Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment

Development and Change

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 435-464

  Kabeer, Naila ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EMPOWERMENT; GENDER ISSUE; METHODOLOGY; SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATOR; WOMENS STATUS;

EID: 0032831791     PISSN: 0012155X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-7660.00125     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Ackerly, B. A. (1995) 'Testing the Tools of Development: Credit Programmes, Loan Involvement and Women's Empowerment', IDS Bulletin 26(3): 56-68.
2. Agarwal, B. (1994) A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Ali, K. A. (1996) 'Notes on Rethinking Masculinities. An Egyptian Case', in S. Zeidenstein and K. Moore (eds) Learning about Sexuality, pp. 98-109. New York: Population Council and International Women's Health Coalition.
4. Basu, A. M. (1996) 'Female Schooling, Autonomy and Fertility Change: What do these Words mean in South Asia', in R. Jeffery and A. M. Basu (eds) Girls' Schooling, Women's Autonomy and Fertility Change in South Asia, pp. 48-71. New Delhi: Sage.
5. Batliwala, S. (1993) Empowerment of Women in South Asia: Concepts and Practices. New Delhi: FAO-FFHC/AD.
6. Batliwala, S. (1994) 'The Meaning of Women's Empowerment: New Concepts from Action', in G. Sen, A. Germain and L. C. Chen (eds) Population Policies Reconsidered. Health, Empowerment and Rights, pp. 127-38. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.
7. Becker, S. (1997) 'Incorporating Women's Empowerment in Studies of Reproductive Health: An Example from Zimbabwe', paper presented at the Seminar on Female Empowerment and Demographic Processes, Lund (20-24 April).
8. Beneria, L. and M. Roldan (1987) Crossroads of Class and Gender. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
9. Boserup, E. (1970) Women's Role in Economic Development. New York: St. Martin's Press.
10. Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11. Chen, M.A. (1983) A Quiet Revolution. Women in Transition in Rural Bangladesh. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.
12. Cleland, J., J. F. Phillips, S. Amin and G. M. Kamal (1994) The Determinants of Reproductive Change in Bangladesh: Success in a Challenging Environment. World Bank, Regional and Sectoral Studies. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
13. Das Gupta, M. (1987) 'Selective Discrimination among Female Children in Rural Punjab', Population and Development Review 13(2): 77-100.
14. Dreze, J. and A. Sen (1995) India, Economic Development and Social Opportunity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. Dyson, T. and M. Moore (1983) 'On Kinship Structures, Female Autonomy and Demographic Behaviour in India', Population and Development Review 9(1): 35-60.
16. England, P. (1997) 'Conceptualising Women's Empowerment', paper presented at the Seminar on Female Empowerment and Demographic Processes, Lund (20-24 April).
17. Fierlbeck, K. (1995) 'Getting Representation Right for Women in Development: Accountability and the Articulation of Women's Interests', IDS Bulletin 26(3): 23-30.
18. Giddens, A. (1979) Central Problems in Social Theory. London: Macmillan Press.
19. Geuss, R. (1981) The Idea of a Critical Theory. Habermas and the Frankfurt School. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Goetz, A. M. and R. Sen Gupta (1996) 'Who Takes the Credit? Gender, Power and Control over Loan Use in Rural Credit Programmes in Bangladesh', World Development 24(1): 45-63.
21. Hashemi, S. M., S. R. Schuler and A. P. Riley (1996) 'Rural Credit Programs and Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh', World Development 24(4): 635-53.
22. Hoogenboezem, G. (1997) 'Some Men Really are Useless: The Role of Participation in a Women's Project, Empowerment and Gender in the Context of Two Zimbabwean Women's Organisations'. Occasional paper No. 56. Nijmegen: Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen.
23. Jackson, C. (1996), 'Rescuing Gender from the Poverty Trap', World Development 24(3): 489-504.
24. Jejeebhoy, S. (1997), 'Operationalising Women's Empowerment: the Case of Rural India', paper presented at the Seminar on Female Empowerment and Demographic Processes, Lund (20-24 April).
25. Kabeer, N. (1994) Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. London: Verso Publications.
26. Kabeer, N. (1997) 'Women, Wages and Intra-household Power Relations in Urban Bangladesh', Development and Change 28(2): 261-302.
27. Kabeer, N. (1998) 'Money Can't Buy Me Love? Re-evaluating Gender, Credit and Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh'. IDS Discussion Paper No. 363. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
28. Kishor, S. (1997) 'Empowerment of Women in Egypt and Links to the Survival and Health of their Infants', paper presented at the Seminar on Female Empowerment and Demographic Processes, Lund (20-24 April).
29. Kritz, M. M., P. Makinwa and D. T. Gurak (1997) 'Wife's Empowerment and Fertility in Nigeria: The Role of Context', paper presented at the Seminar on Female Empowerment and Demographic Processes, Lund (20-24 April).
30. Llo'yd, C. (1995) 'Household Structure and Poverty: What are the Connections?'. Population Council Working Papers No. 74. New York: Population Council.
31. Lukes, S. (1974) Power: A Radical View. London: Macmillan.
32. McElroy, M. (1992) 'The Policy Implications of Family Bargaining and Marriage Markets', in L. Haddad, J. Hoddinott and H. Alderman (eds) Intra-household Resource Allocation in Developing Countries: Methods, Models and Policy, pp. 53-74. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
33. Mohanty, C. T. (1991) 'Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses', in C. T. Mohanty, A. Russo and L. Torres (eds) Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism, pp. 51-80. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
34. Moore, H. (1994) 'Is There a Crisis in the Family?', UNRISD Occasional paper No. 3. Geneva: UNRISD.
35. Morgan, P. and B. Niraula (1995) 'Gender Inequality and Fertility in Two Nepali Villages', Population and Development Review 21(3): 541-61.
36. Mukhopadhayay, M. (1998) Legally Dispossessed. Gender, Identity and the Process of Law. Calcutta: Stree Publications.
37. Pahl, J. (1989) Money and Marriage. London: Macmillan.
38. Pitt, M. and Khandker, S. (1995) 'Household and Intrahousehold Impacts of the Grameen Bank and Similar Targetted Credit Programmes in Bangladesh', paper presented at Workshop on Credit Programmes for the Poor: Household and Intrahousehold Impacts and Program Sustainability, Education and Social Policy Department, Washington and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka.
39. Rahman, R. I. (1986) 'Impact of Grameen Bank on the Situation of Poor Rural Women'. BIDS Working Paper No. 1, Grameen Evaluation Project. Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies.
40. Razavi, S. (1992) 'Agrarian Change and Gender Power: A Comparative Study in South Eastern Iran'. D.Phil, dissertation, St. Antony's College, Oxford University.
41. Razavi, S. (1997) 'Fitting Gender into Development Institutions', World Development 25(7): 1111-25.
42. Roberts, P. (1989) 'The Sexual Politics of Labour in Western Nigeria and Hausa Niger', in K. Young (ed.) Serving Two Masters. Third World Women in Development, pp. 27-47. New Delhi: Allied Publishers.
43. Rowlands, J. (1997) Questioning Empowerment. Oxford: Oxfam Publications.
44. Sathar, Z. A. and S. Kazi (1997) Women's Autonomy, Livelihood and Fertility. A Study of Rural Punjab. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Studies.
45. Sen, A. K. (1985a) 'Well-being, Agency and Freedom', The Journal of Philosophy 132(4): 169-221.
46. Sen, A.K. (1985b) Commodities and Capabilities. Amsterdam: North Holland.
47. Sen, A. K. (1990) 'Gender and Co-operative Conflict', in I. Tinker (ed.) Persistent Inequalities, pp. 123-49. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
48. Sen, G. (1993) 'Paths to Fertility Decline: A Cross-country Analysis', in P. Bardhan, M. Dattachaudri and T. N. Krishnan (eds) Development and Change: Essays in Honour of K. N. Raj, pp. 197-214. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
49. Shaffer, P. (1998) 'Gender, Poverty and Deprivation: Evidence from the Republic of Guinea', World Development 26(12): 2119-35.
50. Silberschmidt, M. (1992) 'Have Men Become the Weaker Sex? Changing Life Situations in Kisii District, Kenya', The Journal of Modern African Studies 30(2): 237-53.
51. UNDP (1995) The Human Development Report 1995. Oxford: Oxford University Press.