Polls and Elections The Ground War 2000-2004: Strategic Targeting in Grassroots Campaigns

Presidential Studies Quarterly

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 347-362

  Panagopoulos, Costas ^a   Wielhouwer, Peter W ^b  

^a FORDHAM UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85164828072     PISSN: 03604918     EISSN: 17415705     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.02645.x     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. 72-Hour Task Force. 2002. RNC PowerPoint presentation (author's personal copy).
2. Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why parties? The origin and transformation of political parties in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3. American National Election Studies (ANES). 2006. ANES guide to public opinion and electoral behavior: Political involvement and participation in politics: Mobilization (Tables Series 6C). http://www.umich.edu/~nes/[accessed February 22, 2008.
4. American Political Science Association (APSA). 2004. American democracy in an age of rising inequality. Perspectives in Politics 2: 651-66.
5. Baer, Denise L., and David A. Bositis. 1993. Politics and linkage in a democratic society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
6. Beck, Paul Allen. 1997. Party politics in America, 8th ed. New York: Longman.
7. Berelson, Bernard L., Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee. 1954. Voting: A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8. Bergan, Daniel E., Alan S. Gerber, Donald P. Green, and Costas Panagopoulos. 2005. Grassroots mobilization and voter turnout in 2004. Public Opinion Quarterly 69: 760-77.
9. Bibby, John F. 1998. Party organizations, 1946-1996. In Partisan approaches to postwar American politics, edited by Byron E. Shafer, 148-85. New York: Chatham House.
10. Brady, Henry E., Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Sidney Verba. 1999. Prospecting for participants: Rational expectations and the recruitment of political activists. American Political Science Review 93: 153-68.
11. Campbell, James E., and James C. Garand, eds. 2000. Before the vote: Forecasting American national elections. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
12. Center for the Study of Elections and Democracy (CSED). 2005. New campaign finance law (BCRA) pushed parties, candidates to raise dramatically more money from individuals in 2004: Changes the way money is raised and spent. News release, February 7. http://csed.byu.edu[accessed March 3, 2008.
13. Cuzán, Alfred G., Richard J. Heggen, and Charles M. Bundrick. 2003. Voters and presidents: A fiscal model. Philadelphia: Xlibris.
14. Democratic National Committee (DNC). 2005. DNC 2001-2005: Mobilizing, modernizing and building the Democratic Party. http://www.gwu.edu/~action/2004/parties/dnc05facts.html[accessed March 3, 2008.
15. Eldersveld, Samuel J. 1982. Political parties in American society. New York: Basic Books.
16. Fair, Ray C. 2002. Predicting presidential elections and other things. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
17. Frontline. 2005a. Karl Rove—The architect. Transcript of interview with Matthew Dowd. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/architect/interviews/dowd.html[accessed February 22, 2008.
18. Frontline. 2005b. Karl Rove—The architect. Transcript of interview with Mark McKinnon. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/architect/interviews/mckinnon.html[accessed February 22, 2008.
19. Gerber, Alan S., and Donald P. Green. 2000. The effects of canvassing, telephone calls, and direct mail on voter turnout: A field experiment. American Political Science Review 94: 653-63.
20. Gershtenson, Joseph. 2003. Mobilization strategies of the Democrats and Republicans, 1956-2000. Political Research Quarterly 56: 293-308.
21. Green, Donald P., and Ron Shachar. 2000. Habit formation and political behaviour: Evidence of consuetude in voter turnout. British Journal of Political Science 30: 561-73.
22. Institute of Politics, Harvard University. 2006. Campaign for president: The managers look at 2004. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
23. Ladd, Everett Carl, Jr., and Charles D. Hadley. 1978. Transformations of the American party system: Political coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s, 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton.
24. La Raja, Raymond J. 2005. State party spending in the 2004 federal elections. Paper presented at the State of the Parties Conference, Bliss Institute of Applied Politics, University of Akron, October.
25. Lazarsfeld, Paul F. 1944. The election is over. Public Opinion Quarterly 8: 317-30.
26. Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. 1944. The people's choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential election. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce.
27. McDonald, Michael P. 2004. Up, up and away! Voter participation in the 2004 presidential election. The Forum 2(4). http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol2/iss4/art4[accessed March 3, 2008.
28. Medvic, Stephen K. 2001. Political consultants in U.S. congressional elections. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
29. Petrocik, John R. 2006. Party coalitions in the American public: Morality politics, issue agendas, and the 2004 election. In The State of the parties: The changing role of contemporary American politics, 5th ed., edited by John C. Green and Daniel J. Coffey, 279-97. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
30. Republican National Committee (RNC). 2005. Rising tide: The magazine of the Republican National Committee. http://www.rnc.org/News/RisingTideRead.aspx?ID=89[accessed September 19, 2005.
31. Rosenstone, Steven J., and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, participation, and democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
32. Shaw, Daren R. 1999. The methods behind the madness: Presidential electoral college strategies, 1988-1996. Journal of Politics 61: 893-913.
33. Shea, Daniel M., and Michael John Burton. 2001. Campaign craft: The strategies, tactics, and art of political campaign management, rev ed. Westport, CT: Praeger.
34. Sorauf, Frank J. 1967. Political parties and political analysis. In The American party system: Stages of political development, edited by William N. Chambers and Walter D. Burnham, 33-55. New York: Oxford University Press.
35. Stanley, Harold F., and Richard G. Niemi. 2006. Partisanship, party coalitions, and group support, 1952-2004. Presidential Studies Quarterly 36: 172-88.
36. Thurber, James, A., Candice J. Nelson, eds. 2001. Campaign warriors: The role of political consultants in elections. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
37. U.S. Census Bureau. 2005. Reported voting and registration by race, Hispanic origin, sex, and age groups: November 1964 to 2004. Historical time series Table A1. http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/voting.html.
38. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
39. Wattenberg, Martin P. 1991. The rise of candidate-centered politics: Presidential elections of the 1980s. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40. Wattenberg, Martin P. 1998. The decline of American political parties, 1952-1996. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
41. Wielhouwer, Peter W. 1995. Strategic canvassing by political parties, 1952-90. American Review of Politics 16: 213-38.
42. Wielhouwer, Peter W. 1999. The mobilization of campaign activists by the party canvass. American Politics Quarterly 27: 177-200.
43. Wielhouwer, Peter W. 2003. In search of Lincoln's perfect list: Targeting in grassroots campaigns. American Politics Research 31: 632-69.
44. Wielhouwer, Peter W. 2005. Political parties and participation equality, 2004. Paper presented at the State of The Parties conference, Bliss Institute of Applied Politics, University of Akron, October.
45. Wielhouwer, Peter W. 2006. Grassroots mobilization. In The electoral challenge: Theory meets practice, edited by Stephen Craig, chap. 9. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
46. Wielhouwer, Peter W. 2007. Changes in the effects of personal contact campaigning on participation inequalities. Paper presented at the National Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April.
47. Wielhouwer, Peter W., and Brad Lockerbie. 1994. Party contacting and political participation, 1952-90. American Journal of Political Science 38: 211-29.