Dead pool: Lake Powell, global warming, and the future of water in the west

Dead Pool: Lake Powell, Global Warming, and the Future of Water in the West

Volumn , Issue , 2023, Pages 1-304

  Powell, James Lawrence ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

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EID: 85179199771     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (430)

1. Stephen E. Latham, Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona: Dam Failure Inundation Study (Denver: Bureau of Reclamation, 1998), pp. 7-9.
2. Richard West and Richard Meyer, "Glen Canyon Dam Groans under Flooding, " Los Angeles Times, 1 July 1983.
3. T.J. Wolf, "How Lake Powell Almost Broke Free of Glen Canyon Dam, " in Water in the West: A High Country News Reader, ed. Char Miller (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2000), p. 87.
4. T.J. Wolf, "How Lake Powell Almost Broke Free of Glen Canyon Dam, " in Water in the West: A High Country News Reader, ed. Char Miller (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2000), p. 89
5. L. B. Leopold, "Oral Interview" (Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, 1993), p. 181.
6. Michael C. Robinson, Water for the West: The Bureau of Reclamation, 1902-1977 (Chicago: Public Works Historical Society, 1979), cover photograph.
7. Richard Meyer, "Raging Colorado Flood Batters Grand Canyon, " Los Angeles Times, 25 June 1983.
8. James Udall, "When You See a River as Plumbing, How Can You Turn It Off?" Los Angeles Times, 1 July 1983 (italics in original).
9. Michael Patrick Ghiglieri, Canyon (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992), p. 6; Udall, "When You See a River as Plumbing, How Can You Turn It Off?"
10. Meyer, "Raging Colorado Flood Batters Grand Canyon. "
11. Steven Gloss, Jeffrey E. Lovich, and T. S. Melis, "The State of the Colorado River Ecosystem in the Grand Canyon, " U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1282 (2005).
12. John S. Weisheit, and S. M. Fields, "The Moab Mill Project" (Living Rivers, 2006).
13. W. L. Rusho, "Bumpy Road for Glen Canyon Dam" (paper presented at the symposium on the history of the Bureau of Reclamation, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, 2002), p. 17 (Rusho's italics).
14. David Wegner, personal communication.
15. Wolf, "How Lake Powell Almost Broke Free of Glen Canyon Dam, " p. 90.
16. Robert A. Jones, "Worst of Flooding Over, Watt Declares, " Los Angeles Times, 2 July 1983.
17. Wolf, "How Lake Powell Almost Broke Free of Glen Canyon Dam, " p. 91.
18. Steven Hannon, "The 1983 Flood at Glen Canyon" (2003), http://www.glencanyon.org.
19. Tom Knudson and Nancy Vogel, "Aging Dams, Already under Siege, Face New Pressures, " Sacramento Bee, 25 November 1997.
20. Bureau of Reclamation, "Challenge at Glen Canyon, " Open Video Project (1996).
21. Udall, "When You See a River as Plumbing, How Can You Turn It Off?"
22. Robert A. Young, ed., "Coping with Severe Sustained Drought on the Colorado River, " Water Resources Bulletin, vol. 31 (American Water Resources Association, 1995).
23. Wallace Stegner, "Glen Canyon Submersis, " in The Glen Canyon Reader, ed. Mathew Barrett Gross (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2003), p. 138.
24. Bradley Udall, "Climate Change Predictions and Impacts on Colorado River Water Supplies" (paper presented at the Upper Colorado River Commission, Las Vegas, 13 December 2006).
25. R. Seager, M. Ting, I. Held, Y. Kushnir, J. Lu, G. Vecchi, H. Huang, N. Harnik, A. Leetmaa, N. Lau, C. Li, J. Velez, and N. Naik, "Model Projections of an Imminent Transition to a More Arid Climate in Southwestern North America, " Science 316 (2007): 1181-84.
26. T. Jacobsen and R. M. Adams, "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture, " Science 128 (1958): 1252-57.
27. T. Jacobsen and R. M. Adams, "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture, " Science 128 (1958), p. 1257.
28. T. Jacobsen and R. M. Adams, "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture, " Science 128 (1958), p. 1252.
29. T. Jacobsen and R. M. Adams, "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture, " Science 128 (1958), p. 1257.
30. Sandra Postei, Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999), pp. 25-26.
31. Sandra Postei, Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999), pp. 26, 27.
32. Donald Worster, The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 128.
33. Postei, Pillar of Sand, p. 32.
34. William R. Jobin, Dams and Disease: Ecological Design and Health Impacts of Large Dams, Canals, and Irrigation Systems (New York: Routledge, 1999). p. 295.
35. Fred Pearce, "High and Dry in Aswan, " New Scientist 142 (May 1994).
36. Craig Childs, "Phoenix Falling?" High Country News, 16 April 2007. This is a fine general introduction to the Hohokam story.
37. John Andrews and Todd Bostwick, Desert Farmers at the River's Edge: The Hohokam and Pueblo Grande (City of Phoenix, 2000).
38. David M. Meko, Connie A. Woodhouse, CA. Baisan, T. Knight, J. Lukas, M. Hughes, and M. Salzer, "Medieval Drought in the Upper Colorado River Basin, " Geophysical Research Letters 34 (2007).
39. George Thomas, The Development of Institutions under Irrigation (New York: Macmillan, 1920), p. 27.
40. John A. Widtsoe, Success on Irrigation Projects (New York: John Wiley, 1928), p. 138.
41. Donald Worster, A River Running West: The Life of John Wesley Powell (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 339.
42. Wallace Earle Stegner, Beyond the Hundredth Meridian: John Wesley Powell and the Second Opening of the West (New York: Penguin Books, 1992), p. 45.
43. John Wesley Powell, Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States, with a More Detailed Account of the Lands of Utah (facsimile of the 1879 ed., Boston, Mass.: Harvard Common Press, 1983).
44. Worster, A River Running West, p. 355.
45. Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (New York: Penguin Books, 1987). p. 47.
46. Stegner, Beyond the Hundredth Meridian, p. 212.
47. Powell, Report on the Lands of the Arid Region, p. 27.
48. Utah Agricultural Statistics Service, "2003 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey Results Released, " http://www.nass.usda.gov.
49. Congressional Record, 11 July 1882, pp. 5923-5930.
50. John Wesley Powell, "The Work of the U.S. Geological Survey, " Science 21, no. 519 (1893).
51. Worster, A River Running West, p. 529.
52. Quotations are from John Wesley Powell, "Official Proceedings of the International Irrigation Congress" (Los Angeles, 1893), PP-106-12.
53. Public Broadcasting Service, "People and Events: Water Fights, " http://www.pbs.org.
54. Stegner, Beyond the Hundredth Meridian, p. 338.
55. John Wesley Powell and William Eno DeBuys, Seeing Things Whole: The Essential John Wesley Powell (Washington, D.C.: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 2001), p. 231.
56. John Wesley Powell, "The Lesson of Conemaugh, " North American Review 149 (1889): 150-56.
57. Theodore Roosevelt, "First Annual Message to Congress, " New York Times, 4 December 1901.
58. Michael C. Robinson, Water for the West: The Bureau of Reclamation, 1902-1977 (Chicago: Public Works Historical Society, 1979), p. 165.
59. Powell, Report on the Lands of the Arid Region, p. 42.
60. Worster, A River Running West, p. 357.
61. Donald Pisani, Water and American Government (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), p. 30.
62. Shelly C. Dudley, "The First Five: A Brief History of the Salt River Project, " http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/reclamation/saltriver.
63. Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985), p. 172.
64. Reclamation Act/Newlands Act of 1902, 43 U.S. Code 371.
65. Theodore Roosevelt, "Roosevelt Describes Work of Irrigation, " New York Times, 4 September 1906.
66. Quoted in Worster, Rivers of Empire, p. 173.
67. Dorothy Lampen, Economic and Social Aspects of Federal Reclamation (Manchester, N.H.: Ayer Publishing, 1979), p. 60.
68. Michael C. Robinson, Water for the West: The Bureau of Reclamation, 1902-1977 (Chicago: Public Works Historical Society, 1979), p. 38.
69. National Research Council, Managing Construction and Infrastructure in the 21st Century Bureau of Reclamation (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2006).
70. Robinson, Water for the West, p. 38.
71. Committee of Special Advisors on Reclamation 1923-24, Federal Reclamation by Irrigation, 68th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Doc. 92 (Serial Set 8238), 1924.
72. Worster, Rivers of Empire, p. 179.
73. Frederick Newell, Irrigation Management (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1916), pp. 2,31.
74. Loomis Havemeyer, ed., et al., Conservation of Our Natural Resources, Based on [Charles Richard] Van Hise's "The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States" (NewYork: Macmillan, 1930), p. 154.
75. John A. Widtsoe, Success on Irrigation Projects (New York: John Wiley, 1928), p. 138.
76. Quoted in Norris Hundley, Jr., "The West against Itself, " in New Courses for the Colorado River: Major Issues for the Next Century, ed. Gary D. Weather-ford and F. Lee Brown (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), pp. 10-11.
77. Imperial Irrigation District, "General History" (2006), http://www.iid.com.
78. Robert L. Sperry, "When the Imperial Valley Fought for Its Life, " The journal of San Diego History 21 (Winter 1975).
79. William E. Smythe, "An International Wedding: The Tale of a Trip on the Borders of Two Republics, " Sunset 5, no. 3 (1900): 293-94.
80. Norris Hundley, Jr., The Great Thirst: Californians and Water: A History, rev. ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), p. 208.
81. Quoted in Hundley, "The West against Itself, " in New Courses for the Colorado River: Major Issues for the Next Century, ed. Gary D. Weatherford and F. Lee Brown (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), pp. 12-13.
82. The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
83. Gary Topping, Glen Canyon and the San Juan Country (Moscow: University of Idaho Press, 1997), pp. 336-38.
84. John Andreas Widtsoe, In a Sunlit Land: The Autobiography of John A. Widtsoe (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1952), p. 180.
85. Ralph L. Carr, "Delph Carpenter: Father of Colorado River Treaties" (text of 1943 Salute, Colorado State University, 1991).
86. R. Eric Kuhn, "Future Scenarios for the Colorado River" (paper presented at the American Bar Association, San Diego, February 24-25, 2005).
87. Quoted in W. B. Langbein, "L'affaire Larue, " U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division Bulletin, WRD Historical Note I (1975), p. 44.
88. Hundley, The Great Thirst, p. 214.
89. Quoted in Public Broadcasting Service, "The Men of Six Companies" (1999), http://www.pbs.org.
90. Dennis McBride, "Frank Crowe: Crowning Achievement, " in The First 100: Portraits of the Men and Women Who Shaped Las Vegas, ed. A. D. Hopkins and K.J. Evans (Las Vegas: Huntington Press, 1999), pp. 95-98.
91. Dennis McBride, "Frank Crowe: Crowning Achievement, " in The First 100: Portraits of the Men and Women Who Shaped Las Vegas, ed. A. D. Hopkins and K.J. Evans (Las Vegas: Huntington Press, 1999), pp. 95-98.
92. Public Broadcasting Service, "The Men of Six Companies. "
93. Bureau of Reclamation, "Concrete" (2005), http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hoover-dam/History/essays/concrete.html.
94. Bureau of Reclamation, "Tunnels" (2004), http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hoover-dam/History/essays/tunnels.html.
95. Bureau of Reclamation, "High Scalers" (2004), http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/History/essays/hscaler.html.
96. Bureau of Reclamation, "High Scalers" (2004), http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/History/essays/hscaler.html.
97. Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 134.
98. Bureau of Reclamation, "Concrete. "
99. Bureau of Reclamation, "Artwork" (2001), http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/History/essays/artwork.html.
100. Quoted in Joseph E Stevens, Hoover Dam: An American Adventure (Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1990), p. 248.
101. Bureau of Reclamation, "Fatalities at Hoover Dam, " (2004), http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/History/essays/fatal.html.
102. Quoted in Dennis McBride, "Desperate Times: The Building of Hoover Dam" (2003), http://www.bbc.co.uk.
103. John Tauranac, Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1997), p. 221.
104. "Glen Canyon Dam" (2006), http://www.powellguide.com.
105. Public Broadcasting Service, "People and Events: Frank Crowe, " http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hoover/peopleevents/pandeAMEX87.html.
106. McBride, "Frank Crowe. "
107. Quoted in "The Hoover Dam: Lonely Lands Made Fruitful, " http://xroads.virginia.edu.
108. Quoted in James M. Smith, The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 1776-1826 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1995), p. 334.
109. Congressional Record, "Remarks of Francis Newlands, " 13 June 1902, p. 6734.
110. Norris Hundley, Jr., The Great Thirst: Californians and Water: A History, rev. ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), p. 225.
111. Boulder Canyon Project Act, 43 U.S. Code 618.
112. Hundley, The Great Thirst, p. 223.
113. Philip L. Fradkin, A River No More: The Colorado River and the West (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), p. 280.
114. Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985), p. 212.
115. Bryant v. Yellen (1980), 447 U.S. Code 352.
116. Philip Martin, "Imperial Valley: Agriculture and Farm Labor" (2001), http://migration.ucdavis.edu.
117. University of California at Davis, "Irrigation Management and Water Quality" (2006), http://tmdl.ucdavis.edu.
118. National Resources Defense Council, "Alfalfa: The Thirstiest Crop" (2001), http://www.nrdc.org.
119. University of California at Davis, "Imperial County Agriculture" (2006), http://commserv.ucdavis.edu/CEImperial/overview.htm.
120. Michael C. Robinson, Water for the West: The Bureau of Reclamation, 1902-1977 (Chicago: Public Works Historical Society, 1979), pp. 55-56.
121. Michael C. Robinson, Water for the West: The Bureau of Reclamation, 1902-1977 (Chicago: Public Works Historical Society, 1979), p. 56.
122. Infoplease, "Life Expectancy by Age, 1850-2004" (2006), http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0005140.html.
123. Norris Hundley, Jr., The Great Thirst: Californians and Water: A History, rev. ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
124. Bureau of Reclamation, The Colorado River: A Natural Menace Becomes a National Resource (Washington, D.C.: Department of Interior, 1946); known as the "Blue Book. "
125. Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 143.
126. Mark W. T. Harvey, A Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Conservation Movement (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994).
127. National Park Service, "Public Use Statistics Office, " http://www.nature.nps.gov/stats.
128. Harvey, Symbol of Wilderness, p. 159.
129. William J. Clinton, "Remarks Announcing the Establishment of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, " Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 32, 1785 (23 September 1996).
130. Joe Baird, "Utah: Trim Presidents Monument Powers, " Salt Lake Tribune, 29 January 2005.
131. Bureau of Reclamation, Colorado River: A Natural Menace, p. 18.
132. Quoted in Reisner, Cadillac Desert, p. 146.
133. Bureau of Reclamation, Colorado River: A Natural Menace, p. 3.
134. Upper Colorado River Basin Commission, "Upper Colorado River Basin Compact" (1948), http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/pao/pdfiles/ucbsnact.pdf.
135. Quoted in Robinson, Water for the West, p. 79.
136. Jim Stiles, "Let's Drain Lake Powell, " Canyon Country Zephyr (April/May 1997).
137. David Brower, "Oral Interview" (Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, 1979), p. 111.
138. Eric Brazil, "David Brower Dies at 88, " San Francisco Examiner, 6 November 2000.
139. National Park Service Act, 16 U.S. Code 221 et seq.
140. The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
141. Quoted in Mark W. T. Harvey, A Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Conservation Movement (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), p. 32.
142. Quoted in Mark W. T. Harvey, A Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Conservation Movement (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), p. 33.
143. Bureau of Reclamation, The Colorado River: A Natural Menace Becomes a National Resource (Washington, D.C.: Department of Interior, 1946), pp. 244-45.
144. National Park Service, "A Survey of the Recreational Resources of the Colorado River Basin" (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1950), pp. 197-98.
145. Harvey, Symbol of Wilderness, p. 79.
146. Department of the Interior, Proceedings before the United States Department of the Interior: Hearing on Dinosaur National Monument, Echo Park, and Split Mountain Dams (Washington, D.C., 1950), p. 446.
147. Jon M. Cosco, Echo Park: Struggle for Preservation (Boulder, Colo.: Johnson Books, 1995), p. 30.
148. Department of the Interior, Proceedings before the United States Department of the Interior: Hearing on Dinosaur National Monument, Echo Park, and Split Mountain Dams, p. 8.
149. Department of the Interior, Proceedings before the United States Department of the Interior: Hearing on Dinosaur National Monument, Echo Park, and Split Mountain Dams, pp. 185-86.
150. Department of the Interior, Proceedings before the United States Department of the Interior: Hearing on Dinosaur National Monument, Echo Park, and Split Mountain Dams, p. 299.
151. Bernard DeVoto, "Shall We Let Them Ruin Our National Parks?" Saturday Evening Post, 22 July 1950, pp. 17-19, 42, 44, 46, 48.
152. Department of the Interior, Proceedings before the United States Department of the Interior: Hearing on Dinosaur National Monument, Echo Park, and Split Mountain Dams, p. 375.
153. Department of the Interior, Proceedings before the United States Department of the Interior: Hearing on Dinosaur National Monument, Echo Park, and Split Mountain Dams, p. 377.
154. Ulysses S. Grant III, "Supplementary Report by General Grant on the Dinosaur Controversy, " Planning and Civic Comment 17 (1951): 4.
155. "Decision by Oscar Chapman, Secretary of the Interior, Regarding the Dinosaur National Monument Controversy" (1950), in House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Colorado River Storage Project: Hearings on H.R. 4449, 4443, and 4463, p. 446.
156. Harvey, Symbol of Wilderness, pp. 90-91.
157. Jerry N. Hess, "Oral History Interviews with Oscar L. Chapman" (1972), http://www.trumanlibrary.org.
158. Bernard DeVoto, "The West against Itself, " Harpers, January 1947.
159. DeVoto, "Shall We Let Them Ruin Our National Parks?"
160. DeVoto, "Shall We Let Them Ruin Our National Parks?", p. 42.
161. Phillip L. Fradkin, A River No More: The Colorado River and the West (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), p. 191.
162. Bernard DeVoto, "Letter to Editor, " Denver Post, 1 August 1950 (DeVoto's italics)
163. Cosco, Echo Park, p. 46.
164. Quoted in "Let's Be Fair, Mike, " Nature Magazine 44 (October 1951): 425.
165. Harvey, Symbol of Wilderness, p. 100.
166. Newton Drury, "Oral Interview" (Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, 1972), p. 523.
167. Tom Turner, Sierra Club: 100 Years of Protecting Nature (New York: H.N. Abrams in association with the Sierra Club, 1991), p. 48.
168. Grand Canyon Protection Act, Public Law 102-575, 106 Stat. 4669.
169. Sierra Club, "Minutes of a Special Meeting of the Board of Directors, " Sierra Club Magazine 34, no. 11 (1949): 3-4.
170. Turner, Sierra Club: 100 Years of Protecting Nature, pp. 131-32.
171. Quoted in W. L. Rusho, "Bumpy Road for Glen Canyon Dam" (paper presented at the symposium on the history of the Bureau of Reclamation, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, 2002), p. 20.
172. Ken Verdoia, "Interview: Floyd Dominy, " http://www.kued.org/productions/glencanyon/interviews/dominy.html.
173. Quoted in Jon M. Cosco, Echo Park: Struggle for Preservation (Boulder, Colo.: Johnson Books, 1995), p. 60.
174. Quoted in Stephen C. Sturgeon, The Politics of Western Water: The Congressional Career of Wayne Aspinall (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2002), p. 47.
175. Dennis Farney, "Ruler of the Land, " Wall Street Journal, 21 January 1972.
176. University of Virginia, "Secretary of the Interior: Douglas J. McKay (1953-1956)" (2003), http://www.americanpresident.org/history.
177. Ralph Tudor, "I'm Glad I Came to Washington, " Saturday Evening Post, 27 November 1954.
178. Quoted in Jon M. Cosco, Echo Park: Struggle for Preservation (Boulder, Colo.: Johnson Books, 1995), p. 71.
179. Quoted in Jon M. Cosco, Echo Park: Struggle for Preservation (Boulder, Colo.: Johnson Books, 1995), p. 127.
180. Mark W. T. Harvey, A Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Conservation Movement (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), p. 191.
181. House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on Irrigation and Reclamation, Colorado River Storage Project: Hearings on H.R. 4449, 4443, and 4463, p. 825.
182. House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on Irrigation and Reclamation, Colorado River Storage Project: Hearings on H.R. 4449, 4443, and 4463, pp. 824-25.
183. House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on Irrigation and Reclamation, Colorado River Storage Project: Hearings on H.R. 4449, 4443, and 4463, p. 825.
184. David Brower, "Oral Interview" (Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, 1979).
185. Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on Irrigation and Reclamation, Colorado River Storage Project: Hearings, 83rd Cong., 2nd sess., June 28-30, July 1-3,1954, on S. 1555, p. 48.
186. Brower, "Oral Interview, " p. 117.
187. House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on Irrigation and Reclamation, Colorado River Storage Project: Hearings on H.R. 4449, 4443, and 4463, p. 505.
188. Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Colorado River Storage Project: Hearings, 83rd Cong., 2nd sess., June 28-30, July 1-3, 1954, pp. 5-6.
189. Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on Irrigation and Reclamation, Colorado River Storage Project: Hearings, 84th Cong., 1st sess., February 28, March 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, 1955, on S. 500, p. 639.
190. Congressional Record, "Remarks of Wayne Aspinall, " 16 August 1954, pp. 14698-14700.
191. Quoted in Cosco, Echo Park, p. 75.
192. Wallace Earle Stegner, This Is Dinosaur: Echo Park Country and Its Magic Rivers (New York: Knopf, 1955), insert.
193. Quoted in Sturgeon, Politics of Western Water, p. 38.
194. Brower, "Oral Interview. "
195. Leslie A. Miller, "Dollars into Dust, " Readers Digest, May 1955, p. 112.
196. "Bananas on Pikes Peak?" New York Times, 24 April 1955.
197. Quoted in Sturgeon, Politics of Western Water, p. 47.
198. Cosco, Echo Park, p. 88.
199. Colorado River Storage Project, 43 U.S. Code 620.
200. Robert T. Hartmann, "Lawmaker Hurls Rock into Fight against Dam, " Los Angeles Times, 29 January 1956.
201. Congressional Record, "Remarks of Stewart Udall, " 1 March 1956, p. 3736.
202. Russell Martin, A Story That Stands Like a Dam: Glen Canyon and the Struggle for the Soul of the West (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999), see p. 72 for an amusing account of these experiments.
203. Howard Zahniser, "How Much Wilderness Can We Afford to Lose?" (address at the Second Wilderness Conference, Oakland, Calif, 30 March 1951); quoted in Cosco, Echo Park, pp. 94-95.
204. House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on Irrigation and Reclamation, Colorado River Storage Project: Hearings on H.R. 4449, 4443, and 4463, p. 827.
205. Ken Verdoia, "Interview with David Brower, " http://www.kued.org/productions/glencanyon/interviews/brower.html.
206. Wallace Earle Stegner, This Is Dinosaur: Echo Park Country and Its Magic Rivers (Boulder, Colo.: Roberts Rinehart, 1985), p. vii.
207. Brower, "Oral Interview, " p. 118.
208. Ken Verdoia, "Interview: Floyd Dominy, " http://www.kued.org/productions/glencanyon/interviews/dominy.html.
209. National Park Service, "Rainbow Bridge: Administrative History" (2003), http://www.nps.gov/archive/rabr/adhi/adhi6a.htm.
210. Verdoia, "Interview: Floyd Dominy."
211. National Park Service, "Rainbow Bridge. "
212. Quoted in Russell Martin, A Story That Stands Like a Dam: Glen Canyon and the Struggle for the Soul of the West (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999), p. 220.
213. Martin, A Story That Stands Like a Dam, pp. 305-306.
214. David Brower, "Rainbow Promise Breaking; New Threat at Echo Park, " Sierra Club Bulletin (April-May 1960), p. 20.
215. David Brower, "Oral Interview" (Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, 1979), p. 90, app. A.
216. David Brower, "Please Keep Those Glen Canyon Tunnels Open until Rainbow Bridge Protection Is Certain, " Sierra Club Bulletin 47 (March-April 1962): 2-3 (Brower's italics).
217. National Park Service, "Rainbow Bridge. "
218. Martin, A Story That Stands Like a Dam, pp. 304-305
219. National Park Service, "Rainbow Bridge. "
220. Verdoia, "Interview: Floyd Dominy."
221. Eliot Porter and David Ross Brower, The Place No One Knew: Glen Canyon on the Colorado, commemorative ed. (Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, 2000), p. 13.
222. Eliot Porter and David Brower, The Place No One Knew: Glen Canyon on the Colorado, abridged ed. (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1968), foreword, p. 5.
223. Bureau of Reclamation, Lake Powell, Jewel of the Colorado (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965).
224. David Wegner, personal communication.
225. Porter and Brower, The Place No One Knew (commemorative ed., 2000), p. 168.
226. Quoted in Martin, A Story That Stands Like a Dam, p. 246.
227. Wallace Stegner, "Glen Canyon Submersis, " in The Glen Canyon Reader, ed. Mathew Barrett Gross (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2003), p. 142.
228. Bureau of Reclamation, The Colorado River: A Natural Menace Becomes a National Resource (Washington, D.C.: Department of Interior, 1946).
229. Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 283.
230. National Park Service, "Public Use Statistics Office, " http://www2.nature.nps.gov/stats.
231. Quoted in Martin, A Story That Stands Like a Dam, p. 270.
232. Martin, A Story That Stands Like a Dam, p. 271.
233. Tom Turner, "The Grand Undammed-Proposals to Dam Grand Canyon, " Sierra Club, July-August 1992.
234. Martin, A Story That Stands Like a Dam, p. 273.
235. Turner, "The Grand Undammed. "
236. House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on Irrigation and Reclamation, Hearings, Colorado River Basin Project (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967), pp. 458-59.
237. Montgomery Brower, "David Brower: President of Friends of the Earth, " People Weekly 33 (1990): 103-6.
238. Canyon County Zephyr, "An Interview with Dr. Rich Ingebretsen" (August-September 2000).
239. Quoted in Reisner, Cadillac Desert, p. 298.
240. L. B. Leopold, "Oral Interview" (Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, 1993), p. 185.
241. L. B. Leopold, "Oral Interview" (Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, 1993), p. 183.
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243. Leopold, "Oral Interview, " p. 187.
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245. Quoted in Roderick Nash, Grand Canyon of the Living Colorado (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1970), p. 105.
246. Reisner, Cadillac Desert, p. 302.
247. Colorado River Basin Project, 43 U.S. Code 1501-1506.
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275. Gail Binkly, "Dam's Price Tag Skyrockets, " High Country News, 10 May 2004.
276. Miller, "Battle That Squanders Billions. "
277. Reisner, Cadillac Desert, p. 176.
278. Quoted in John P. Gregg, "Mass. Appeal, " New York Times, 25 August 2005.
279. L. B. Leopold, Probability Analysis Applied to a Water-Supply Problem (Reston, Va.: U.S. Geological Survey, 1958), p. 14.
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292. Charles Dickens, David Copperfield (New York: Random House, 2000), p. 161.
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317. Niklas S. Christensen, Andrew W. Wood, Nathalie Voisin, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, and Richard N. Palmer, "The Effects of Climate Change on the Hydrology and Water Resources of the Colorado River Basin, " Climatic Change 62(2004): 342.
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324. Bureau of Reclamation and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program: Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement, Environmental Impact Report, ed. Department of the Interior, 5 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, 2004); see final appendices to vols. 1-4, sect. J.7.1.
325. National Academy of Sciences, Colorado River Basin Water Management: Evaluating and Adjusting to Hydroclimatic Variability (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2007).
326. Quotes in Bureau of Reclamation, Final Environmental Impact Statement, Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, 2007), vol. 4, pp. 9, 14.
327. Elizabeth Rosenthal, "U.N. Chief Seeks More Climate Change Leadership, " New York Times, 18 November 2007.
328. White House, "Press Briefing via Conference Call by Senior Administration Officials on IPCC Report, " 16 November 2007.
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335. Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke, Blue Gold: The Fight to Stop the Corporate Theft of the World's Water (New York: The New Press, 2002), p. 7.
336. Heather Cooley, P. Gleick, and Gary Wolff, Desalination, with a Grain of Salt: A California Perspective (Oakland, Calif: Pacific Institute, 2006), p. 21.
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338. Emily Yuhas and Tom Daniels, "The US Freshwater Supply Shortage: Experiences with Desalination as Part of the Solution, " Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 49 (2006) pp. 578-80.
339. Cooley et al., Desalination, with a Grain of Salt, p. 54.
340. Sue McClurg, "Urban Growth and Water: States Seek New Supplies, " River Report (Colorado River Project), Fall 2007, pp. 1, 4-11.
341. Cooley et al., Desalination, with a Grain of Salt, p. 28, box 4.
342. Yuhas and Daniels, "The US Freshwater Supply Shortage, " p. 573.
343. Yuhas and Daniels, "The US Freshwater Supply Shortage, " p. 578.
344. Cooley et al., Desalination, with a Grain of Salt, p. 24.
345. Craig Pittman, "Water Plant Delays Run Patience Dry, " St. Petersburg Times, 18 December 2006.
346. Neil Johnson, "Agency Settles Desalination Plant Lawsuit, " Tampa Tribune, 17 April 2007.
347. Cooley et al., Desalination, with a Grain of Salt, p. 24.
348. Yuhas and Daniels, "The US Freshwater Supply Shortage. "
349. Yuhas and Daniels, "The US Freshwater Supply Shortage. " p. 576.
350. Henry Fountain, "The Science of Rain-Making Is Still Patchy, " New York Times, 19 October 2003.
351. Jeff Hull, "Idea Lab: The Modern Rain Dance, " New York Times, 2 July 2006.
352. Theodore W. Fuller, San Diego Originals: Profiles of the Movers and Shakers of California's First Community (Pleasant Hill, Calif: California Profiles Publications, 1987), pp. 51-53.
353. National Research Council, Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research (Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, 2003), p. 3.
354. Launce Rake, "New Look at Old Idea Could Be a Rainmaker, " Las Vegas Sun, 6 July 2006
355. D. A. Griffith and M. E. Solak, "Upper Colorado Basin: Technical Feasibility, " Southwest Hydrology, March/April 2007.
356. Associated Press, "Colorado River Basin States Look to Regional Cloud-Seeding, " 13 March 2006.
357. Quoted in Kate Ravilious, "Kicking Up a Storm with the Cloud Seeders, " New Scientist, 16 April 2005.
358. Quoted in Jerd Smith, "The West's Water Future May Float on Cloud Plan, " Rocky Mountain News, 17 April 2006.
359. Bureau of Reclamation, "Weather Modification at the Bureau of Reclamation" (2006), http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/rivers/WxMod.html.
360. Tim Barnett, Robert Malone, William Pennell, Detlet Stammer, Bert Semtner, and Warren Washington, "The Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources in the West: Introduction and Overview, " Climatic Change 62(2004).
361. P. W. Mote, "Trends in Snow Water Equivalent in the Pacific Northwest and Their Climatic Causes, " Geophysical Research Letters 30 (2003): 1601.
362. Barnett et al., "Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources in the West, " p. 7.
363. Quoted in Robert F. Service, "As the West Goes Dry, " Science 303 (2004): 1126.
364. Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 507.
365. Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 512.
366. A. F. Pillsbury, "The Salinity of Rivers, " Scientific American 245 (1981).
367. Quoted in Reisner, Cadillac Desert, p. 510.
368. P. H. Gleick, "Global Freshwater Resources: Soft-Path Solutions for the 21st Century, " Science 302 (2003): 1524-28.
369. National Research Council, Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management: Proceedings of a Symposium, May 24-25, 1990, Santa Fe, New Mexico (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991), p. 63.
370. National Research Council, Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management: Proceedings of a Symposium, May 24-25, 1990, Santa Fe, New Mexico (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991), p. 57.
371. R. L. Ferrari, 1986 Lake Powell Survey (Denver, Colo.: Bureau of Reclamation, 1988).
372. Quoted in Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 492.
373. Aldo Leopold, Susan Flader, and J. Baird Callicott, The River of the Mother of God and Other Essays (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991), p. 179.
374. Matilija Dam Ecosystem Restoration Project, Restoration Report, http://www.matilijadam.org, pp. 1-2.
375. Quoted in Richard J. Ingebretsen, "Sedimentai Journey: A Grim Prospect for Lake Powell" (1998), http://www.glencanyon.org.
376. Reisner, Cadillac Desert, p. 493.
377. A. F. Pillsbury, "The Salinity of Rivers, " Scientific American 245 (1981).
378. Bureau of Reclamation, "Law of the River" (2006), http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/pao/lawofrvr.html.
379. Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Agriculture, and Department of the Interior, Quality of Water, Colorado River Basin: Progress Report, No. 22 (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, 2005).
380. L. L. Nash and P. H. Gleick, The Colorado River Basin and Climate Change: The Sensitivity of Streamflow and Water Supply to Variations in Temperature and Precipitation (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993), p. 68.
381. Colorado River Storage Project, 43 U.S. Code 620.
382. D. H. Getches, "Colorado River Governance: Sharing Federal Authority as an Incentive to Create a New Institution, " University of Colorado Law Review, Summer 1997.
383. National Research Council, River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1996), p. 16.
384. Getches, "Colorado River Governance, " p. 9.
385. Quoted in Byron Hayes, "Introducing Secretary of the Interior James Watt, " The Waiting List 3, no. 2 (1999): 10.
386. Quotes in George Sibley, "Glen Canyon: Using a Dam to Heal a River, " High Country News, 22 July 1996.
387. National Research Council, River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon, p. 76.
388. Getches, "Colorado River Governance. "
389. Grand Canyon Protection Act, Public Law 93-620, 88 Stat. 2089.
390. National Research Council, Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management: Proceedings of a Symposium, May 24-25, 1990, Santa Fe, New Mexico (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 1991), p. 124.
391. Steven Gloss, Jeffrey E. Lovich, and T. S. Melis, "The State of the Colorado River Ecosystem in the Grand Canyon: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1282" (2005), p. 33.
392. Steven Gloss, Jeffrey E. Lovich, and T. S. Melis, "The State of the Colorado River Ecosystem in the Grand Canyon: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1282" (2005), p. 18.
393. Steven Gloss, Jeffrey E. Lovich, and T. S. Melis, "The State of the Colorado River Ecosystem in the Grand Canyon: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1282" (2005), p. 22.
394. D.J. Topping, D. M. Rubin, J. C. Schmidt, J. E. Hazel, S. A. Wright, T. S. Melis, and M. Kaplinski, "Comparison of Sediment-Transport and Bar-Response Results from the 1996 and 2004 Controlled-Flood Experiments on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon" (abstract H52A-06, supplement to American Geophysical Union meeting, San Francisco, Fall 2005).
395. Gloss, Lovich, and Melis, "The State of the Colorado River Ecosystem in the Grand Canyon. "
396. Gloss, Lovich, and Melis, "The State of the Colorado River Ecosystem in the Grand Canyon. " p. 37.
397. Joe Baird, "Groups to File Suit over Decline of Fish below Grand Canyon, " Salt Lake Tribune, 9 November 2005.
398. Gloss, Lovich, and Melis, "The State of the Colorado River Ecosystem in the Grand Canyon, " p. 28.
399. T. J., Randle, J. K. Lyons, R. J. Christensen, and R. D. Stephen, Colorado River Ecosystem Sediment Augmentation Appraisal Engineering Report, ed. Bureau of Reclamation (Denver, Colo.: Bureau of Reclamation, 2007).
400. Joe Baird, "Dam Still Injuring Grand Canyon, " Salt Lake Tribune, 27 October 2005.
401. U.S. Geological Survey, Grand Canyon Humpback Chub Population Improving, Fact Sheet 2007-3113 (December 2007).
402. Philip L. Fradkin, A River No More: The Colorado River and the West (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
403. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac: With Essays on Conservation from Round River (New York: Ballantine Books, 1970), p. 150.
404. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac: With Essays on Conservation from Round River (New York: Ballantine Books, 1970), p. 151 (Leopold's italics).
405. Jeffrey P. Cohn, "Colorado River Delta, " Bioscience 54 (2004): 388.
406. D. F. Luecke and J. Pitt, A Delta Once More: Restoring Riparian and Wetland Habitat in the Colorado River Delta (Boulder, Colo.: Environmental Defense Fund, 1999).
407. Charles Bergman, Red Delta: Fighting for Life at the End of the Colorado River (Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum Publishers, 2002), p. 50.
408. Mitch Tobin, "Delta Beast Rears Its Head, " High Country News, 15 September 2003.
409. Bureau of Reclamation, "Law of the River" (2006), http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/pao/lawofrvr.html.
410. Christopher Smart, "Glen Canyon: 50 Years of Controversy, " Salt Lake Tribune, 30 May 2007.
411. Tom Ross, "Downriver Deals, " Steamboat Pilot & Today, 20 August 2006.
412. Jeffrey P. Cohn, "Colorado River Delta, " Bioscience 54 (2004).
413. Launce Rake, "Agency's Water Plans Pegged at $7.6 Billion, " Las Vegas Sun, 24 May 2005.
414. Bureau of Reclamation, Final Environmental Impact Statement, Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, 2007), vol. 4, pp. 4-9.
415. Southern Nevada Water Authority, "Virgin and Muddy Rivers Surface Water Development Project" (2006), http://www.snwa.com.
416. Matt Jenkins, "'Tributary' Issue Could Force a Seven-State Showdown, " High Country News, 19 September 2005.
417. Peter Sartucci, '"Big Daddy Drought' Will Be a Complicated Matter, " High Country News, 4 September 2006, letter to the editor and editor's reply.
418. Colorado River Commission, "Colorado River Compact" (1922), http://www.colorado.edu/resources/colorado_river/law_policy.html.
419. Bureau of Reclamation, The Colorado River: A Natural Menace Becomes a National Resource (Washington, D.C.: Department of Interior, 1946).
420. Kuhn, "Future Scenarios for the Colorado River. "
421. City of Phoenix, "Water Resources Plan: 2005 Update" (Water Services Department, 2005), p. 63.
422. U.S. Geological Survey, "Ground-Water Depletion" (2005), http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/gwdepletion.html.
423. Matt Jenkins, "The Perpetual Growth Machine, " High Country News, 12 June 2006.
424. Arizona Daily Star, "Developers Plan Massive Water Park in Arizona Desert" (2007), http://www.azstarnet.com/news/212479.
425. Environmental Working Group, California Water Subsidies (2007), www.ewg.org.
426. Economist Magazine, "The Big Dry, " 28 April 2007.
427. California Department of Water Resources, California Water Plan: A Framework for Action, Bulletin 160-05 (December 2005).
428. P. H. Gleick, Dam It, Not Now. Testimony before the California Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Water (2006), available at www.pacinsti.org/press_center.
429. Congressional Record, "Remarks of Francis Newlands, " 13 June 1902, p. 6734.
430. Bernard DeVoto, "The West against Itself, " Harpers, January 1947.