Transesophageal Echocardiography

Practice of Clinical Echocardiography, Thrid Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 3-30

  Burwash, Ian G ^a   Chan, Kwan Leung ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85172092365     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-3640-1.50005-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (266)

1. L Frazin, JV Talano, L Stephanides, et al. (1976) Esophageal echocardiography. Circulation 54 102-108.
2. AS Pearlman, JM Gardin, RP Martin, et al. (1992) Guidelines for physician training in transesophageal echocardiography: Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Committee for physician training in echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 5 187-194.
3. K Chan and I Burwash (1998) Unusual structural abnormality in a biplane transesophageal transducer with normal imaging function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 11 310-312.
4. I Kronzon, DG Cziner, ES Katz, et al. (1992) Buckling of the tip of the transesophageal echocardiography probe: A potentially dangerous technical malfunction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 5 176-177.
5. KL Chan, GI Cohen, RA Sochowski, et al. (1991) Complications of transesophageal echocardiography in ambulatory adult patients: Analysis of 1500 consecutive examinations. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 4 577-582.
6. K Chan (1991) Impact of transesophageal echocardiography on the management of patients with aortic dissection. Chest 101 406-410.
7. JM Steckelberg, BK Khandheria, JP Anhalt, et al. (1991) Prospective evaluation of the risk of bacteremia associated with transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation 84 177-180.
8. L Melendez, K Chan, P Cheung, et al. (1991) Incidence of bacteremia in transesophageal echocardiography: A prospective study of 140 consecutive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 18 1650-1654.
9. JW Tam, IG Burwash, KJ Ascah, et al. (1997) Feasibility and complications of single-plane and biplane versus multiplane transesophageal imaging: A review of 2947 consecutive studies. Can J Cardiol 13 81-84.
10. K Yvorchuk, R Sochowski and K Chan (1995) A prospective comparison of the multiplane probe with the biplane probe in structure visualization and Doppler examination during transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiog 8 111-120.
11. WG Daniel, R Erbel, W Kasper, et al. (1991) Safety by transesophageal echocardiography: A multicenter survey of 10,419 examinations. Circulation 83 817-821.
12. G Cohen and K Chan (1991) Biplane transesophageal echocardiography: Clinical applications of the long-axis plane. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 4 155-163.
13. JB Seward, BK Khandheria, WK Freeman, et al. (1993) Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography: Image orientation, examination technique, anatomic correlations, and clinical applications. Mayo Clin Proc 68 523-551.
14. GR Marx, DR Fulton, NG Pandian, et al. (1995) Delineation of site, relative size and dynamic geometry of atrial septal defects by real-time three dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 25 482-490.
15. FA Flachskampf, S Chandra, A Gaddipatti, et al. (2000) Analysis of shape and motion of the mitral annulus in subjects with and without cardiomyopathy by echocardiographic 3-dimensional reconstruction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13 277-287.
16. JB Seward, BK Khandheria, JK Oh, et al. (1988) Transesophageal echocardiography: technique, anatomic correlations, implementation, and clinical applications. Mayo Clin Proc 63 649-680.
17. R Anderson, J Dussek, S Evans, et al. (1995) Cardiovascular. PL Williams (Ed.) Gray's Anatomy 38th ed New York: Churchill Livingstonek 1482-1483.
18. JP Veinot, PJ Harrity, F Gentile, et al. (1997) Anatomy of the normal left atrial appendage: A quantitative study of age-related changes in 500 autopsy hearts-implications for echocardiographic examination. Circulation 96 3112-3115.
19. I Kronzon, PA Tunick, RS Freedberg, et al. (1991) Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography in the diagnosis of sinus venosus atrial septal defect. J Am Coll Cardiol 17 537-542.
20. RD Pascoe, JK Oh, CA Warnes, et al. (1996) Diagnosis of sinus venosus atrial septal defect with transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation 94 1049-1055.
21. S Fagan, JP Veinot and KL Chan (2001) Residual sinus venosus atrial septal defect following surgical closure of atrial septal defect. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 14(7), 738-741.
22. N Wittlich, R Erbel, A Eichler, et al. (1992) Detection of central pulmonary artery thromboemboli by transesophageal echocardiography in patients with severe pulmonary embolism. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 5 515-524.
23. P Pruszczyk, A Torbicki, R Pacho, et al. (1997) Noninvasive diagnosis of suspected severe pulmonary embolism: Transesophageal echocardiography vs spiral CT. Chest 112 722-728.
24. JS Shanewise, AT Cheung, S Aronson, et al. (1999) ASE/SCA guidelines for performing a comprehensive intraoperative multiplane transesophageal echocardiography examination: Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Council for Intra-operative Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force for Certification in Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 12 884-900.
25. M Enriquez-Sarano, WK Freeman, CM Tribouilloy, et al. (1999) Functional anatomy of mitral regurgitation: Accuracy and outcome implications of transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 34 1129-1136.
26. EP Pieper, IM Hellemans, HP Hamer, et al. (1995) Additional value of biplane transesophageal echocardiography in assessing the genesis of mitral regurgitation and the feasibility of valve repair. Am J Cardiol 75 489-493.
27. FC Blumberg, M Pfeifer, SR Holmer, et al. (1997) Transgastric Doppler echocardiographic assessment of the severity of aortic stenosis using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 79 1273-1275.
28. P Catoire, L Beydon, L Delaunay, et al. (1993) Persistent left superior vena cava diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 7 375-379.
29. JB Seward, BK Khandheria, WD Edwards, et al. (1990) Biplanar transesophageal echocardiography: Anatomic correlations, image orientation, and clinical applications. Mayo Clin Proc 65 1193-1213.
30. RA Nishimura and AJ Tajik (1997) Evaluation of diastolic filling of left ventricle in health and disease: Doppler echocardiography is the clinician's Rosetta stone. J Am Coll Cardiol 30 8-18.
31. L Groban and SY Dolinski (2005) Transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic function. Chest 128 3652-3663.
32. T Hozumi, M Shakudo, R Applegate, et al. (1993) Accuracy of cardiac output estimation with biplane transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 6 62-68.
33. M Pu, BP Griffin, PM Vandervoort, et al. (1995) Intraoperative validation of mitral inflow determination by transesophageal echocardiography: Comparison of single-plane, biplane and thermodilution techniques. J Am Coll Cardiol 26 1047-1053.
34. MS Feinberg, WE Hopkins, VG Davila-Roman, et al. (1995) Multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic Doppler imaging accurately determines cardiac output measurement in critically ill patients. Chest 107 673-679.
35. WE Katz, TA Gasior, JJ Quinlan, et al. (1993) Transgastric continuous-wave Doppler to determine cardiac output. Am J Cardiol 71 853-857.
36. J Gorscan III, P Diana, BA Ball, et al. (1992) Intraoperative determination of cardiac output by transesophageal continuous wave Doppler. Am Heart J 123 171-176.
37. IA Muhiudeen, HF Kuecherer, E Lee, et al. (1991) Intraoperative estimation of cardiac output by transesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Anesthesiology 74 9-14.
38. Y Agmon, BK Khandheria, F Gentile, et al. (1999) Echocardiographic assessment of the left atrial appendage. J Am Coll Cardiol 34 1867-1877.
39. E Donal, H Yamada, C Leclercq, et al. (2005) The left atrial appendage, a small, blind-ended structure: a review of its echocardiographic evaluation and its clinical role. Chest 128 1853-1862.
40. T Tabata, T Oki, N Fukuda, et al. (1996) Influence of aging on left atrial appendage flow velocity patterns in normal subjects. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 9 274-280.
41. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators Committee on Echocardiography (1998) Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of thromboembolism in high-risk patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 128 639-647.
42. ME Goldman, LA Pearce, RG Hart, et al. (1999) Pathophysiologic correlates of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: I. Reduced flow velocity in the left atrial appendage (The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation [SPAFF-III] study). J Am Soc Echocardiogr 12 1080-1087.
43. M Kamalesh, TB Copeland and S Sawada (1998) Severely reduced left atrial appendage function: A cause of embolic stroke in patients in sinus rhythm. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 11 902-904.
44. A Palinkas, E Antonielli, E Picano, et al. (2001) Clinical value of left atrial appendage flow velocity for predicting of cardioversion success in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 22 2201-2208.
45. E Antonielli, A Pizzuti, A Palinkas, et al. (2002) Clinical value of left atrial appendage flow for prediction of long-term sinus rhythm maintenance in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 39 1443-1449.
46. T Tabata, JD Thomas and AL Klein (2003) Pulmonary venous flow by doppler echocardiography: revisited 12 years later. J Am Coll Cardiol 41 1243-1250.
47. JL Jensen, FE Williams, BJ Beilby, et al. (1997) Feasibility of obtaining pulmonary venous flow velocity in cardiac patients using transthoracic pulsed wave Doppler technique. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 10 60-66.
48. AL Klein, DJ Burstow, AJ Tajik, et al. (1994) Effects of age on left ventricular dimensions and filling dynamics in 117 normal persons. Mayo Clin Proc 69 212-224.
49. M Yamagishi, T Yasu, K Ohara, et al. (1991) Detection of coronary blood flow associated with left main coronary artery stenosis by transesophageal Doppler color flow echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 17 87-93.
50. M Kozakova, C Palombo, L Pratali, et al. (1997) Assessment of coronary reserve by transoesophageal Doppler echocardiography: Direct comparison between different modalities of dipyridamole and adenosine administration. Eur Heart J 18 514-523.
51. K Isaaz, A da Costa, JP de Pasquale, et al. (1998) Use of the continuity equation for transesophageal Doppler assessment of severity of proximal left coronary artery stenosis: A quantitative coronary angiography validation study. J Am Coll Cardiol 32 42-48.
52. RF Redberg, Y Sobol, TM Chou, et al. (1995) Adenosine-induced coronary vasodilation during transesophageal Doppler echocardiography: Rapid and safe measurement of coronary flow reserve ratio can predict significant left anterior descending coronary stenosis. Circulation 92 190-196.
53. FA Chaudhry, JF Ren, K Ramani, et al. (2001) Validation of transesophageal echocardiography to determine physiologic coronary flow. Echocardiography 18 553-557.
54. HJ Youn and E Foster (2000) Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the evaluation of the coronary arteries. Cardiol Clin 18 833-848.
55. LA Simmons, F Weidemann, GR Sutherland, et al. (2002) Doppler tissue velocity, strain, and strain rate imaging with transesophageal echocardiography in the operating room: a feasibility study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 15 768-776.
56. H Skulstad, K Andersen, T Edvardsen, et al. (2004) Detection of ischemia and new insight into left ventricular physiology by strain Doppler and tissue velocity imaging: assessment during coronary bypass operation of the beating heart. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 17 1225-1233.
57. JS David, CP Tousignant and R Bowry (2006) Tricuspid annular velocity in patients undergoing cardiac operation using transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 19 329-334.
58. E Agricola, M Oppizzi, M De Bonis, et al. (2003) Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography performed according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography in patients with mitral valve prolapse, flail, and endocarditis: diagnostic accuracy in the identification of mitral regurgitant defects by correlation with surgical findings. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 16 61-66.
59. GP Foster, EM Iselbacher, GA Rose, et al. (1998) Accurate localization of mitral regurgitation defects using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography. Ann Thorac Surg 65 1025-1031.
60. KS Grewal, MJ Malkowski, CM Kramer, et al. (1998) Multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic identification of the involved scallop in patients with flail mitral valve leaflet: Intraoperative correlation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 11 966-971.
61. AS Omran, A Woo, TE David, et al. (2002) Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography accurately predicts mitral valve anatomy and suitability for repair. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 15 950-957.
62. MH Moursi, SK Bhatnagar, I Vilacosta, et al. (1996) Transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of papillary muscle rupture. Circulation 94 1003-1009.
63. WA Zoghbi, M Enriquez-Sarano, E Foster, et al. (2003) Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 16 777-802.
64. MD Smith, MR Harrison, R Pinton, et al. (1991) Regurgitant jet size by transesophageal compared with transthoracic Doppler color flow imaging. Circulation 83 79-86.
65. AL Klein, TP Obarski, WJ Stewart, et al. (1991) Transesophageal Doppler echocardiography of pulmonary venous flow: A new marker of mitral regurgitation severity. J Am Coll Cardiol 18 518-526.
66. MS Hynes, JL Tam, IG Burwash, et al. (1999) Predictive value of pulmonary venous flow patterns in detecting mitral regurgitation and left ventricular abnormalities. Can J Cardiol 15 665-670.
67. AL Klein, AS Bailey, GI Cohen, et al. (1993) Importance of sampling both pulmonary veins in grading mitral regurgitation by transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 6 115-123.
68. JM Roach, KC Stajduhar and KG Torrington (1993) Right upper lobe pulmonary edema caused by acute mitral regurgitation. Diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiography. Chest 103 1286-1288.
69. PA Grayburn, W Fehske, H Omran, et al. (1994) Multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of mitral regurgitation by Doppler color flow mapping of the vena contracta. Am J Cardiol 74 912-917.
70. M Pu, PM Vandervoort, BP Griffin, et al. (1995) Quantification of mitral regurgitation by the proximal convergence method using transesophageal echocardiography: Clinical validation of a geometric correction for proximal flow constraint. Circulation 92 2169-2177.
71. M Enriquez-Sarano, JF Avierinos, D Messika-Zeitoun, et al. (2005) Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med 352 875-883.
72. C Tribouilloy, WF Shen, JP Quere, et al. (1992) Assessment of severity of mitral regurgitation by measuring regurgitant jet width at its origin with transesophageal Doppler color flow imaging. Circulation 85 1248-1253.
73. TH Marwick, J Torelli, T Obarski, et al. (1991) Assessment of the mitral valve splitability score by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 68 1106-1107.
74. MF Stoddard, CR Prince, WL Tuman, et al. (1994) Angle of incidence does not affect accuracy of mitral stenosis area calculation by pressure half-time: Application to Doppler transesophageal echocardiography. Am Heart J 127 1562-1572.
75. M Degertekin, Y Basaran, M Gencbay, et al. (1998) Validation of flow convergence region method in assessing mitral valve area in the course of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic studies. Am Heart J 135 207-214.
76. WJ Manning, GJ Reis and PS Douglas (1992) Use of transoesophageal echocardiography to detect left atrial thrombi before percutaneous balloon dilatation of the mitral valve: a prospective study. Br Heart J 67 170-173.
77. B Cormier, A Vahanian, PL Michel, et al. (1991) Transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy. Eur Heart J 12(suppl B), 61-65.
78. TN Levin, T Feldman, J Bednarz, et al. (1994) Transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of mitral valve morphology to predict outcome after balloon mitral valvotomy. Am J Cardiol 73 707-710.
79. SH Park, MA Kim and MS Hyon (2000) The advantages of on-line transesophageal echocardiography guide during percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13 26-34.
80. MR Essop, D Skudicky and P Sareli (1992) Diagnostic value of transesophageal versus transthoracic echocardiography in discrete subaortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 70 962-963.
81. KS Kim, W Maxted, NC Nanda, et al. (1997) Comparison of multiplane and biplane transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 79 436-441.
82. R Hoffmann, FA Flachskampf and P Hanrath (1993) Planimetry of orifice area in aortic stenosis using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 22 529-534.
83. B Cormier, B Iung, JM Porte, et al. (1996) Value of multiplane transesophageal echocardiography in determining aortic valve area in aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 77 882-885.
84. CB Meyerowitz, LE Jacobs, MN Kotler, et al. (1993) Assessment of aortic regurgitation by transesophageal echocardiography: Correlation with angiographic determination. Echocardiography 10 269-278.
85. DL Willett, SA Hall, ME Jessen, et al. (2001) Assessment of aortic regurgitation by transesophageal color Doppler imaging of the vena contracta: validation against an intraoperative aortic flow probe. J Am Coll Cardiol 37 1450-1455.
86. Y Sato, K Kawazoe, M Nasu, et al. (1999) Clinical usefulness of the proximal isovelocity surface area method using echocardiography in patients with eccentric aortic regurgitation. J Heart Valve Dis 8 104-111.
87. Y Sato, K Kawazoe, J Kamata, et al. (1997) Clinical usefulness of the effective regurgitant orifice area determined by transesophageal echocardiography in patients with eccentric aortic regurgitation. J Heart Valve Dis 6 580-586.
88. DC Sutton, R Kluger, SU Ahmed, et al. (1994) Flow reversal in the descending aorta: A guide to intraoperative assessment of aortic regurgitation with transesophageal echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 108 576-582.
89. WG Daniel, A Mugge, J Grote, et al. (1993) Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography for detection of abnormalities of prosthetic and bioprosthetic valves in the mitral and aortic positions. Am J Cardiol 71 210-215.
90. ME Alton, TJ Pasierski, DA Orsinelli, et al. (1992) Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in evaluation of 47 Starr-Edwards prosthetic valves. J Am Coll Cardiol 20 1503-1511.
91. LB Daniel, LE Grigg, RD Weisel, et al. (1990) Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal assessment of prosthetic valve dysfunction. Echocardiography 7 83-95.
92. BK Khandheria, JB Seward, JK Oh, et al. (1991) Value and limitations of transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of mitral valve prosthesis. Circulation 83 1956-1968.
93. FA Chaudhry, C Herrera, PF DeFrino, et al. (1991) Pathologic and angiographic correlations of transesophageal echocardiography in the prosthetic heart valve dysfunction. Am Heart J 122 1057-1064.
94. DG Karalis, K Chandrasekaran, JJ Ross Jr, et al. (1992) Single-plane transesophageal echocardiography for assessing function of mechanical or bioprosthetic valves in the aortic valve position. Am J Cardiol 69 1310-1315.
95. P Gueret, P Vignon, P Fournier, et al. (1995) Transesophageal echocardiography for the diagnosis and management of nonobstructive thrombosis of mechanical mitral prosthesis. Circulation 91 103-110.
96. DA Orsinelli and AC Pearson (1995) Detection of prosthetic valve strands by transesophageal echocardiography: Clinical significance in patients with suspected cardiac source of embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 26 1713-1718.
97. M Muratori, P Montorsi, G Teruzzi, et al. (2006) Feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of quantitative assessment of mechanical prostheses leaflet motion by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in suspected prosthetic valve dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 97 94-100.
98. J Barbetseas, SF Nagueh, C Pitsavos, et al. (1998) Differentiating thrombus from pannus formation in obstructed mechanical prosthetic valves: An evaluation of clinical, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic parameters. J Am Coll Cardiol 32 1410-1417.
99. SE Girard, FA Miller, TA Orszulak, et al. (2001) Reoperation for prosthetic aortic valve obstruction in the era of echocardiography: trends in diagnostic testing and comparison with surgical findings. J Am Coll Cardiol 37 579-584.
100. P Montorsi, F De Bernardi, M Muratori, et al. (2000) Role of cine-fluoroscopy, transthoracic, and transesophageal echocardiography in patients with suspected prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. Am J Cardiol 85 58-64.
101. M Ozkan, C Kaymaz, C Kirma, et al. (2000) Intravenous thrombolytic treatment of mechanical prosthetic valve thrombosis: A study using serial transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 35 1881-1889.
102. M Lengyl (2004) Management of prosthetic valve thrombosis. J Heart Valve Dis 13 329-334.
103. AT Tong, R Roudaut, M Ozkan, et al. (2004) Transesophageal echocardiography improves risk assessment of thrombolysis of prosthetic valve thrombosis: results of the international PRO-TEE registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 77-84.
104. A Tenenbaum, EZ Fisman, Z Vered, et al. (1995) Failure of transesophageal echocardiography to visualize a large mitral prosthesis vegetation detected solely by transthoracic echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 8 944-946.
105. FA Flachskampf, JP O'Shea, BP Griffin, et al. (1991) Patterns of transvalvular regurgitation in normal mechanical prosthetic valves. J Am Coll Cardiol 18 1493-1498.
106. V Fernandes, L Olmos, SF Nagueh, et al. (2002) Peak early diastolic velocity rather than pressure half-time is the best index of mechanical prosthetic mitral valve function. Am J Cardiol 89 704-710.
107. FA Flachskampf, R Hoffmann, A Franke, et al. (1995) Does multiplane transesophageal echocardiography improve the assessment of prosthetic valve regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 8 70-78.
108. SA Reisner and RS Meltzer (1998) Normal values of prosthetic valve Doppler echocardiographic parameters: A review. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 11 201-210.
109. J Gorscan III, WM Kenny, P Diana, et al. (1991) Transesophageal continuous-wave Doppler to evaluate mitral prosthetic stenosis. Am Heart J 121 911-914.
110. H Baumgartner, S Khan, M DeRobertis, et al. (1992) Effect of prosthetic aortic design on the Doppler-catheter gradient correlation: An in vitro study of normal St. Jude, Medtronic-Hall, Starr-Edwards, and Hancock valves. J Am Coll Cardiol 19 324-332.
111. DT Durack, AS Lukes and DK Bright (1994) New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: Utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Am J Med 96 200-209.
112. GD Birmingham, PS Rahko and F Ballantyne (1992) Improved detection of infective endocarditis with transesophageal echocardiography. Am Heart J 123 774-781.
113. R Erbel, S Rohmann, M Drexler, et al. (1988) Improved diagnostic value of echocardiography in patients with infective endocarditis by transesophageal approach: A prospective study. Eur Heart J 9 43-53.
114. MA Taams, EJ Gussenhoven, E Bos, et al. (1990) Enhanced morphologic diagnosis in infective endocarditis by transoesphageal echocardiography. Br Heart J 63 109-113.
115. BK Shively, FT Gurule, CA Roldan, et al. (1991) Diagnostic value of transesophageal compared with transthoracic echocardiography in infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 18 391-397.
116. A Mügge, WG Daniel, G Frank, et al. (1989) Echocardiography in infective endocarditis: Reassessment of prognostic implications of vegetation size determined by the transthoracic and the transesophageal approach. J Am Coll Cardiol 14 631-638.
117. SM Shapiro, E Young, S De Guzman, et al. (1994) Transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Chest 105 377-382.
118. FB Ramadan, DS Beanlands and IG Burwash (2000) Isolated pulmonic valve endocarditis in healthy hearts: a case report and review of the literature. Can J Cardiol 16 1282-1288.
119. JA San Roman, I Vilacosta, JL Zamorano, et al. (1993) Transesophageal echocardiography in right-sided endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 21 1226-1230.
120. M Zabalgoitia, CJ Herrera, FA Chaudhry, et al. (1993) Improvement in the diagnosis of bioprosthetic valve dysfunction by transesophageal echocardiography. J Heart Valve Dis 2 595-603.
121. RW Lowry, WA Zoghbi, WB Baker, et al. (1994) Clinical impact of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiol 73 1089-1091.
122. JR Lindner, RA Case, JM Dent, et al. (1996) Diagnostic value of echocardiography in suspected endocarditis: An evaluation based on the pretest probability of disease. Circulation 93 730-736.
123. RA Sochowski and K-L Chan (1994) Implication of negative results on a monoplane transesophageal echocardiographic study in patients with suspected infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 21 216-221.
124. WG Daniel, A Mugge, RP Martin, et al. (1991) Improvement in the diagnosis of abscesses associated with endocarditis by transesophageal echocardiography. N Engl J Med 324 795-800.
125. WM Massey, TE Samdarshi, NC Nanda, et al. (1992) Serial documentation of changes in a mitral valve vegetation progressing to abscess rupture and fistula formation by transesophageal echocardiography. Am Heart J 124 241-248.
126. SD Castro, D Cartoni, G d'Amati, et al. (2000) Diagnostic accuracy of transthoracic and multiplane transesophageal echocardiography for valvular perforation in acute infective endocarditis: Correlation with anatomic findings. Clin Infect Dis 30 825-826.
127. I Vilacosta, JA San Roman, C Sarria, et al. (1999) Clinical, anatomic, and echocardiographic characteristics of aneurysms of the mitral valve. Am J Cardiol 84 110-113.
128. J Tingleff, H Egeblad, CO Gotzsche, et al. (1995) Perivalvular cavities in endocarditis: Abscesses versus pseudoaneurysms? A transesophageal Doppler echocardiographic study in 118 patients with endocarditis. Am Heart J 130 93-100.
129. C Piper, R Hetzer, R Korfer, et al. (2002) The importance of secondary mitral valve involvement in primary aortic valve endocarditis. The mitral kissing vegetation. Eur Heart J 23 79-86.
130. G Di Salvo, G Habib, V Pergola, et al. (2001) Echocardiography predicts embolic events in infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 37 1069-1076.
131. F Thuny, G Di Salvo, O Belliard, et al. (2005) Risk of embolism and death in infective endocarditis: prognostic value of echocardiography: a prospective multicenter study. Circulation 112 69-75.
132. S Rohmann, R Erhel, H Darius, et al. (1997) Effect of antibiotic treatment on vegetation size and complication rate in infective endocarditis. Clin Cardiol 20 132-140.
133. Cerebral Embolism Task Force (1989) Cardiogenic brain embolism: The second report of the Cerebral Embolism Task Force. Arch Neurol 46 727-743.
134. MK Kapral, FL Silver and with the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (1999) Preventive health care, 1999 update: 2. Echocardiography for the detection of a cardiac source of embolus in patients with stroke. CMAJ 161 989-996.
135. H Ay, KL Furie, A Singhal, et al. (2005) An evidence-based causative classification system for acute ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 58 688-697.
136. JR Overell, I Bone and KR Lees (2000) Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology 55 1172-1179.
137. JJ Hwang, JJ Chen, SC Lin, et al. (1993) Diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography for detecting left atrial thrombi in patients with rheumatic heart disease having undergone mitral valve operations. Am J Cardiol 72 677-681.
138. WJ Manning, RM Weintraub, CA Wakomonski, et al. (1995) Accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography for identifying left atrial thrombi. A prospective intraoperative study. Ann Intern Med 123 817-822.
139. JR Stratton, GW Lighty Jr, AS Pearlman, et al. (1982) Detection of left ventricular thrombus by two-dimensional echocardiography: Sensitivity, specificity, and causes of uncertainty. Circulation 66 156-166.
140. A Mugge, WG Daniel, A Haverich, et al. (1991) Diagnosis of noninfective cardiac mass lesions by two-dimensional echocardiography: Comparison of the transthoracic and transesophageal approaches. Circulation 83 70-78.
141. C Chen, D Koschyk, C Hamm, et al. (1993) Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in identifying small left ventricular apical thrombus. J Am Coll Cardiol 21 208-215.
142. IW Black, AP Hopkins, LCL Lee, et al. (1991) Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast: A clinical transesophageal echocardiographic analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 18 398-404.
143. D Rittoo and L Cotter (1997) Detection of a small left atrial myxoma: Value and limitations of four imaging modalities. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 10 874-876.
144. A Mügge, WG Daniel, A Haverich, et al. (1991) Diagnoses of noninfective cardiac mass lesions by two-dimensional echocardiography: Comparison of the transthoracic and transesophageal approaches. Circulation 83 70-78.
145. P Siostrzonek, M Zangeneh, H Gössinger, et al. (1991) Comparison of transesophageal and transthoracic contrast echocardiography for detection of a patent foramen ovale. Am J Cardiol 68 1247-1249.
146. AC Pearson, D Nagelhout, R Castello, et al. (1991) Atrial septal aneurysm and stroke: A transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 18 1223-1229.
147. D Hausmann, A Mügge and WG Daniel (1995) Identification of patent foramen ovale permitting paradoxical embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 26 1030-1038.
148. HW Schuchlenz, W Weihs, A Beitzke, et al. (2002) Transesophageal echocardiography for quantifying size of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic cerebrovascular events. Stroke 33 293-296.
149. HW Schuchlenz, W Weihs, S Horner, et al. (2000) The association between the diameter of a patent foramen ovale and the risk of embolic cerebrovascular events. Am J Med 109 456-462.
150. PA Tunick and I Kronzon (2000) Atheromas of the thoracic aorta: Clinical and therapeutic update. J Am Coll Cardiol 35 545-554.
151. HJ Willens and KM Kessler (2000) Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of diseases of the thoracic aorta: Part II-atherosclerotic and traumatic diseases of the aorta. Chest 117 233-243.
152. Y Guo, X Jiang, S Zhang, et al. (2002) Application of transesophageal echocardiography to aortic embolic stroke. Chin Med J (Engl) 115 525-528.
153. MR Di Tullio, RL Sacco, MT Savoia, et al. (2000) Aortic atheroma morphology and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population. Am Heart J 139 329-336.
154. DH Montgomery, JJ Ververis, G McGorisk, et al. (1996) Natural history of severe atheromatous disease of the thoracic aorta: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 27 95-101.
155. MF Warner and KI Momah (1996) Routine transesophageal echocardiography for cerebral ischemia: Is it really necessary. Arch Intern Med 156 1719-1723.
156. RL McNamara, JA Lima, PK Whelton, et al. (1997) Echocardiographic identification of cardiovascular sources of emboli to guide clinical management of stroke: A cost-effective analysis. Ann Intern Med 127 775-787.
157. AC Pearson, AJ Labovitz, S Tatineni, et al. (1991) Superiority of transesophageal echocardiography in detecting cardiac source of embolism in patients with cerebral ischemia of uncertain etiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 17 66-72.
158. AJ Labovitz (1999) for the STEPS Investigators Transesophageal echocardiography and unexplained cerebral ischemia: A multicenter follow-up study. Am Heart J 137 1082-1087.
159. G Rauh, M Fischereder and FA Spengel (1996) Transesophageal echocardiography in patients with focal cerebral ischemia of unknown cause. Stroke 27 691-694.
160. RH Mehta, F Helmcke, NC Nanda, et al. (1990) Transesophageal Doppler color flow mapping assessment of atrial septal defect. J Am Coll Cardiol 16 1010-1016.
161. A Mugge, WG Daniel, C Angermann, et al. (1995) Atrial septal aneurysm in adult patients: A multicenter study using transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation 91 2785-2792.
162. JW Ha, MS Shin, S Kang, et al. (2001) Enhanced detection of right-to-left shunt through patent foramen ovale by transthoracic contrast echocardiography using harmonic imaging. Am J Cardiol 87 669-671.
163. D Madala, JG Zaroff, L Hourigan, et al. (2004) Harmonic imaging improves sensitivity at the expense of specificity in the detection of patent foramen ovale. Echocardiography 21 33-36.
164. D Rittoo, GR Sutherland and TR Shaw (1993) Quantification of left-to-right shunting and defect size after balloon mitral commissurotomy using biplane transesophageal echocardiography, color flow Doppler mapping, and the principle of proximal flow convergence. Circulation 87 1591-1603.
165. P Ewert, F Berger, I Daehnert, et al. (2000) Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects without fluoroscopy: Feasibility of a new method. Circulation 101 847-849.
166. ML Rigby (2001) Transoesophageal echocardiography during interventional cardiac catheterisation in congenital heart disease. Heart 86(Suppl 2), II23-II29.
167. BJ Chow, CB Johnson, M Turek, et al. (2003) Impending paradoxical embolus: a case report and review of the literature. Can J Cardiol 19 1426-1432.
168. R Engberding, WG Daniel, R Erbel, et al. (1993) Diagnosis of heart tumours by transoesophageal echocardiography: A multicentre study in 154 patients. Eur Heart J 14 1223-1228.
169. JP Sun, CR Asher, XS Yang, et al. (2001) Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of papillary fibroelastomas. A retrospective and prospective study in 162 patients. Circulation 103 2687-2693.
170. TA Beaver, JF Robb, EJ Teufel, et al. (2000) Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in an older woman: Facilitated diagnosis with transesophageal echocardiography-guided biopsy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13 622-625.
171. JE Cigarrao, EM Isselbacher, RW DeSanctis, et al. (1993) Diagnostic imaging in the evaluation of suspected aortic dissection: Old standards and new directions. N Engl J Med 328 35-43.
172. CA Nienaber and KA Eagle (2003) Aortic dissection: new frontiers in diagnosis and management: Part I: from etiology to diagnostic strategies. Circulation 108 628-635.
173. A Evangelista, H Garcia-del-Castillo, T Gonzalez-Alujas, et al. (1996) Diagnosis of ascending aortic dissection by transesophageal echocardiography: utility of M-mode in recognizing artifacts. J Am Coll Cardiol 27 102-107.
174. P Vignon, KT Spencer, G Rambaud, et al. (2001) Differential transesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis between linear artifacts and intraluminal flap of aortic dissection or disruption. Chest 119 1778-1790.
175. CA Nienaber, Y von Kodolitsch, V Nicolas, et al. (1993) The diagnosis of thoracic aortic dissection by noninvasive imaging procedures. N Engl J Med 328 1-9.
176. RC Bansal, K Chandrasekaran, K Ayala, et al. (1995) Frequency and explanation of false negative diagnosis of aortic dissection by aortography and transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 25 1393-1401.
177. HJ Willens and KM Kessler (2000) Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of diseases of the thoracic aorta: Part I-aortic dissection, aortic intramural hematoma, and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the aorta. Chest 116 1772-1779.
178. A Keren, CB Kim, BS Hu, et al. (1996) Accuracy of biplane and multiplane transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosis of typical acute aortic dissection and intramural hematoma. J Am Coll Cardiol 28 627-636.
179. T Sommer, W Fehske, N Holzkuecht, et al. (1996) Aortic dissection: A comparative study of diagnosis with spiral CT, multiplanar transesophageal echocardiography and MR imaging. Radiology 199 347-352.
180. HD Movsowitz, RA Levine, AD Hilgenberg, et al. (2000) Transesophageal echocardiographic description of the mechanisms of aortic regurgitation in acute type A aortic dissection: Implications for aortic valve repair. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 884-890.
181. G Rocchi, C Lofiego, E Biagini, et al. (2004) Transesophageal echocardiography-guided algorithm for stent-graft implantation in aortic dissection. J Vasc Surg 40 880-885.
182. ND Masani, AP Banning, RA Jones, et al. (1996) Follow-up of chronic thoracic aortic dissection: Comparison of transesophageal echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Am Heart J 131 1156-1163.
183. I Vilacosta, JA San Roman, P Aragoncillo, et al. (1998) Penetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcer: Documentation by transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 32 83-89.
184. A Evangelista, D Mukherjee, RH Mehta, et al. (2005) Acute intramural hematoma of the aorta: a mystery in evolution. Circulation 111 1063-1070.
185. R Maraj, P Rerkpattanapipat, LE Jacobs, et al. (2000) Meta-analysis of 143 reported cases of aortic intramural hematoma. Am J Cardiol 86 664-668.
186. DH Kang, JK Song, MG Song, et al. (1998) Clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of aortic intramural hemorrhage compared with acute aortic dissection. Am J Cardiol 81 202-206.
187. I Vilacosta, JA San Roman, J Ferreiros, et al. (1997) Natural history and serial morphology of aortic intramural hematoma: A novel variant of aortic dissection. Am Heart J 134 495-507.
188. JM Song, DH Kang, JK Song, et al. (2002) Clinical significance of echo-free space detected by transesophageal echocardiography in patients with type B aortic intramural hematoma. Am J Cardiol 89 548-551.
189. JK Song, HS Kim, JM Song, et al. (2002) Outcomes of medically treated patients with aortic intramural hematoma. Am J Med 113 181-187.
190. S Kaji, T Akasaka, M Katayama, et al. (2003) Long-term prognosis of patients with type B aortic intramural hematoma. Circulation 108(Suppl 1), II307-II311.
191. F Ganaha, DC Miller, K Sugimoto, et al. (2002) Prognosis of aortic intramural hematoma with and without penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer: a clinical and radiological analysis. Circulation 106 342-348.
192. JP Goarin, P Cluzel, M Gosgnach, et al. (2000) Evaluation of transesophageal echocardiography for diagnosis of traumatic aortic injury. Anesthesiology 93 1373-1377.
193. MD Smith, JM Cassidy, S Souther, et al. (1995) Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the aorta. N Engl J Med 332 356-362.
194. K Ahrar, DC Smith, RC Bansal, et al. (1997) Angiography in blunt thoracic aortic injury. J Trauma 42 665-669.
195. P Vignon, JF Martaille, B Francois, et al. (2005) Transesophageal echocardiography and therapeutic management of patients sustaining blunt aortic injuries. J Trauma 58 1150-1158.
196. M Zabalgoitia, JL Halperin, LA Pearce, et al. (1998) Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of clinical risk of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 31 1622-1626.
197. Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of thromboembolism in high-risk patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (1998) The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators Committee on Echocardiography. Ann Intern Med 128 639-647.
198. AL Klein, RA Grimm, RD Murray, et al. (2001) Use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 344 1411-1420.
199. E Moreyra, RS Finkelhor, RD Cebul, et al. (1995) Limitations of transesophageal echocardiography in the risk assessment of patients before nonanticoagulated cardioversion from atrial fibrillation and flutter: an analysis of pooled trials. Am Heart J 129 71-75.
200. AL Klein, RD Murray, ER Becker, et al. (2004) Economic analysis of a transesophageal echocardiography-guided approach to cardioversion of patients with atrial fibrillation: The ACUTE economic data at eight weeks. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 1217-1224.
201. SB Ritter (1991) Transesophageal real-time echocardiography in infants and children with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 18 569-580.
202. R Weintraub, T Shiota, T Elkadi, et al. (1992) Transesophageal echocardiography in infants and children with congenital heart disease. Circulation 86 711-722.
203. GR Randolph, DJ Hagler, HM Connolly, et al. (2002) Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during surgery for congenital heart defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124 1176-1182.
204. NA Ayres, W Miller-Hance, DA Fyfe, et al. (2005) Indications and guidelines for performance of transesophageal echocardiography in the patient with pediatric acquired or congenital heart disease: report from the task force of the Pediatric Council of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18 91-98.
205. ND Masani (2001) Transoesophageal echocardiography in adult congenital heart disease. Heart 86(Suppl 2), II30-II40.
206. WC Miller-Hance and NH Silverman (2000) Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in congenital heart disease with focus on the adult. Cardiol Clin 18 861-892.
207. YC Fu, J Bass, Z Amin, et al. (2006) Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects using the new Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder: results of the U.S. phase I trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 47 319-325.
208. MI Figueroa, D Balaguru, C McClure, et al. (2002) Experience with use of multiplane transesophageal echocardiography to guide closure of atrial septal defects using the amplatzer device. Pediatr Cardiol 23 430-436.
209. N Sreeram, OF Stumper, R Kaulitz, et al. (1990) Comparative value of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of congenital abnormalities of the atrioventricular junction. J Am Coll Cardiol 16 1205-1214.
210. R Kaulitz, OFW Stümper, R Geuskens, et al. (1990) Comparative values of the precordial and transesophageal approaches in the echocardiographic evaluation of atrial baffle function after an atrial correction procedure. J Am Coll Cardiol 16 686-694.
211. O Stümper, GR Sutherland, R Geuskens, et al. (1991) Transesophageal echocardiography in evaluation and management after a Fontan procedure. J Am Coll Cardiol 17 1152-1160.
212. J Engvall, L Sjoqvist, E Nylander, et al. (1995) Biplane transoesophageal echocardiography, transthoracic Doppler, and magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of coarctation of the aorta. Eur Heart J 10 1399-1409.
213. A Andrade, J Vargas-Barron, M Rijlaarsdam, et al. (1995) Utility of transesophageal echocardiography in the examination of adult patients with patent ductus arteriosus. Am Heart J 130 543-546.
214. RW Biederman, VL Sorrell, NC Nanda, et al. (2001) Transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of coronary stenosis: a decade of experience. Echocardiography 18 49-57.
215. JC Tardif, MA Vannon, K Taylor, et al. (1994) Delineation of extended lengths of coronary arteries by multiplane transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 24 909-919.
216. SL Reichert, CA Visser, JJ Koolen, et al. (1990) Transesophageal examination of the left coronary artery with a 7.5 MHz annular array two-dimensional color flow Doppler transducer. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 3 118-124.
217. TE Samdarshi, NC Nanda, RP Gatewood Jr, et al. (1992) Usefulness and limitations of transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of proximal coronary artery stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 19 572-580.
218. K Yoshida, J Yoshikawa, T Hozumi, et al. (1990) Detection of left main coronary artery stenosis by transesophageal color Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 81 1271-1276.
219. S Gadallah, KB Thaker, D Kawanishi, et al. (1998) Comparison of intracoronary Doppler guide wire and transesophageal echocardiography in measurement of flow velocity and coronary flow reserve in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Am Heart J 135 38-42.
220. AV Vrublevsky, AA Boshchenko and RS Karpov (2004) Reduced coronary flow reserve in the coronary sinus is a predictor of hemodynamically significant stenoses of the left coronary artery territory. Eur J Echocardiogr 5 294-303.
221. MS Firstenberg, NL Greenberg, SS Lin, et al. (2000) Transesophageal echocardiography assessment of severe ostial left main coronary stenosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13 696-698.
222. JA Panza (1999) Transesophageal echocardiography with stress for the evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiol Clin 17 501-520.
223. EC Madu (2000) Transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography in the evaluation of myocardial ischemia in morbidly obese subjects. Chest 117 657-661.
224. Y Noguchi, S Nagata-Kobayashi, JE Stahl, et al. (2005) A meta-analytic comparison of echocardiographic stressors. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 21 189-207.
225. M Anselmi, G Golia, A Rossi, et al. (2003) Feasibility and safety of transesophageal atrial pacing stress echocardiography in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 92 1384-1388.
226. A Vitarelli, A Dagianti, Y Conde, et al. (2000) Value of transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography in assessing coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 86 57G-60G.
227. AJ Rainbird, PA Pellikka, VL Stussy, et al. (2000) A rapid stress-testing protocol for the detection of coronary artery disease: comparison of two-stage transesophageal atrial pacing stress echocardiography with dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 1659-1663.
228. FA Chaudhry, JT Tauke, RS Alessandrini, et al. (2000) Enhanced detection of ischemic myocardium by transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography: Comparison with simultaneous transthoracic echocardiography. Echocardiography 17 241-253.
229. M Kamalesh, R Matorin, S Sawada, et al. (2002) Comparative prognostic significance of transesophageal versus transthoracic stress echocardiography. Echocardiography 19 313-318.
230. M Kamalesh, S Sawada, A Humphreys, et al. (2000) Prognostic value of negative transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography in men at high risk for coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 85 41-44.
231. A Vitarelli, G De Curtis, Y Conde, et al. (2002) Assessment of congenital coronary artery fistulas by transesophageal color Doppler echocardiography. Am J Med 113 127-133.
232. SJ Hutchison, RG Smalling, M Albornoz, et al. (1994) Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in clinically overt or suspected pericardial heart disease. Am J Cardiol 74 962-965.
233. AL Klein, GI Cohen, JF Pietrolungo, et al. (1993) Differentiation of constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy by Doppler transesophageal echocardiographic measurements of respiratory variations in pulmonary venous flow. J Am Coll Cardiol 22 1935-1943.
234. LH Ling, JK Oh, C Tei, et al. (1997) Pericardial thickness measured with transesophageal echocardiography: Feasibility and potential clinical usefulness. J Am Coll Cardiol 29 1317-1323.
235. ZJ Wang, GP Reddy, MB Gotway, et al. (2003) CT and MR imaging of pericardial disease. Radiographics 23 S167-S180.
236. JI Poelaert and G Schupfer (2005) Hemodynamic monitoring utilizing transesophageal echocardiography: the relationships among pressure, flow, and function. Chest 127 379-390.
237. P Vignon (2005) Hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients using echocardiography Doppler. Curr Opin Crit Care 11 227-234.
238. PA Heidenreich, RF Stainback, RF Redberg, et al. (1995) Transesophageal echocardiography predicts mortality in critically ill patients with unexplained hypotension. J Am Coll Cardiol 26 152-158.
239. P Vignon, H Mentec, S Terre, et al. (1994) Diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic impact of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU. Chest 106 1829-1834.
240. NA Dewan, M Gayasaddin, VA Angelillo, et al. (1986) Persistent hypoxemia due to patent foramen ovale in a patient with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 89 611-613.
241. RC Bansal, RJ Marsa, D Holland, et al. (1985) Severe hypoxemia due to shunting through a patent foramen ovale: A correctable complication of right ventricular infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 15 499-504.
242. American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography (1996) Practice guidelines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography. Anesthesiology 84 986-1006.
243. N Kolev, R Brase, J Swanevelder, et al. (1998) The influence of transesophageal echocardiography on intra-operative decision making: A European multicentre study. European Perioperative TOE Research Group. Anaesthesia 53 767-773.
244. Y Katsnelson, J Raman, F Katsnelson, et al. (2003) Current state of intraoperative echocardiography. Echocardiography 20 771-780.
245. Y Shapira, M Vaturi, DE Weisenberg, et al. (2004) Impact of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in patients undergoing valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg 78 579-583.
246. SR Ommen, SH Park, RL Click, et al. (2002) Impact of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in the surgical management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 90 1022-1024.
247. Y Saiki, H Kasegawa, M Kawase, et al. (1998) Intraoperative TEE during mitral valve repair: Does it predict early and late postoperative mitral valve dysfunction. Ann Thorac Surg 66 1277-1281.
248. WK Freeman, HV Schaff, BK Khandheria, et al. (1992) Intraoperative evaluation of mitral valve regurgitation and repair by transesophageal echocardiography: incidence and significance of systolic anterior motion. J Am Coll Cardiol 20 599-609.
249. E Agricola, M Oppizzi, F Maisano, et al. (2003) Detection of mechanisms of immediate failure by transesophageal echocardiography in quadrangular resection mitral valve repair technique for severe mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 91 175-179.
250. JS Shanewise, AT Cheung, S Aronson, et al. (1999) ASE/SCA guidelines for performing a comprehensive intraoperative multiplane transesophageal echocardiography examination: Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Council for Intraoperative Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force for Certification in Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 12 884-900.
251. SH Park, MA Kim and MS Hyon (2000) The advantages of on-line transesophageal echocardiography guide during percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13 26-34.
252. MJ Kantoch, GF Frost and MA Robertson (1998) Use of transesophageal echocardiography in radiofrequency catheter ablation in children and adolescents. Can J Cardiol 14 519-523.
253. R Tumbarello, A Sanna, G Cardu, et al. (1993) Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in the pediatric catheterization laboratory. Am J Cardiol 71 1321-1325.
254. ME van der Velde, SP Sanders, JF Keane, et al. (1994) Transesophageal echocardiographic guidance of transcatheter ventricular septal defect closure. J Am Coll Cardiol 23 1660-1665.
255. DB McElhinney, GH Burch, GC Kung, et al. (2000) Echocardiographic guidance for transcatheter coil embolization of congenital coronary arterial fistulas in children. Pediatr Cardiol 21 253-258.
256. G Pytlewski, S Georgeson, J Burke, et al. (1994) Endomyocardial biopsy under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance can be safely performed in the critically ill cardiac transplant recipient. Am J Cardiol 73 1019-1020.
257. YF Cheung, MP Leung, J Lee, et al. (1999) An evolving role of transesophageal echocardiography for the monitoring of interventional catheterization in children. Clin Cardiol 22 804-810.
258. SM Greenfield, GJ Webster, AS Brar, et al. (1996) Assessment of residual gastric volume and thirst in patients who drink before gastroscopy. Gut 39 360-362.
259. I Fergus, ES Bennett, DM Rogers, et al. (2004) Fluoroscopic balloon-guided transesophageal echocardiography in a patient with Zenker's diverticulum. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 17 483-486.
260. BK Khandheria, JB Seward and AJ Tajik (1994) Concise review for primary-care physicians: Transesophageal echocardiography. Mayo Clin Proc 69 856-863.
261. IJ Kallmeyer, CD Collard, JA Fox, et al. (2001) The safety of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography: a case series of 7200 cardiac surgical patients. Anesth Analg 92 1126-1130.
262. JG Stevenson (1999) Incidence of complications in pediatric transesophageal echocardiography: Experience in 1650 cases. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 12 527-532.
263. TJ Moore, CS Walsh, MR Cohen, et al. (2004) Reported adverse event cases of methemoglobinemia associated with benzocaine products. Arch Intern Med 164 1192-1196.
264. C Tsigrelis and L Weiner (2006) Methemoglobinemia revisited: An important complication after transesophageal echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 7 470-472.
265. GM Novaro, HD Aronow, MA Militello, et al. (2003) Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: experience from a high-volume transesophageal echocardiography laboratory. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 16 170-175.
266. O Salehian and KL Chan (2005) Impact of three-dimensional echocardiography in valvular heart disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 20 122-126.