The potential of Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Restionaceae phytoliths to reflect past environmental conditions in South Africa

African Palaeoenvironments and Geomorphic Landscape Evolution

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 107-133

  Cordova, Carlos E ^a   Scott, Louis ^b  

^a OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85178356673     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (32)

1. Alexandre, A., Meunier, J.-D., Lézine, A.M., Vincens, A. and Schwartz, D., 1997, Phytoliths: indicators of grassland dynamics during the Late Holocene in intertropical Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 136, pp. 213-229.
2. Barboni, D., Bremond, L. and Bonnefille, R., 2007, Comparative study of modern phytolith assemblages from intertropical Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 246, pp. 454-470.
3. Bremond, L., Alexandre, A., Peyron, O. and Guiot, J., 2005, Grass water stress estimated from phytoliths in West Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 32, pp. 311-327.
4. Bremond, L., Alexandre, A., Wooller, M.J., Hely, C., Williamson, D., Schafer, P.A., Majule, A. and Guiot, J., 2008, Phytolith indices as proxies of grass subfamilies on East African tropical mountains. Global and Planetary Change, 61, pp. 209-224.
5. Brown, D.I., 1984, Prospects and limits of a phytolith key for grasses in the central United States. Journal of Archaeological Science, 11, pp. 345-368.
6. Brown, D.I., 1993, Early nineteenth century grasslands of the Midcontinent Plains. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 83, pp. 589-612.
7. Chase, B. and Meadows, M., 2007, Late Quaternary Dynamics of Southern Africa's winter rainfall zone. Earth Science Reviews, 84, pp. 103-138.
8. Cockroft, M.J. Wilkinson, M.J. and Tyson, P.D., 1987, The application of present-day climatic model to the Late Quaternary in Southern Africa. Climatic Change, 10, pp. 161-181.
9. Fredlund, G.G. and Tieszen, L.T., 1994, Modern phytolith assemblages from the North American Great Plains. Journal of Biogeography, 21, pp. 321-335.
10. Fredlund, G.G. and Tieszen, L.L., 1997, Calibrating grass phytolith assemblages in climatic terms: Application to Late Pleistocene assemblages from Kansas and Nebraska. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 136, pp. 199-211.
11. Galley, C., Bytebier, B., Bellstedt, D.U. and Linder, H.P., 2007, The Cape element in the Afrotemperate flora. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, pp. 535-543.
12. Gibbs-Russell, G.E., 1988, Distribution of subfamilies and tribes of Poaceae in Southern Africa. Monographs in Systematic Botany, Missouri Botanical Gardens, 25, pp. 555-566.
13. Gibbs-Russell, G.E., Watson, L., Koekemoer, M., Smook, L., Barker, N.P., Anderson, H.M. and Dallwitz, M.J., 1990, Grasses of Southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 58, (Pretoria: National Botanical Institute).
14. Grass Phylogeny Working Group, 2003, GPWP Current Cladogram. Available at http://www.virtualherbarium.org/grass/gpwg/default.htm
15. Heine, K., 1982, The main stages of the Late Quaternary evolution of the Kalahari region, Southern Africa. Palaeoecology of Africa, 15, pp. 53-76.
16. Kotze, D.C. and O'Connor, T.G., 2000, Vegetation variation within and among palustrine wetlands along an altitudinal gradient in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Plant Ecology, 146, pp. 77-96.
17. Lentfer C.J. and Boyd, W.E., 1999, A comparison of three methods for the extraction of phytoliths from sediments. Journal of Archaeological Science, 25, pp. 1159-1183.
18. Linder, H.P., 2003, The radiation of the Cape flora, Southern Africa. Biological Reviews 78, pp. 597-638.
19. Linder, H.P. and Barker, N.P., 2000, Biogeography of the Danthonieae. In Grasses: Systematics and Evolution, edited by Jacobs, S.W.L. and Everett, J., (Melbourne: CSIRO), pp. 231-238.
20. Lu, H. and Liu K.B., 2003, Phytoliths of common grasses in the coastal environments of southeastern USA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58, pp. 587-600.
21. Madella, M., Alexandre, A. and Ball, T., 2005, International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature 1.0. Annals of Botany, 96, pp. 253-260.
22. Mulder, C. and Ellis, R.P., 2000, Ecological significance of south-west African leaf phytoliths: a climatic response of vegetation biomes to modern aridification trends. In Grasses: Systematics and Evolution, edited by Jacobs, S.W.L. and Everett, J., (Melbourne: CSIRO), pp. 248-258.
23. Mulholand, S.C. and Rapp, G.J., 1992, A morphological classification of grass silica bodies. In Phytolith Systematics: Emerging Issues, edited by Rapp, G.J. and Mulholland, S.C., (New York: Plenum), pp. 65-81.
24. Piperno, D.R., 2006, Phytoliths: A comprehensive guide for archaeologists and palaeoecologists, (Lanham, Maryland: Altamira Press).
25. Rebelo, A.G., Boucher, C., Helme, N., Mucina, L. and Rutherford, M.C., 2006, Fynbos Biome. In The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland, Strelitzia 19, edited by Mucina, L. and Rutherford, M.C., (Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute), pp. 53-219.
26. Rossouw, L., 2009, The application offossil grass-phytolith analysis in the reconstruction of Cainozoic environments in the South African interior, PhD dissertation, (Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein).
27. Scott, L., 2002, Grassland development under glacial and interglacial conditions in Southern Africa: review of pollen, phytoliths, and isotope evidence. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 177, pp. 47-57.
28. van Wyk, E. and van Oudtshoorn, F., 2004, Guide to Grasses of Southern Africa, 2nd edition, (Pretoria: Briza).
29. van Zinderen Bakker, E.M., 1967, Upper Pleistocene stratigraphy and Holocene ecology on the basis of vegetation changes in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Background to Evolution in Africa, edited by Bishop, W.W. and Clark, J.D., (Chicago, University of Chicago Press), pp. 125-147.
30. van Zinderen Bakker, E.M., 1976, The evolution of Late Quaternary palaeoclimates of Southern Africa. Palaeoecology of Africa, 9, pp. 160-202.
31. Vogel, J.C., Fuls, A. and Ellis, R.P., 1978, The geographical distribution of Kranz grasses in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 74, pp. 209-215.
32. Verboom, G.A., Linder, H.P. and Stock, W.D., 2003, Phylogenetics of the grass genus Ehrharta: evidence for radiation in the summer-arid zone of the South African Cape. Evolution, 57, pp. 2008-2010.