Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in the Female Athlete

Noyes' Knee Disorders: Surgery, Rehabilitation, Clinical Outcomes

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 359-378

  Barber Westin, Sue D ^a   Noyes, Frank R ^a,b,c,d  

^a Cincinnati SportsMedicine Research and Education Foundation   (United States)

^b Cincinnati Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center Inc   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d University of Cincinnati   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85160137806     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-5474-0.00015-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (119)

1. J. Agel, E.A. Arendt and B. Bershadsky (2005) Anterior cruciate ligament injury in National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball and soccer: a 13-year review. Am J Sports Med 33 524-530.
2. J.P. Albright, et al. (1994) Medial collateral ligament knee sprains in college football. Effectiveness of preventive braces. Am J Sports Med 22 12-18.
3. M.K. Allen and W.M. Glasoe (2000) Metrecom measurement of navicular drop in subjects with anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Athl Train 35 403-406.
4. A.F. Anderson, D.C. Dome, S. Gautam, et al. (2001) Correlation of anthropometric measurements, strength, anterior cruciate ligament size, and intercondylar notch characteristics to sex differences in anterior cruciate ligament tear rates. Am J Sports Med 29 58-66.
5. A.F. Anderson, A.B. Lipscomb, K.J. Liudahl and R.B. Addlestone (1987) Analysis of the intercondylar notch by computed tomography. Am J Sports Med 15 547-552.
6. E. Arendt and R. Dick (1995) Knee injury patterns among men and women in collegiate basketball and soccer. NCAA data and review of literature. Am J Sports Med 23 694-701.
7. E.A. Arendt, J. Agel and R. Dick (1999) Anterior cruciate ligament injury patterns among collegiate men and women. J Athl Train 34 86-92.
8. S.D. Barber-Westin, F.R. Noyes and M. Galloway (2006) Jump-land characteristics and muscle strength development in young athletes: a gender comparison of 1140 athletes 9 to 17 years of age. Am J Sports Med 34 375-384.
9. M.E. Beckett, D.L. Massie, K.D. Bowers and D.A. Stoll (1992) Incidence of hyperpronation in the ACL injured knee: a clinical perspective. J Athl Train 27 58-62.
10. T.F. Besier, D.G. Lloyd, T.R. Ackland and J.L. Cochrane (2001) Anticipatory effects on knee joint loading during running and cutting maneuvers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33 1176-1181.
11. T.F. Besier, D.G. Lloyd, J.L. Cochrane and T.R. Ackland (2001) External loading of the knee joint during running and cutting maneuvers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33 1168-1175.
12. B.D. Beynnon, I.M. Bernstein, A. Belisle, et al. (2005) The effect of estradiol and progesterone on knee and ankle joint laxity. Am J Sports Med 33 1298-1304.
13. B.D. Beynnon, R.J. Johnson, S. Braun, et al. (2006) The relationship between menstrual cycle phase and anterior cruciate ligament injury: a case-control study of recreational alpine skiers. Am J Sports Med 34 757-764.
14. N. Chandrashekar, J. Slauterbeck and J. Hashemi (2005) Sex-based differences in the anthropometric characteristics of the anterior cruciate ligament and its relation to intercondylar notch geometry: a cadaveric study. Am J Sports Med 33 1492-1498.
15. J.D. Chappell, R.A. Creighton, C. Giuliani, et al. (2007) Kinematics and electromyography of landing preparation in vertical stop-jump: risks for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med 35 235-241.
16. J.D. Chappell, D.C. Herman, B.S. Knight, et al. (2005) Effect of fatigue on knee kinetics and kinematics in stop-jump tasks. Am J Sports Med 33 1022-1029.
17. J.D. Chappell, B. Yu, D.T. Kirkendall and W.E. Garrett (2002) A comparison of knee kinetics between male and female recreational athletes in stop-jump tasks. Am J Sports Med 30 261-267.
18. W.P. Charlton, T.A. St. John, M.G. Ciccotti, et al. (2002) Differences in femoral notch anatomy between men and women: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Sports Med 30 329-333.
19. A.M. Chaudhari, T.N. Lindenfeld, T.P. Andriacchi, et al. (2007) Knee and hip loading patterns at different phases in the menstrual cycle: implications for the gender difference in anterior cruciate ligament injury rates. Am J Sports Med 35 793-800.
20. A.M. Chaudhari, B.K. Hearn, L.A. Leveille, et al. (2003) The effects of dynamic limb alignment on knee moments during single limb landing: implications for the analysis of the non-contact injury to the anterior cruciate ligament. Proceedings of the 2003 Summer Bioengineering Conference, June 25–29, Key Biscayne, FL
21. S. Colby, A. Francisco, B. Yu, D. Kirkendall, et al. (2000) Electromyographic and kinematic analysis of cutting maneuvers. Implications for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med 28 234-240.
22. E.J. Cowling and J.R. Steele (2001) Is lower limb muscle synchrony during landing affected by gender? Implications for variations in ACL injury rates. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 11 263-268.
23. T.J. Davis, K.D. Shelbourne and T.E. Klootwyk (1999) Correlation of the intercondylar notch width of the femur to the width of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 7 209-214.
24. M.B. De Ste Croix, N. Armstrong, J.R. Welsman and P. Sharpe (2002) Longitudinal changes in isokinetic leg strength in 10- to 14-year-olds. Ann Hum Biol 29 50-62.
25. M.B.A. De Ste Croix, N. Armstrong and J.R. Welsman (1999) Concentric isokinetic leg strength in pre-teen, teenage and adult males and females. Biol Sport 16 75-86.
26. M.J. Decker, M.R. Torry, D.J. Wyland, et al. (2003) Gender differences in lower extremity kinematics, kinetics and energy absorption during landing. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 18 662-669.
27. M. Deie, Y. Sakamaki, Y. Sumen, et al. (2002) Anterior knee laxity in young women varies with their menstrual cycle. Int Orthop 26 154-156.
28. G. DeMorat, P. Weinhold, T. Blackburn, et al. (2004) Aggressive quadriceps loading can induce noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med 32 477-483.
29. J.S. Dufek and B.T. Bates (1990) The evaluation and prediction of impact forces during landings. Med Sci Sports Exerc 22 370-377.
30. R. Fagenbaum and W.G. Darling (2003) Jump landing strategies in male and female college athletes and the implications of such strategies for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med 31 233-240.
31. D.A. Faryniarz, M. Bhargava, C. Lajam, et al. (2006) Quantitation of estrogen receptors and relaxin binding in human anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 42 176-181.
32. R. Ferber, I.M. Davis and D.S. Williams 3rd (2003) Gender differences in lower extremity mechanics during running. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 18 350-357.
33. A. Ferretti, P. Papandrea, F. Conteduca and P.P. Mariani (1992) Knee ligament injuries in volleyball players. Am J Sports Med 20 203-207.
34. R.K. Flynn, C.L. Pedersen, T.B. Birmingham, et al. (2005) The familial predisposition toward tearing the anterior cruciate ligament: a case control study. Am J Sports Med 33 23-28.
35. S.G. Gerberich, S. Luhmann, C. Finke, et al. (1987) Analysis of severe injuries associated with volleyball activities. Physician Sportsmed 15 75-79.
36. L. Good, M. Odensten and J. Gillquist (1991) Intercondylar notch measurements with special reference to anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res 263 185-189.
37. K.P. Granata, D.A. Padua and S.E. Wilson (2002) Gender differences in active musculoskeletal stiffness. Part II. Quantification of leg stiffness during functional hopping tasks. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 12 127-135.
38. K.P. Granata, S.E. Wilson and D.A. Padua (2002) Gender differences in active musculoskeletal stiffness. Part I. Quantification in controlled measurements of knee joint dynamics. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 12 119-126.
39. J. Gray, J.E. Taunton, D.C. McKenzie, et al. (1985) A survey of injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee in female basketball players. Int J Sports Med 6 314-316.
40. M.L. Greenfield, J.E. Kuhn and E.M. Wojtys (1997) A statistics primer. Power analysis and sample size determination. Am J Sports Med 25 138-140.
41. L.Y. Griffin, et al. (2006) Understanding and preventing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a review of the Hunt Valley II meeting, January 2005. Am J Sports Med 34 1512-1532.
42. E.S. Grood, W.J. Suntay, F.R. Noyes and D.L. Butler (1984) Biomechanics of the knee-extension exercise. Effect of cutting the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am 66 725-734.
43. D.E. Gwinn, J.H. Wilckens, E.R. McDevitt, et al. (2000) The relative incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury in men and women at the United States Naval Academy. Am J Sports Med 28 98-102.
44. C.D. Harner, L.E. Paulos, A.E. Greenwald, et al. (1994) Detailed analysis of patients with bilateral anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med 22 37-43.
45. N.A. Heitz, P.A. Eisenman, C.L. Beck and J.A. Walker (1999) Hormonal changes throughout the menstrual cycle and increased anterior cruciate ligament laxity in females. J Athl Train 34 144-149.
46. R.C. Henderson, C.L. Howes, K.L. Erickson, et al. (1993) Knee flexor-extensor strength in children. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 18 559-563.
47. R.J. Herzog, J.F. Silliman, K. Hutton, et al. (1994) Measurements of the intercondylar notch by plain film radiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Sports Med 22 204-210.
48. T.E. Hewett, A.L. Stroupe, T.A. Nance and F.R. Noyes (1996) Plyometric training in female athletes. Decreased impact forces and increased hamstring torques. Am J Sports Med 24 765-773.
49. I. Holm, H. Steen and M. Olstad (2005) Isokinetic muscle performance in growing boys from pre-teen to maturity. An eleven-year longitudinal study. Isok Exer Sci 13 153-158.
50. S.W. Houseworth, V.J. Mauro, B.A. Mellon and D.A. Kieffer (1987) The intercondylar notch in acute tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: a computer graphics study. Am J Sports Med 15 221-224.
51. L.J. Huston, B. Vibert, J.A. Ashton-Miller and E.M. Wojtys (2001) Gender differences in knee angle when landing from a drop-jump. Am J Knee Surg 14 215-219.
52. L.J. Huston and E.M. Wojtys (1996) Neuromuscular performance characteristics in elite female athletes. Am J Sports Med 24 427-436.
53. M.R. Hutchinson and M.L. Ireland (1995) Knee injuries in female athletes. Sports Med 19 288-302.
54. M.L. Ireland, B.T. Ballantyne, K. Little and I.S. McClay (2001) A radiographic analysis of the relationship between the size and shape of the intercondylar notch and anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 9 200-205.
55. D.T. Kirkendall and W.E. Garrett Jr. (2000) The anterior cruciate ligament enigma. Injury mechanisms and prevention. Clin Orthop 372 64-68.
56. J.J. Knapik, J.E. Wright, R.H. Mawdsley and J. Braun (1983) Isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic torque variations in four muscle groups through a range of joint motion. Phys Ther 63 938-947.
57. T. Krosshaug, A. Nakamae, B.P. Boden, et al. (2007) Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball: video analysis of 39 cases. Am J Sports Med 35 359-367.
58. R.B. Lambson, B.S. Barnhill and R.W. Higgins (1996) Football cleat design and its effect on anterior cruciate ligament injuries. A threeyear prospective study. Am J Sports Med 24 155-159.
59. R.F. LaPrade and Q.M. Burnett (1994) Femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and correlation to anterior cruciate ligament injuries. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med 22 198-203.
60. L.G. Larsson, J. Baum and G.S. Mudholkar (1987) Hypermobility: features and differential incidence between the sexes. Arthritis Rheum 30 1426-1430.
61. D.T. Leetun, M.L. Ireland, J.D. Willson, et al. (2004) Core stability measures as risk factors for lower extremity injury in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36 926-934.
62. S.M. Lephart, C.M. Ferris, B.L. Riemann, et al. (2002) Gender differences in strength and lower extremity kinematics during landing. Clin Orthop 401 162-169.
63. T.N. Lindenfeld, D.J. Schmitt, M.P. Hendy, et al. (1994) Incidence of injury in indoor soccer. Am J Sports Med 22 364-371.
64. S.H. Liu, R. al-Shaikh, V. Panossian, et al. (1996) Primary immunolocalization of estrogen and progesterone target cells in the human anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res 14 526-533.
65. S. Lombardo, P.M. Sethi and C. Starkey (2005) Intercondylar notch stenosis is not a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament tears in professional male basketball players: an 11-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med 33 29-34.
66. J.K. Loudon, W. Jenkins and K.L. Loudon (1996) The relationship between static posture and ACL injury in female athletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 24 91-97.
67. H. Lund-Hanssen, J. Gannon, L. Engebretsen, et al. (1994) Intercondylar notch width and the risk for anterior cruciate ligament rupture. A case-control study in 46 female handball players. Acta Orthop Scand 65 529-532.
68. B.A. MacWilliams, D.R. Wilson, J.D. DesJardins, et al. (1999) Hamstrings cocontraction reduces internal rotation, anterior translation, and anterior cruciate ligament load in weight-bearing flexion. J Orthop Res 17 817-822.
69. R.A. Malinzak, S.M. Colby, D.T. Kirkendall, et al. (2001) A comparison of knee joint motion patterns between men and women in selected athletic tasks. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 16 438-445.
70. D.F. Messina, W.C. Farney and J.C. DeLee (1999) The incidence of injury in Texas high school basketball. A prospective study among male and female athletes. Am J Sports Med 27 294-299.
71. M.C. Meyers and B.S. Barnhill (2004) Incidence, causes, and severity of high school football injuries on FieldTurf versus natural grass: a 5-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med 32 1626-1638.
72. J. Mizrahi and Z. Susak (1982) Analysis of parameters affecting impact force attenuation during landing in human vertical free fall. Eng Med 11 141-147.
73. J. Mizrahi and Z. Susak (1982) In-vivo elastic and damping response of the human leg to impact forces. J Biomech Eng 104 63-66.
74. R.C. More, B.T. Karras, F. Neiman, et al. (1993) Hamstrings—an anterior cruciate ligament protagonist: an in vitro study. Am J Sports Med 21 231-237.
75. T. Muneta, K. Takakuda and H. Yamamoto (1997) Intercondylar notch width and its relation to the configuration and cross-sectional area of the anterior cruciate ligament. A cadaveric knee study. Am J Sports Med 25 69-72.
76. S. Najibi and J.P. Albright (2005) The use of knee braces, part 1: prophylactic knee braces in contact sports. Am J Sports Med 33 602-611.
77. F.R. Noyes and D.A. Sonstegard (1973) Biomechanical function of the pes anserinus at the knee and the effect of its transplantation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 55 1225-1241.
78. J.J. O'Connor (1993) Can muscle co-contraction protect knee ligaments after injury or repair? J Bone Joint Surg Br 75 41-48.
79. E. Oggero, G. Pagnacco, D.R. Morr, et al. (1997) The mechanics of drop landing on a flat surface—a preliminary study. Biomed Sci Instrum 33 53-58.
80. O.E. Olsen, G. Myklebust, L. Engebretsen and R. Bahr (2004) Injury mechanisms for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in team handball: a systematic video analysis. Am J Sports Med 32 1002-1012.
81. O.E. Olsen, G. Myklebust, L. Engebretsen, et al. (2003) Relationship between floor type and risk of ACL injury in team handball. Scand J Med Sci Sports 13 299-304.
82. J. Orchard, H. Seward, J. McGivern and S. Hood (2001) Intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury in Australian footballers. Am J Sports Med 29 196-200.
83. A. Ostenberg and H. Roos (2000) Injury risk factors in female European football. A prospective study of 123 players during one season. Scand J Med Sci Sports 10 279-285.
84. D.A. Padua, C.R. Carcia, B.L. Arnold and K.P. Granata (2005) Gender differences in leg stiffness and stiffness recruitment strategy during two-legged hopping. J Mot Behav 37 111-125.
85. M.G. Pandy and K.B. Shelburne (1997) Dependence of cruciate-ligament loading on muscle forces and external load. J Biomech 30 1015-1024.
86. C.D. Pollard, I.M. Davis and J. Hamill (2004) Influence of gender on hip and knee mechanics during a randomly cued cutting maneuver. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 19 1022-1031.
87. E. Ramos, W.R. Frontera, A. Llopart and D. Feliciano (1998) Muscle strength and hormonal levels in adolescents: gender related differences. Int J Sports Med 19 526-531.
88. L. Remvig, D.V. Jensen and R.C. Ward (2007) Epidemiology of general joint hypermobility and basis for the proposed criteria for benign joint hypermobility syndrome: review of the literature. J Rheumatol 34 804-809.
89. J.M. Rosene and T.D. Fogarty (1999) Anterior tibial translation in collegiate athletes with normal anterior cruciate ligament integrity. J Athl Train 34 93-98.
90. S.L. Rozzi, S.M. Lephart, W.S. Gear and F.H. Fu (1999) Knee joint laxity and neuromuscular characteristics of male and female soccer and basketball players. Am J Sports Med 27 312-319.
91. Y. Salci, B.B. Kentel, C. Heycan, et al. (2004) Comparison of landing maneuvers between male and female college volleyball players. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 19 622-628.
92. M.S. Schickendantz and G.G. Weiker (1993) The predictive value of radiographs in the evaluation of unilateral and bilateral anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med 21 110-113.
93. P.E. Scranton Jr., J.P. Whitesel, J.W. Powell, et al. (1997) A review of selected noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the National Football League. Foot Ankle Int 18 772-776.
94. U. Seckin, B.S. Tur, O. Yilmaz, et al. (2005) The prevalence of joint hypermobility among high school students. Rheumatol Int 25 260-263.
95. J.Y. Seger and A. Thorstensson (2000) Muscle strength and electromyogram in boys and girls followed through puberty. Eur J Appl Physiol 81 54-61.
96. T.C. Sell, C.M. Ferris, J.P. Abt, et al. (2006) The effect of direction and reaction on the neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics of the knee during tasks that simulate the noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanism. Am J Sports Med 34 43-54.
97. K.D. Shelbourne, T.J. Davis and T.E. Klootwyk (1998) The relationship between intercondylar notch width of the femur and the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med 26 402-408.
98. S.J. Shultz, S.E. Kirk, M.L. Johnson, et al. (2004) Relationship between sex hormones and anterior knee laxity across the menstrual cycle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36 1165-1174.
99. S.J. Shultz, T.C. Sander, S.E. Kirk and D.H. Perrin (2005) Sex differences in knee joint laxity change across the female menstrual cycle. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 45 594-603.
100. K.J. Simpson and L. Kanter (1997) Jump distance of dance landings influencing internal joint forces: I. Axial forces. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29 916-927.
101. K.J. Simpson and M. Pettit (1997) Jump distance of dance landings influencing internal joint forces: II. Shear forces. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29 928-936.
102. M. Sitler, J. Ryan, W. Hopkinson, et al. (1990) The efficacy of a prophylactic knee brace to reduce knee injuries in football. A prospective, randomized study at West Point. Am J Sports Med 18 310-315.
103. J.R. Slauterbeck, S.F. Fuzie, M.P. Smith, et al. (2002) The menstrual cycle, sex hormones, and anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Athl Train 37 275-278.
104. J. Smith, J.E. Szczerba, B.L. Arnold, et al. (1997) Role of hyperpronation as a possible risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament injuries. J Athl Train 32 25-28.
105. T.O. Souryal and T.R. Freeman (1993) Intercondylar notch size and anterior cruciate ligament injuries in athletes. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med 21 535-539.
106. H.U. Staeubli, O. Adam, W. Becker and R. Burgkart (1999) Anterior cruciate ligament and intercondylar notch in the coronal oblique plane: anatomy complemented by magnetic resonance imaging in cruciate ligament-intact knees. Arthroscopy 15 349-359.
107. J. Sunnegardh, L.E. Bratteby, L.O. Nordesjo and B. Nordgren (1988) Isometric and isokinetic muscle strength, anthropometry and physical activity in 8 and 13 year old Swedish children. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 58 291-297.
108. C.C. Teitz, B.K. Lind and B.M. Sacks (1997) Symmetry of the femoral notch width index. Am J Sports Med 25 687-690.
109. J.M. Uhorchak, C.R. Scoville, G.N. Williams, et al. (2003) Risk factors associated with noncontact injury of the anterior cruciate ligament: a prospective four-year evaluation of 859 West Point cadets. Am J Sports Med 31 831-842.
110. F.A. Wentorf, K. Sudoh, C. Moses, et al. (2006) The effects of estrogen on material and mechanical properties of the intra- and extra-articular knee structures. Am J Sports Med 34 1948-1952.
111. E.M. Wojtys, J.A. Ashton-Miller and L.J. Huston (2002) A gender-related difference in the contribution of the knee musculature to sagittal-plane shear stiffness in subjects with similar knee laxity. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84 10-16.
112. E.M. Wojtys, L. Huston, M.D. Boynton, et al. (2002) The effect of the menstrual cycle on anterior cruciate ligament injuries in women as determined by hormone levels. Am J Sports Med 30 182-188.
113. E.M. Wojtys, L.J. Huston, T.N. Lindenfeld, et al. (1998) Association between the menstrual cycle and anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes. Am J Sports Med 26 614-619.
114. E.M. Wojtys, L.J. Huston, H.J. Schock, et al. (2003) Gender differences in muscular protection of the knee in torsion in size-matched athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85 782-789.
115. B. Woodford-Rogers, L. Cyphert and C.R. Denegar (1994) Risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury in high school and college athletes. J Athl Train 29 343-346.
116. B. Yu, S.B. McClure, J.A. Onate, et al. (2005) Age and gender effects on lower extremity kinematics of youth soccer players in a stop-jump task. Am J Sports Med 33 1356-1364.
117. W.D. Yu, S.H. Liu, J.D. Hatch, et al. (1999) Effect of estrogen on cellular metabolism of the human anterior cruciate ligament. Clin Orthop Relat Res 366 229-238.
118. W.D. Yu, V. Panossian, J.D. Hatch, et al. (2001) Combined effects of estrogen and progesterone on the anterior cruciate ligament. Clin Orthop Relat Res 383 268-281.
119. B.L. Zeller, J.L. McCrory, W.B. Kibler and T.L. Uhl (2003) Differences in kinematics and electromyographic activity between men and women during the single-legged squat. Am J Sports Med 31 449-456.