Playful People: Fun is in the Mind of the Beholder

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 169-197

  Barnett, Lynn A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85174316553     PISSN: 02762366     EISSN: 15414477     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2190/IC.31.3.c     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Ackroyd S. Thompson T. (1999). Organizational misbehaviour. London: Sage.
2. Aickin M. (1999). Other methods of adjustment of multiple testing exists. British Medical Journal, 318, 127.
3. Amabile T. M. Hill K. G. Hennessey B. A. Tighe E. M. (1994). The work preference inventory: Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 950–967.
4. Argyle M. Lu L. (1990). The happiness of extraverts. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1011–1017.
5. Barnett L. A. (1990). Playfulness: Definition, design, and measurement. Play and Culture, 3, 319–336.
6. Barnett L. A. (1991a). The playful child: Measurement of a disposition to play. Play and Culture, 4, 51–74.
7. Barnett L. A. (1991b). Characterizing playfulness: Correlates with individual attributes and personality traits. Play and Culture, 4, 371–393.
8. Barnett L. A. (2007). The nature of playfulness in young adults. Personality & Individual Differences, 43, 949–958.
9. Barnett L. A. Kleiber D. A. (1982). Concomitants of playfulness in early childhood: Cognitive abilities and gender. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 141, 115–127.
10. Barnett L. A. Kleiber D. A. (1984). Playfulness and the early play environment. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 144, 153–164.
11. Blum D. (1998). Sex on the brain: The biological differences between men and women. New York: Penguin.
12. Bogg T. Roberts B. W. (2004). Conscientiousness and health behaviors: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 130(6), 887–919.
13. Bozionelos N. Bozionelos G. (1999). Playfulness: Its relationship with instrumental and expressive traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 749–760.
14. Brandstatter H. (1994). Pleasure of leisure—Pleasure of work: Personality makes the difference. Personality and Individual Differences, 16(6), 931–946.
15. Caspi A. Roberts B. W. Shiner R. L. (2005). Personality development: Stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 453–484.
16. Christiano B. Russ S. (1996). Play as a predictor of coping and distress in children during an invasive dental procedure. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 130–138.
17. Christie J. Johnson E. (1983). The role of play in social-intellectual development. Review of Educational Research, 53, 93–115.
18. Clark L. A. Watson D. (1988). Mood and the mundane: Relations between daily life events and self-reported mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 296–308.
19. Clark P. Griffing P. Johnson L. (1989). Symbolic play and ideational fluency as aspects of the evolving divergent cognitive style in young children. Early Child Development and Care, 51, 77–88.
20. Costa P. T. Jr. McCrae R. R. (1988). From catalog to classification: Murray's needs and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 258–265.
21. Costa P. T. Jr. McCrae R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (ENO-FFI) Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
22. Creasey G. Jarvis P. Berk L. (1998). Play and social competence. In Saracho O. Spodek B. (Eds.), Multiple perspectives on play in early childhood education (pp. 116–143). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
23. Csikszentmihalyi M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row.
24. Damico S. B. Purkey W. W. (1978). Class clowns: A study of middle school students. American Educational Research Journal, 15(3), 391–398.
25. Dansky J. (1980). Make-believe: A mediator of the relationship between play and associative fluency. Child Development, 51, 576–579.
26. Diener E. Sandvik E. Pavot W. Fujita F. (1992). Extraversion and subjective well-being in a U.S. national probability sample. Journal of Research in Personality, 26, 205–215.
27. Diener E. Larsen R. J. Emmons R. A. (1984). Person x situation interactions: Choice of situations and congruence response models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 580–502.
28. Elias C. Berk L. (2002). Self-regulation in young children: Is there a role for sociodramatic play? Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 17, 216–238.
29. Ellingson J. E. Smith D. B. Sackett P. R. (2001). Investigating the influence of social desirability on personality factor structure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 122–133.
30. Emmons R. A. Diener E. Larsen R. J. (1986). Choice and avoidance of everyday situations and affect congruence: Two models of reciprocal interactionism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 815–826.
31. Fagot B. O'Brien M. (1994). Activity level in young children: Cross age stability, situational influences, correlates with temperament, and the perception of problem behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40(3), 378–398.
32. Fein G. (1987). Pretend play: Creativity and consciousness. In Gorlitz P. Wohlwill J. (Eds.), Curiosity, imagination, and play (pp. 281–304). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
33. Fisher E. (1992). The impact of play on development: A meta-analysis. Play and Culture, 5, 159–181.
34. Gagne M. Deci E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331–362.
35. Glynn M. A. Webster J. (1992). The adult playfulness scale: An initial assessment. Psychological Reports, 71, 83–103.
36. Glynn M. A. Webster J. (1993). Refining the nomological net of the Adult Playfulness Scale: Personality, motivational and attitudinal correlates for highly intelligent adults. Psychological Reports, 72, 1023–1026.
37. Golomb C. Galasso L. (1995). Make believe and reality: Explorations of the imaginary realm. Developmental Psychology, 31, 800–810.
38. Gruner C. R. (1997). The game of humor: A comprehensive theory of why we laugh. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
39. Hale-Benson J. E. (1986). Black children: Their roots, culture, and learning styles. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.
40. Heino A. vanderMolen H. H. Wilde G. J. S. (1996). Differences in risk experience between sensation avoiders and sensation seekers. Personality & Individual Differences, 20, 71–79.
41. Holmes R. (1992). Play during snacktime. Play and Culture, 5, 295–304.
42. Hughes F. P. (2010). Children, play, and development (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
43. Hull R. B. IV William P. S. Young K. Y. (1992). Experience patterns: Capturing the dynamic nature of a recreation experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 24, 240–252.
44. Hutchinson S. L. Yarnal C. M. Son J. S. Kerstetter D. L. (2008). Beyond fun and friendship: The Red Hat Society as a coping resource for older women. Ageing & Society, 28, 979–999.
45. Jenvey V. Jenvey H. (2002). Criteria used to categorize children's play: Preliminary findings. Social Behavior and Personality, 30(8), 733–740.
46. Johnson J. E. Christie J. F. Wardle F. (2005). Play, development, and early education. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
47. Kirkcaldy B. D. (1989). Gender and personality determinants of recreational interests. Studia Psychologica, 30, 115–127.
48. Klinger E. (1971). Structure and functions of fantasy. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
49. Kogan N. (1983). Stylistic variation in childhood and adolescence: Creativity, metaphor, and cognitive styles. In Mussen P. (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 631–706). New York: Wiley.
50. Kohler G. Ruch W. (1996). Sources of variance in current sense of humor inventories: How much substance, how much method variance? Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9, 363–397.
51. Krcmar M. Greene K. (1999). Predicting exposure to and uses of television violence. Journal of Communication, 49, 24–45.
52. Krcmar M. Kean L. G. (2005). Uses and gratifications of media violence: Personality correlates of viewing and liking violent genres. Media Psychology, 7, 399–420.
53. Kring A. M. Smith D. A. Neale D. M. (1994). Individual differences in dispositional expressiveness: Development and validation of the Emotional Expressivity Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 934–949.
54. Kruger A. (1995). The adult playfulness scale: A review. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 32, 36–38.
55. Larsen R. J. (1984). Theory and measurement of affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic. Dissertation Abstracts International, 5, 22997B. University Microfilms No. 84-22112.
56. Larsen R. J. Diener E. (1985). A multitrait-multimethod examination of affect structure: Hedonic level and emotional intensity. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 531–636.
57. Larsen R. J. Diener E. (1987). Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 1–37.
58. Larsen R. J. Diener E. Emmons R. A. (1986). Affect intensity and reactions to daily life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 803–814.
59. Lieberman J. N. (1965). Playfulness and divergent thinking ability: An investigation of their relationship at the kindergarten level. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 107, 219–224.
60. Lieberman J. N. (1966). Playfulness: An attempt to conceptualize the quality of play and the player. Psychological Reports, 19, 1278.
61. Lieberman J. N. (1977). Playfulness: Its relationship to imagination and creativity. New York: Academic Press.
62. Lodi-Smith J. L. Roberts B. W. (2007). Social investment and personality: A meta-analysis of the relationship of personality traits to investment in work, family, religion, and volunteerism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 68–86.
63. Lucas R. E. Diener E. (2001). Understanding extraverts' enjoyment of social situations: The importance of pleasantness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2), 343–356.
64. Lucas R. E. Fujita F. (2000). Factors influencing the relation between Extraversion and pleasant affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 1039–1056.
65. Maccoby E. (1998). The two sexes: Growing up apart, coming together. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.
66. Mannell R. C. (1984). Personality in leisure theory: The self-as-entertainment construct. Loisir et Societe/Society and Leisure, 7, 229–242.
67. Mannell R. C. (1985). Reliability and validity of a leisure-specific personality measure: The self- as-entertainment Scale. Paper presented at Leisure Research Symposium, Dallas, TX.
68. McCrae R. R. Costa P. T. Jr. del Pilar G. H. Rolland J. P. Parker W. D. (1998). Cross-cultural assessment of the Five-Factor Model: The revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 171–188.
69. McNeilly-Choque M. Hart C. Robinson C. Nelson L. Olson S. (1996). Overt and relational aggression on the playground: Correspondence among different informants. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 11, 47–67.
70. Paunonen S. V. Ashton M. C. (2001). Big Five factors and facets and the prediction of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 524–539.
71. Perneger T. V. (1998). What's wrong with the Bonferroni adjustments. British Medical Journal, 361, 1236–1238.
72. Peterson C. Seligman M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues. New York: Oxford University Press.
73. Plester B. Orams M. (2008). Send in the clowns: The role of the joker in three New Zealand IT companies. Humor, 21(3), 253–281.
74. Roberts B. W. Walton K. E. Bogg T. (2005). Conscientiousness and health across the life course. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 156–168.
75. Roberts B. W. Walton K. E. Viechtbauer W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 1–25.
76. Rodrigues S. B. Collinson D. L. (1995). ‘Having fun’? Humor as resistance in Brazil. Organization Studies, 16(5), 739–768.
77. Rogers C. S. Meeks A. M. Impara J. C. Frary R. (1987). Measuring playfulness: Development of the Child Behaviors Inventory of Playfulness. Paper presented at the Southwest Conference on Human Development, New Orleans, LA.
78. Rosenfeld E. Huesmann L. R. Eron L. D. Torney-Purta J. V. (1982). Measuring patterns of fantasy behavior in children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 347–366.
79. Rubin K. H. Fein G. G. Vandenberg B. (1983). Play. In Hetherington E. M. (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 693–774). New York: Wiley.
80. Ruch W. (1988). Sensation-seeking and the enjoyment of structure and content of humour: Stability of findings across four samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 861–871.
81. Ruch W. (1994). A state-trait approach to cheerfulness, seriousness, and bad mood: Assessing the temperamental basis of the “Sense of Humour.” Paper presented at the 5th International Society for Humor Studies Conference, Ithaca, NY.
82. Ruch W. Kohler G. vanThriel C. (1996). Assessing the humorous temperament: Construction of the state-trait-cheerfulness-inventory—STCI. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9(3), 303–339.
83. Russ S. W. (1993). Affect and creativity: The role of affect and play in the creative process. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
84. Russ S. W. (2004). Play in child development and psychotherapy: Toward empirically supported practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
85. Russ S. W. Robins D. Christiano B. (1999). Pretend play: Longitudinal prediction of creativity and affect in fantasy in children. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 129–139.
86. Ryan R. M. Deci W. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78.
87. Sawyer P. K. (1997). Pretend play as improvisation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
88. Sax L. (2005). Why gender matters. New York: Broadway Books.
89. Sherrod L. Singer J. (1979). The development of make-believe play. In Goldstein J. (Ed.), Sports, games, and play (pp. 1–28). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
90. Shmukler D. (1982–83). Early home background features in relation to imaginative and creative expression in third grade. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 2, 311–321.
91. Sigelman C. Miller T. Whitworth L. (1986). The early development of stigmatizing reactions to physical differences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, 330–336.
92. Singer D. G. Rummo J. (1973). Ideational creativity and behavioral style in kindergarten aged children. Developmental Psychology, 3, 154–161.
93. Singer D. G. Singer J. L. (1990). The house of make-believe: Children's play and the developing imagination. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
94. Singer J. L. (1973a). Theories of play and the origins of imagination. In Singer J. L. (Ed.), The child's world of make-believe: Experimental studies of imaginative play (pp. 1–26). New York: Academic Press.
95. Singer J. L. (1973b). Some theoretical implications. In Singer J. L. (Ed.), The child's world of make-believe: Experimental studies of imaginative play (pp. 183–230). New York: Academic Press.
96. Smith A. Inder P. (1993). Social interaction in same- and cross-gender pre-school peer groups: A participant observation study. Educational Psychology, 13, 29–42.
97. Staempfli M. B. (2007). Adolescent playfulness, stress perception, coping, and well being. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(3), 393–412.
98. Starbuck W. H. Webster J. (1991). When is play productive? Accounting, Management, & Information Technology, 1, 71–90.
99. Steel P. Schmidt J. Shultz J. (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 138–161.
100. Sylva K. Bruner J. Genoa P. (1976). The role of play in the problem solving of children 3 to 5 years old. In Bruner J. Jolly A. Sylva K. (Eds.), Play. New York: Basic Books.
101. Tegano D. W. (1990). Relationship of tolerance of ambiguity and playfulness to creativity. Psychological Reports, 66, 1047–1056.
102. Thorson J. A. Powell F. C. (1991). Measurement of sense of humor. Psychological Reports, 69, 691–702.
103. Thorson J. A. Powell F. C. (1993a). Sense of humor and dimensions of personality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 799–809.
104. Thorson J. A. Powell F. C. (1993b). Development and validation of a multidimensional sense of humor scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 13–23.
105. Truhon S. A. (1983). Playfulness, play, and creativity: A path analytic model. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 143, 19–28.
106. Vandenberg B. (1978, August). The role of play in the development of insightful tool-using abilities. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association. Toronto, Canada.
107. Vandenberg B. (1980). Play, problem-solving, and creativity. New Directions for Child Development, 9, 49–68.
108. Wallach M. (1970). Creativity. In Mussen P. (Ed.), Carmichael's manual of child psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 1211–1272). New York: Wiley.
109. Wardle F. (2003). Introduction to early childhood education: A multi-dimensional approach to child-centered care and learning. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
110. Watson D. Tellegen A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219–235.
111. Watson D. Clark L. A. Tellegen A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.
112. Weissinger E. Bandalos D. L. (1995). Development, reliability, and validity of a scale to measure intrinsic motivation in leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 27, 379–400.
113. Wickberg D. (1998). The senses of humor: Self and laughter in modern America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
114. Woszczynski A. B. Roth P. L. Segars A. H. (2002). Exploring the theoretical foundations of playfulness in computer interactions. Computers in Human Behavior, 18, 369–388.
115. Yarnal C. M. (2006). The Red Hat Society: Exploring the role of play, liminality, and communitas in older women's lives. Journal of Women and Aging, 18(3), 51–73.
116. Zhiyan T. Singer J. L. (2004). Daydreaming styles, emotionality and the Big Five personality dimensions. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 16(4).
117. Zuckerman M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
118. Zuckerman M. (1994). Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking. New York: Cambridge University Press.