: paths of grandmotherhood in East Cameroon’, Africa, 74(1): 6-27.
210. Notermans, C. (2008) ‘The emotional world of kinship: children’s experiences of fosterage in East Cameroon’, Childhood, 15(3): 355-77.
211. Nussbaum, M. and J. Glover (1995) Women, Culture and Development: A Study of Human Capabilities, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
212. Nyambedha, E. O. and J. Aagaard-Hansen (2003) ‘Changing place, changing position. Orphans’ movements in a community with high HIV/AIDS prevalence in western Kenya’, in K. F. Olwig and E. Gulløv (eds), Children’s Places: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, New York: Routledge, pp. 162-77.
213. Nyamnjoh, F. B. (2002) '“A child is one person’s only in the womb”: domestication, agency and subjectivity in the Cameroonian grassfields’, in R. Werbner (ed.), Postcolonial Subjectivities in Africa, London and New York: Zed Books, pp. 111-38.
214. O’Connell Davidson, J. (2003) ‘Some reflections on the debates about child abuse and exploitation’, Paper presented at the ‘Conference on child abuse and exploitation: social, legal and political dilemmas’, Onati, Spain, 29/30 May.
215. O’Connell Davidson, J. (2005) Children in the Global Sex Trade, Cambridge: Polity Press.
216. O’Connell Davidson, J. and C. Farrow (2007) ‘Child migration and the construction of vulnerability’, Sweden: Save the Children.
217. Ofosu-Kusi, Y. and P. Mizen (2005) ‘Adjusting to reality: the motivations of migrant street workers in Accra, Ghana,' Paper presented to the conference ‘Childhoods. Children and youth in emerging and transforming societies’, University of Oslo.
218. O’Laughlin, B. (1995) ‘Myth of the African family in the world of development’, in D. F. Bryceson (ed.), Women Wielding the Hoe, Oxford: Berg, pp. 63-91.
219. Panicker, R. (1998) ‘Children’s rights: challenges and future trust’, Indian Journal of Social Work, 59(1): 276-90.
220. Payne, R. (2004) ‘Voices from the street: street girl life in Accra, Ghana’, CEDAR Research Papers no. 40, University of London.
221. Pilon, M. (2002) ‘L’évolution du champ scolaire au Burkina Faso: entre diversification et privatisation’, Paper presented at the conference ‘Public et privé: éducation et formation dans les pays du Sud’, Université Marc Bloch.
222. Pilon, M. (2003) ‘Foster care and schooling in West Africa: the state of knowledge’, Paper prepared for the UNESCO 2003 EFA Monitoring Report.
223. Ping, H. and F. N. Pieke (2003) ‘China migration country study’, Paper presented at the regional conference on ‘Migration, development and pro-poor policy choices in Asia’, Dhaka, 22-24 June.
224. Piot, C. D. (1999) Remotely Global. Village Modernity in West Africa, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
225. Punch, S. (2001a) ‘Household division of labour: generation, gender, age, birth order and sibling composition’, Work, Employment and Society, 15(4): 803-23.
226. Punch, S. (2001b) ‘Negotiating autonomy: childhoods in rural Bolivia’, in L. Alanen and B. Mayall (eds), Conceptualizing ChildPunch, S.Adult Relations, London: Routledge.
227. Punch, S. (2002a) ‘Youth transitions and interdependent adult-child relations in rural Bolivia’, Journal of Rural Studies, 18(2): 123-33.
228. Punch, S. (2002b) ‘Research with children. the same or different from research with adults?', Childhood, 9(3): 321-41.
229. Punch, S. (2004) ‘The impact of primary education on school-to-work transitions for young people in rural Bolivia’, Youth and Society, 36(2): 163-82.
230. Punch, S. (2007) ‘Negotiating migrant identities: young people in Bolivia and Argentina’, Children’s Geographies, 5(1/2): 95-112.
231. Punch, S. (2009) ‘Moving for a better life: To stay or to go?', in D. Kassem, L. Murphy and E. Taylor (eds), Key Issues in Childhood and Youth Studies, London: Routledge, pp. 202-15.
232. Pupavac, V. (2001) ‘Misanthropy without borders: the international children’s rights regime’, Disasters, 25(2): 95-112.
233. Pupavac, V. (2003) ‘The children’s rights and empowerment approach: social, legal and political dilemmas’, Work-in-progress paper presented to the conference on ‘Child abuse and exploitation: social, legal and political dilemmas’, Onati, Spain, 29/30 May.
234. Qvortrup, J. (1985) ‘Placing children in the division of labour’, in P. Close and R. Collins (eds), Family and Economy in Modern Societies, London: Macmillan, pp. 129-45.
235. Qvortrup, J. (2007) ‘Editorial: a reminder’, Childhood, 14(4): 395-400.
236. Reenberg, A. and C. Lund (1998) ‘Land use and land right dynamics-determinants for resource management options in eastern Burkina Faso’, Human Ecology, 26(4): 599-620.
237. Reynolds, P. (1991) Dance Civet Cat: Child Labour in the Zambezi River Valley, London: Zed Books.
238. Reynolds, P., O. Nieuwenhuys and K. Hanson (2006) ‘Refractions of children’s rights in development practice: a view from anthropology-introduction’, Childhood, 13(3): 291-302.
239. Riisøen, K. H., A. Hatløy and L. Bjerkan (2004) ‘Travel to uncertainty. A study of child relocation in Burkina Faso, Ghana and Mali’, Fafo Report no. 440, Oslo: Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies.
240. Robertson, A. F. (1991) Beyond the Family: The Social Organization of Human Reproduction, Cambridge: Polity Press.
241. Robertson, C. C. (1984) Sharing the Same Bowl, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
242. Robson, E. (2004a) ‘Children at work in rural northern Nigeria: patterns of age, space and gender’, Journal of Rural Studies, 20(2): 193-210.
243. Robson, E. (2004b) ‘Hidden child workers: young carers in Zimbabwe’, Antipode, 34(5): 227-48.
244. Robson, E., S. Bell and N. Klocker (2007) ‘Conceptualizing agency in the lives and actions of rural young people’, in R. Panelli, S. Punch and E. Robson (eds), Global Perspectives on Rural Childhood and Youth, New York and London: Routledge, pp. 135-48.
245. Rodgers, G. and G. Standing (eds) (1981) Child Work, Poverty and Underdevelopment, Geneva: ILO.
246. Roncoli, C., K. Ingram and P. Kirshen (2002) ‘Reading the rains. Local knowledge and rainfall forecasting in Burkina Faso’, Society and Natural Resources, 15(5): 409-27.
247. Rosemberg, F. and R. Freitas (1999) ‘The participation of Brazilian children in the labor force and education’, Paper presented to the IREWOC workshop on ‘Children, work and education’, Amsterdam, 15-17 November.
248. Roy, M. A. and D. Wheeler (2006) ‘A survey of micro-enterprise in urban West Africa: drivers shaping the sector’, Development in Practice, 16(5): 452-64.
249. Samuelsen, H. (1999) ‘The topology of illness transmission. Localizing processes among the Bissa in Burkina Faso’, PhD thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen and Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory.
250. Şaul, M. (1984) ‘The Quranic school farm and child labour in Upper Volta’, Africa, 54(2): 71-87.
251. Şaul, M. and P. Royer (2001) West African Challenge to Empire, Athens and Oxford: Ohio University Press and James Currey.
252. SC UK (2005) ‘Participatory Action Research Report with migrant children and youth in northern provinces of Lao PDR bordering China, Myanmar and Thailand’, London: Save the Children.
253. SC UK (2006) ‘Striving for good practices: lessons learned from community-based initiatives against trafficking in children in the Mekong sub-region’, London: Save the Children.
254. SC UK (2007) ‘Children on the move: protecting unaccompanied child migrants in South Africa and the region’, London: Save the Children.
255. SCF Canada (2003) ‘Children still in the cocoa trade: the buying, selling and toil ing of West African child workers in the multi-billion dollar industry’, Canada: Save the Children Fund.
256. Schildkrout, E. (1981) ‘The employment of children in Kano (Nigeria)', in G. Rodgers and G. Standing (eds), Child Work, Poverty and Underdevelopment, Geneva: ILO.
257. Schildkrout, E. (2002 [1978]) ‘Age and gender in Hausa society. Socio-economic roles of children in urban Kano’, Childhood, 9(3): 344-68.
258. Schrauwers, A. (1999) ‘Negotiating parentage: the political economy of “kinship” in central Sulawesi, Indonesia’, American Ethnologist, 26(2): 310-23.
259. Sheller, M. and J. Urry (2006) ‘The new mobilities paradigm’, Environment and Planning A, 38(2): 207-26.
260. Smith, L. C. and J.-P. Chavas (1999) ‘Supply response of West African agricultural households: implications of intrahousehold preference heterogeneity’, FCND Discussion Paper no. 60, Washington, DC: IFPRI.
261. Somerfelt, T. (ed.) (2001) ‘Domestic child labour in Morocco’, Fafo Report 370, Oslo: Fafo Institute of Applied Social Science.
262. Sudarkasa, N. (1977) ‘Women and migration in contemporary West Africa’, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 3(1): 178-89.
263. Tan, E. and N. Gomez (1993) ‘Beyond augmenting the family income’, Philippine Labour Review, XVII(2): 34-73.
264. Terre des Hommes (2003) ‘Les filles domestiques au Burkina Faso: traite ou migration?', Ouagadougou: Terre des Hommes.
265. Terrio, S. J. (2008) ‘New barbarians at the gates of Paris?: prosecuting undocumented minors in the juvenile court-the problem of the “Petits Roumains”', Anthropological Quarterly, 81(4): 873-901.
266. Thomas, R. G. (1973) ‘Forced labour in British West Africa: the case of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast 1906-1927', Journal of African History, 14(1): 79-103.
267. Thorsen, D. (2002) ‘We help our husbands! Negotiating the household budget in rural Burkina Faso’, Development and Change, 33(1): 129-46.
268. Thorsen, D. (2005) ‘Sons, husbands, mothers and brothers. Finding room for manoeuvre in rural Burkina Faso’, Unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Sussex.
269. Thorsen, D. (2006) ‘Child migrants in transit. Strategies to become adult in rural Burkina Faso’, in C. Christiansen, M. Utas and H. E. Vigh (eds), Navigating Youth, Generating Adulthood: Social Becoming in an African Context, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
270. Thorsen, D. (2007a) ‘Junior-senior linkages. Youngsters’ perceptions of migration in rural Burkina Faso’, in H. P. Hahn and G. Klute (eds), Cultures of Migration. African Perspectives, Berlin: Lit Verlag.
271. Thorsen, D. (2007b) '“If only I get enough money for a bicycle!" A study of childhoods, migration and adolescent aspirations against a backdrop of exploitation and trafficking in Burkina Faso’, Working Paper T21, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalization and Poverty, University of Sussex.
272. Thorsen, D. (2009a) ‘L’échec de la famille traditionnelle ou l’étirement des relations familiales? L’exode des jeunes Burkinabé des zones rurales vers Ouagadougou et Abidjan’, Hommes et migrations, 1279: 66-78.
273. Thorsen, D. (2009b) ‘From shackles to links in the chain. Theorising adolescent boys’ relocation in Burkina Faso’, Forum for Development Studies, 36(2): 81-107.
274. Thorsen, D. (2009c) ‘Mobile youth with little formal education: work opportunities and practices’, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalization and Poverty, University of Sussex.
275. Thorsen, D. (2010) ‘The place of migration in girls’ imagination’, Journal of Comparative Family Studies, XXXXI(2): 256-80.
276. UN (1989) ‘Convention on the Rights of the Child’, www.unicef.org.
277. UN (2000) ‘Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children’, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, available at untreaty.un.org/English/TreatyEvent2003/Texts/treaty2E.pdf, accessed 16 December 2008.
278. UNICEF (2002) ‘Child trafficking in West Africa: policy responses’, Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.
279. UNICEF (2003) ‘Trafficking in human beings, especially women and children in Africa’, Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.
280. UNICEF (2008) ‘State of the world’s children 2009: maternal and infant health’, New York: UNICEF.
281. UNOWA (2006) ‘Youth unemployment and regional insecurity in West Africa’, United Nations Office for West Africa.
282. Valentine, G. (2003) ‘Boundary crossings: transitions from childhood to adulthood’, Children’s Geographies, 1(1): 37-52.
283. Van Gennep, A. (1960) The Rites of Passage, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
284. Van Hear, N. (1984) '“By-day” boys and Dariga men: casual labour versus agrarian capital in northern Ghana’, Review of African Political Economy, 31: 44-56.
285. Vandenbroeck, M. and M. Bouverne-de Bie (2006) ‘Children’s agency and educational norms: a tensed negotiation’, Childhood, 13(1): 127-43.
286. Verhoef, H. (2005) '“A child has many mothers”: views of child fostering in northwestern Cameroon’, Childhood, 12(3): 369-90.
287. Vischer, L. R. (1997) Mütter zwischen Herd und Markt. Das Verhältnis von Mutterschaft, sozialer Elternschaft und Frauenarbeit bei den Moose (Mossi) in Ouagadougou/Burkina Faso, Basle: Universität und Museum den Kulturen.
288. Waage, T. (2006) ‘Coping with unpredictability: “preparing for life” in Ngaoundéré, Cameroon’, in C. Christiansen, M. Utas and H. E. Vigh (eds), Navigating Youth, Generating Adulthood. Social Becoming in an African Context, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, pp. 61-87.
289. Werbner, R. P. (ed.) (2002) Postcolonial Subjectivities in Africa, London: Zed Books.
290. Whitehead, A. (1981) '“I’m hungry, mum”: the politics of domestic budgeting’, in K. Young, C. Wolkowitz and R. McCullagh (eds), Of Marriage and the Market: Women’s Subordination in International Perspective, London: CSE Books.
291. Whitehead, A. (1994) ‘Wives and mothers: female farmers in Africa’, in A. Adepoju and C. Oppong (eds), Gender, Work and Population in Sub-Saharan Africa, London/Portsmouth: James Currey/Heinemann.
292. Whitehead, A. (1996) ‘Poverty in northeast Ghana: a report to ESCOR’, London: Economic and Social Committee on Research, Department for International Development.
293. Whitehead, A. (1998) ‘Gender, poverty and intra-household relations in sub-Saharan African smallholder households: some lessons from two case examples’, Background paper prepared for the 1998 SPA report on poverty and gender in sub-Saharan Africa, Washington, DC: World Bank.
294. Whitehead, A. (2006), ‘Persistent poverty in north east Ghana’, Journal of Development Studies, 42(2): 278-300.
295. Whitehead, A. and I. Hashim (2005) ‘Children and migration: background paper for DfID migration team’, London: Department for International Development.
296. Whitehead, A. and N. Kabeer (2001) ‘Living with uncertainty: gender, livelihoods and pro-poor growth in rural sub-Saharan Africa’, Working Paper 134, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
297. Whitehead, A., I. Hashim and I. Iversen (2007) ‘Child migration, child agency and inter-generational relations in Africa and South Asia’, Working Paper T24, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalization and Poverty, University of Sussex.
298. Wilson, T. D. (1994) ‘What determines where transnational labor migrants go? Modifications in migration theories’, Human Organization, 53(3): 269-78.
299. Zelizer, V. (1994) Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children, revised paperback edn, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
300. Zelizer, V. (2002) ‘Kids and commerce’, Childhood, 9(4): 375-96.
301. Zongo, M. (2003) ‘La diaspora Burkinabè en Côte d’Ivoire: trajectoire historique, recomposition des dynamiques migratoires et rapport avec le pays d’origine’, Revue Africaine de Sociologie, 7(2): 58-72.