메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 399-432

Venomous Snakes

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 85158922622     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7216-0693-4.50026-8     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (6)

References (200)
  • 1
    • 13844268878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxic effects of terrestrial animal venoms and poisons
    • CD Klaassen (Eds), New York: McGraw-Hill
    • FE Russell (2001) Toxic effects of terrestrial animal venoms and poisons. CD Klaassen (Eds) Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons New York: McGraw-Hill 945-964.
    • (2001) Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons , pp. 945-964
    • Russell, F.E.1
  • 2
    • 0035133283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy, safety, and use of snake antivenoms in the United States
    • RC Dart and J McNally (2001) Efficacy, safety, and use of snake antivenoms in the United States. Ann Emerg Med 37(2), 181-188.
    • (2001) Ann Emerg Med , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 181-188
    • Dart, R.C.1    McNally, J.2
  • 4
    • 0004255059 scopus 로고
    • 2nd ed., Great Neck, NY: Scholium International
    • FE Russell (1983) Snake Venom Poisoning 2nd ed. Great Neck, NY: Scholium International
    • (1983) Snake Venom Poisoning
    • Russell, F.E.1
  • 5
    • 0036897527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom is efficacious for envenomations by Southern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus helleri)
    • SP Bush, SM Green, JA Moynihan, et al. (2002) Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom is efficacious for envenomations by Southern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus helleri). Ann Emerg Med 40(6), 619-624.
    • (2002) Ann Emerg Med , vol.40 , Issue.6 , pp. 619-624
    • Bush, S.P.1    Green, S.M.2    Moynihan, J.A.3
  • 6
    • 0141758494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2002 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System
    • WA Watson, TL Litovitz, GC Rodgers Jr, et al. (2003) 2002 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 21(5), 353-421.
    • (2003) Am J Emerg Med , vol.21 , Issue.5 , pp. 353-421
    • Watson, W.A.1    Litovitz, T.L.2    Rodgers, G.C.3
  • 7
    • 0001483046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal toxins
    • CG Cook (Eds), 20th ed., Philadelphia: WB Saunders
    • DA Warrell (1996) Animal toxins. CG Cook (Eds) Manson's Tropical Diseases 20th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 468-515.
    • (1996) Manson's Tropical Diseases , pp. 468-515
    • Warrell, D.A.1
  • 8
    • 0013893230 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of treated snakebites in the United States
    • HM Parrish (1966) Incidence of treated snakebites in the United States. Public Health Rep 81(3), 269-276.
    • (1966) Public Health Rep , vol.81 , Issue.3 , pp. 269-276
    • Parrish, H.M.1
  • 9
    • 0023838653 scopus 로고
    • Rattlesnake bites in southern California and rationale for recommended treatment
    • WA Wingert and L Chan (1988) Rattlesnake bites in southern California and rationale for recommended treatment. West J Med 148(1), 37-44.
    • (1988) West J Med , vol.148 , Issue.1 , pp. 37-44
    • Wingert, W.A.1    Chan, L.2
  • 10
    • 0000298027 scopus 로고
    • Comparison between snakebites in children and adults
    • HM Parrish, JC Goldner and SL Silberg (1965) Comparison between snakebites in children and adults. Pediatrics 36 251-256.
    • (1965) Pediatrics , vol.36 , pp. 251-256
    • Parrish, H.M.1    Goldner, J.C.2    Silberg, S.L.3
  • 11
    • 0035219645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crotalid envenomation: the southern Arizona experience
    • JT Tokish, J Benjamin and F Walter (2001) Crotalid envenomation: the southern Arizona experience. J Orthop Trauma 15(1), 5-9.
    • (2001) J Orthop Trauma , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-9
    • Tokish, J.T.1    Benjamin, J.2    Walter, F.3
  • 12
    • 0035136932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Out-of-hospital and interhospital management of crotaline snakebite
    • PE McKinney (2001) Out-of-hospital and interhospital management of crotaline snakebite. Ann Emerg Med 37(2), 168-174.
    • (2001) Ann Emerg Med , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 168-174
    • McKinney, P.E.1
  • 13
    • 0030835361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of rattlesnake bite location with severity of clinical manifestations
    • ST Moss, G Bogdan, RC Dart, et al. (1997) Association of rattlesnake bite location with severity of clinical manifestations. Ann Emerg Med 30(1), 58-61.
    • (1997) Ann Emerg Med , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 58-61
    • Moss, S.T.1    Bogdan, G.2    Dart, R.C.3
  • 14
    • 0026040355 scopus 로고
    • Snake venom constituents: biochemistry and toxicology (Part 1)
    • TT Iyaniwura (1991) Snake venom constituents: biochemistry and toxicology (Part 1). Vet Hum Toxicol 33(5), 468-474.
    • (1991) Vet Hum Toxicol , vol.33 , Issue.5 , pp. 468-474
    • Iyaniwura, T.T.1
  • 15
    • 0026014451 scopus 로고
    • Snake venom constituents: biochemistry and toxicology (Part 2)
    • TT Iyaniwura (1991) Snake venom constituents: biochemistry and toxicology (Part 2). Vet Hum Toxicol 33(5), 475-480.
    • (1991) Vet Hum Toxicol , vol.33 , Issue.5 , pp. 475-480
    • Iyaniwura, T.T.1
  • 16
    • 0017893918 scopus 로고
    • Purification and characterization of Mojave (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) toxin and its subunits
    • RL Cate and AL Bieber (1978) Purification and characterization of Mojave (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) toxin and its subunits. Arch Biochem Biophys 189(2), 397-408.
    • (1978) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.189 , Issue.2 , pp. 397-408
    • Cate, R.L.1    Bieber, A.L.2
  • 17
    • 0018910293 scopus 로고
    • Neuromuscular blocking effects of Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) venom
    • RR Castilonia, TR Pattabhiraman and FE Russell (1980) Neuromuscular blocking effects of Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) venom. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 23 103-106.
    • (1980) Proc West Pharmacol Soc , vol.23 , pp. 103-106
    • Castilonia, R.R.1    Pattabhiraman, T.R.2    Russell, F.E.3
  • 18
    • 0018897185 scopus 로고
    • Sites of action of Mojave toxin isolated from the venom of the Mojave rattlesnake
    • P Gopalakrishnakone, BJ Hawgood, SE Holbrooke, et al. (1980) Sites of action of Mojave toxin isolated from the venom of the Mojave rattlesnake. Br J Pharmacol 69(3), 421-431.
    • (1980) Br J Pharmacol , vol.69 , Issue.3 , pp. 421-431
    • Gopalakrishnakone, P.1    Hawgood, B.J.2    Holbrooke, S.E.3
  • 19
    • 0019836272 scopus 로고
    • Presynaptic actions of Mojave toxin isolated from Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus) venom
    • CL Ho and CY Lee (1981) Presynaptic actions of Mojave toxin isolated from Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus) venom. Toxicon 19(6), 889-892.
    • (1981) Toxicon , vol.19 , Issue.6 , pp. 889-892
    • Ho, C.L.1    Lee, C.Y.2
  • 20
    • 0024603160 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of calcium channel dihydropyridine receptor binding by purified Mojave toxin
    • JJ Valdes, RG Thompson, VL Wolff, et al. (1989) Inhibition of calcium channel dihydropyridine receptor binding by purified Mojave toxin. Neurotoxicol Teratol 11(2), 129-133.
    • (1989) Neurotoxicol Teratol , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 129-133
    • Valdes, J.J.1    Thompson, R.G.2    Wolff, V.L.3
  • 21
    • 0017924128 scopus 로고
    • Mojave rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus venom: variation in toxicity with geographical origin
    • JL Glenn and R Straight (1978) Mojave rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus venom: variation in toxicity with geographical origin. Toxicon 16(1), 81-84.
    • (1978) Toxicon , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 81-84
    • Glenn, J.L.1    Straight, R.2
  • 22
    • 0020532249 scopus 로고
    • Geographical variation in Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (Mojave rattlesnake) venom properties
    • JL Glenn, RC Straight, MC Wolfe and DL Hardy (1983) Geographical variation in Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (Mojave rattlesnake) venom properties. Toxicon 21(1), 119-130.
    • (1983) Toxicon , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 119-130
    • Glenn, J.L.1    Straight, R.C.2    Wolfe, M.C.3    Hardy, D.L.4
  • 23
    • 0024516044 scopus 로고
    • Intergradation of two different venom populations of the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) in Arizona
    • JL Glenn and RC Straight (1989) Intergradation of two different venom populations of the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) in Arizona. Toxicon 27(4), 411-418.
    • (1989) Toxicon , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 411-418
    • Glenn, J.L.1    Straight, R.C.2
  • 24
    • 0030793205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment of crotalid-induced neurotoxicity with a new polyspecific crotalid Fab antivenom
    • RF Clark, SR Williams, SP Nordt and LV Boyer-Hassen (1997) Successful treatment of crotalid-induced neurotoxicity with a new polyspecific crotalid Fab antivenom. Ann Emerg Med 30(1), 54-57.
    • (1997) Ann Emerg Med , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 54-57
    • Clark, R.F.1    Williams, S.R.2    Nordt, S.P.3    Boyer-Hassen, L.V.4
  • 25
    • 0022214711 scopus 로고
    • The distribution among ophidian venoms of a toxin isolated from the venom of the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus)
    • SA Weinstein, SA Minton and CE Wilde (1985) The distribution among ophidian venoms of a toxin isolated from the venom of the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus). Toxicon 23(5), 825-844.
    • (1985) Toxicon , vol.23 , Issue.5 , pp. 825-844
    • Weinstein, S.A.1    Minton, S.A.2    Wilde, C.E.3
  • 26
    • 0026544852 scopus 로고
    • Variation in the antigenic characteristics of venom from the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus)
    • SY Huang, JC Perez, ED Rael, et al. (1992) Variation in the antigenic characteristics of venom from the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus). Toxicon 30(4), 387-396.
    • (1992) Toxicon , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 387-396
    • Huang, S.Y.1    Perez, J.C.2    Rael, E.D.3
  • 27
    • 0026602896 scopus 로고
    • Mojave rattlesnake envenomation: prolonged neurotoxicity and rhabdomyolysis
    • PW Jansen, RM Perkin and D Van Stralen (1992) Mojave rattlesnake envenomation: prolonged neurotoxicity and rhabdomyolysis. Ann Emerg Med 21(3), 322-325.
    • (1992) Ann Emerg Med , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 322-325
    • Jansen, P.W.1    Perkin, R.M.2    Van Stralen, D.3
  • 28
    • 0020965333 scopus 로고
    • Envenomation by the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) in southern Arizona, U.S.A
    • DL Hardy (1983) Envenomation by the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) in southern Arizona, U.S.A. Toxicon 21(1), 111-118.
    • (1983) Toxicon , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 111-118
    • Hardy, D.L.1
  • 29
    • 0022447152 scopus 로고
    • Fatal rattlesnake envenomation in Arizona: 1969–1984
    • DL Hardy (1986) Fatal rattlesnake envenomation in Arizona: 1969–1984. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 24(1), 1-10.
    • (1986) J Toxicol Clin Toxicol , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-10
    • Hardy, D.L.1
  • 30
    • 0008874112 scopus 로고
    • Initial assessment and management
    • 5th ed., Chicago: American College of Surgeons
    • American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (1993) Initial assessment and management. Advanced Trauma Life Support Instructor Manual 5th ed. Chicago: American College of Surgeons 17-37.
    • (1993) Advanced Trauma Life Support Instructor Manual , pp. 17-37
  • 31
    • 0002201247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North American venomous reptile bites
    • PS Auerbach (Eds), 4th ed., St. Louis, MO: Mosby
    • RL Norris and SP Bush (2001) North American venomous reptile bites. PS Auerbach (Eds) Wilderness Medicine 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby 896-926.
    • (2001) Wilderness Medicine , pp. 896-926
    • Norris, R.L.1    Bush, S.P.2
  • 32
    • 85159012452 scopus 로고
    • Dallas, TX: American College of Emergency Physicians
    • FG Walter (1995) Envenomations Dallas, TX: American College of Emergency Physicians
    • (1995) Envenomations
    • Walter, F.G.1
  • 33
    • 0016136727 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by rattlesnake venom: an electron microscopic study
    • CL Ownby, RA Kainer and AT Tu (1974) Pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by rattlesnake venom: an electron microscopic study. Am J Pathol 76(2), 401-414.
    • (1974) Am J Pathol , vol.76 , Issue.2 , pp. 401-414
    • Ownby, C.L.1    Kainer, R.A.2    Tu, A.T.3
  • 34
    • 84912341584 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of lethal protein and peptide from Crotalus viridis helleri venom
    • JW Dubnoff and FE Russell (1970) Isolation of lethal protein and peptide from Crotalus viridis helleri venom. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 13 98.
    • (1970) Proc West Pharmacol Soc , vol.13 , pp. 98
    • Dubnoff, J.W.1    Russell, F.E.2
  • 35
    • 0028146808 scopus 로고
    • Hemorrhagic metalloproteinases from snake venoms
    • JB Bjarnason and JW Fox (1994) Hemorrhagic metalloproteinases from snake venoms. Pharmacol Ther 62(3), 325-372.
    • (1994) Pharmacol Ther , vol.62 , Issue.3 , pp. 325-372
    • Bjarnason, J.B.1    Fox, J.W.2
  • 36
    • 0026665083 scopus 로고
    • Hemostatic aspects of envenomation by North American snakes
    • CS Kitchens (1992) Hemostatic aspects of envenomation by North American snakes. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 6(5), 1189-1195.
    • (1992) Hematol Oncol Clin North Am , vol.6 , Issue.5 , pp. 1189-1195
    • Kitchens, C.S.1
  • 37
    • 0020581962 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of defibrination in humans after envenomation by the Eastern diamondback rattlesnake
    • CS Kitchens and LH Van Mierop (1983) Mechanism of defibrination in humans after envenomation by the Eastern diamondback rattlesnake. Am J Hematol 14(4), 345-353.
    • (1983) Am J Hematol , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 345-353
    • Kitchens, C.S.1    Van Mierop, L.H.2
  • 38
    • 0016630310 scopus 로고
    • DIC-like syndrome after envenomation by the snake, Crotalus horridus horridus
    • U Hasiba, LM Rosenbach, D Rockwell and JH Lewis (1975) DIC-like syndrome after envenomation by the snake, Crotalus horridus horridus. N Engl J Med 292(10), 505-507.
    • (1975) N Engl J Med , vol.292 , Issue.10 , pp. 505-507
    • Hasiba, U.1    Rosenbach, L.M.2    Rockwell, D.3    Lewis, J.H.4
  • 39
    • 0021366828 scopus 로고
    • Fibrinogenolytic afibrinogenemia after envenomation by western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox)
    • AZ Budzynski, BV Pandya, RN Rubin, et al. (1984) Fibrinogenolytic afibrinogenemia after envenomation by western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). Blood 63(1), 1-14.
    • (1984) Blood , vol.63 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-14
    • Budzynski, A.Z.1    Pandya, B.V.2    Rubin, R.N.3
  • 40
    • 0019457013 scopus 로고
    • Envenomation coagulopathy in wounds from pit vipers
    • TL Simon and TG Grace (1981) Envenomation coagulopathy in wounds from pit vipers. N Engl J Med 305(8), 443-447.
    • (1981) N Engl J Med , vol.305 , Issue.8 , pp. 443-447
    • Simon, T.L.1    Grace, T.G.2
  • 41
    • 0003508499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disorders of blood coagulation
    • JC Bennett, F Plum (Eds), 20th ed., Philadelphia: WB Saunders
    • DF Mosher (1996) Disorders of blood coagulation. JC Bennett, F Plum (Eds) Cecil Textbook of Medicine 20th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 987-1003.
    • (1996) Cecil Textbook of Medicine , pp. 987-1003
    • Mosher, D.F.1
  • 42
    • 60549110017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reptile bites
    • JE Tintinalli, GD Kelen, JS Stapczynski (Eds), 6th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill
    • RC Dart (2003) Reptile bites. JE Tintinalli, GD Kelen, JS Stapczynski (Eds) Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill 1200-1206.
    • (2003) Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide , pp. 1200-1206
    • Dart, R.C.1
  • 43
    • 0025898774 scopus 로고
    • Snake venom coagulopathy: use and abuse of blood products in the treatment of pit viper envenomation
    • JL Burgess and RC Dart (1991) Snake venom coagulopathy: use and abuse of blood products in the treatment of pit viper envenomation. Ann Emerg Med 20(7), 795-801.
    • (1991) Ann Emerg Med , vol.20 , Issue.7 , pp. 795-801
    • Burgess, J.L.1    Dart, R.C.2
  • 44
    • 0030874303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombocytopenia following timber rattlesnake envenomation
    • RG Bond and KK Burkhart (1997) Thrombocytopenia following timber rattlesnake envenomation. Ann Emerg Med 30(1), 40-44.
    • (1997) Ann Emerg Med , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 40-44
    • Bond, R.G.1    Burkhart, K.K.2
  • 45
    • 0026355816 scopus 로고
    • Acute anuric renal failure after pigmy rattlesnake bite
    • NG Ahlstrom, W Luginbuhl and CC Tisher (1991) Acute anuric renal failure after pigmy rattlesnake bite. South Med J 84(6), 783-785.
    • (1991) South Med J , vol.84 , Issue.6 , pp. 783-785
    • Ahlstrom, N.G.1    Luginbuhl, W.2    Tisher, C.C.3
  • 46
    • 0018076680 scopus 로고
    • Changes in coagulation effects by venoms of Crotalus atrox as snakes age
    • HA Reid and RD Theakston (1978) Changes in coagulation effects by venoms of Crotalus atrox as snakes age. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27(5), 1053-1057.
    • (1978) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.27 , Issue.5 , pp. 1053-1057
    • Reid, H.A.1    Theakston, R.D.2
  • 48
    • 0035186375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controversies in the treatment of pediatric victims of Crotalinae snakebite
    • GR Bond (2001) Controversies in the treatment of pediatric victims of Crotalinae snakebite. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 2 192-202.
    • (2001) Clin Pediatr Emerg Med , vol.2 , pp. 192-202
    • Bond, G.R.1
  • 49
    • 0019171408 scopus 로고
    • Crotalocytin: characterization of the timber rattlesnake platelet activating protein
    • AH Schmaier and RW Colman (1980) Crotalocytin: characterization of the timber rattlesnake platelet activating protein. Blood 56(6), 1020-1028.
    • (1980) Blood , vol.56 , Issue.6 , pp. 1020-1028
    • Schmaier, A.H.1    Colman, R.W.2
  • 50
    • 0023179647 scopus 로고
    • Life-threatening airway obstruction from rattlesnake bite to the tongue
    • R Gerkin, KC Sergent, SC Curry, et al. (1987) Life-threatening airway obstruction from rattlesnake bite to the tongue. Ann Emerg Med 16(7), 813-816.
    • (1987) Ann Emerg Med , vol.16 , Issue.7 , pp. 813-816
    • Gerkin, R.1    Sergent, K.C.2    Curry, S.C.3
  • 51
    • 0027978826 scopus 로고
    • Rattlesnake bite of the face: case report and review of the literature
    • JV Lewis and CA Portera Jr (1994) Rattlesnake bite of the face: case report and review of the literature. Am Surg 60(9), 681-682.
    • (1994) Am Surg , vol.60 , Issue.9 , pp. 681-682
    • Lewis, J.V.1    Portera, C.A.2
  • 52
    • 0036861252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory compromise in patients with rattlesnake envenomation
    • DE Brooks, KA Graeme, AM Ruha and DA Tanen (2002) Respiratory compromise in patients with rattlesnake envenomation. J Emerg Med 23(4), 329-332.
    • (2002) J Emerg Med , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 329-332
    • Brooks, D.E.1    Graeme, K.A.2    Ruha, A.M.3    Tanen, D.A.4
  • 53
    • 0021858868 scopus 로고
    • Toxicology rounds. Death from a rattlesnake bite
    • SC Curry and DB Kunkel (1985) Toxicology rounds. Death from a rattlesnake bite. Am J Emerg Med 3(3), 227-235.
    • (1985) Am J Emerg Med , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 227-235
    • Curry, S.C.1    Kunkel, D.B.2
  • 54
  • 56
    • 0029991216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of a severity score for the assessment of crotalid snakebite
    • RC Dart, KM Hurlbut, R Garcia and J Boren (1996) Validation of a severity score for the assessment of crotalid snakebite. Ann Emerg Med 27(3), 321-326.
    • (1996) Ann Emerg Med , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 321-326
    • Dart, R.C.1    Hurlbut, K.M.2    Garcia, R.3    Boren, J.4
  • 59
    • 0028618348 scopus 로고
    • Lymphatic flow rates and first-aid in simulated peripheral snake or spider envenomation
    • DM Howarth, AE Southee and IM Whyte (1994) Lymphatic flow rates and first-aid in simulated peripheral snake or spider envenomation. Med J Aust 161(11–12), 695-700.
    • (1994) Med J Aust , vol.161 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 695-700
    • Howarth, D.M.1    Southee, A.E.2    Whyte, I.M.3
  • 60
    • 0026722536 scopus 로고
    • Effects of constriction bands on rattlesnake venom absorption: a pharmacokinetic study
    • JL Burgess, RC Dart, NB Egen and M Mayersohn (1992) Effects of constriction bands on rattlesnake venom absorption: a pharmacokinetic study. Ann Emerg Med 21(9), 1086-1093.
    • (1992) Ann Emerg Med , vol.21 , Issue.9 , pp. 1086-1093
    • Burgess, J.L.1    Dart, R.C.2    Egen, N.B.3    Mayersohn, M.4
  • 61
    • 0018394898 scopus 로고
    • Rationalisation of first-aid measures for elapid snakebite
    • SK Sutherland, AR Coulter and RD Harris (1979) Rationalisation of first-aid measures for elapid snakebite. Lancet 1(8109), 183-185.
    • (1979) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.8109 , pp. 183-185
    • Sutherland, S.K.1    Coulter, A.R.2    Harris, R.D.3
  • 62
    • 0019480471 scopus 로고
    • Early management of bites by the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus): studies in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
    • SK Sutherland and AR Coulter (1981) Early management of bites by the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus): studies in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Am J Trop Med Hyg 30(2), 497-500.
    • (1981) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 497-500
    • Sutherland, S.K.1    Coulter, A.R.2
  • 63
    • 0014972171 scopus 로고
    • Cryotherapy and corticosteroids in the treatment of rattlesnake bite
    • RW Clark (1971) Cryotherapy and corticosteroids in the treatment of rattlesnake bite. Milit Med 136(1), 42-44.
    • (1971) Milit Med , vol.136 , Issue.1 , pp. 42-44
    • Clark, R.W.1
  • 65
    • 0023390770 scopus 로고
    • A letter on electroshock for snakebite
    • FE Russell (1987) A letter on electroshock for snakebite. Vet Hum Toxicol 29(4), 320-321.
    • (1987) Vet Hum Toxicol , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 320-321
    • Russell, F.E.1
  • 66
    • 0023641224 scopus 로고
    • Electric shocks are ineffective in treatment of lethal effects of rattlesnake envenomation in mice
    • EK Johnson, KV Kardong and SP Mackessy (1987) Electric shocks are ineffective in treatment of lethal effects of rattlesnake envenomation in mice. Toxicon 25(12), 1347-1349.
    • (1987) Toxicon , vol.25 , Issue.12 , pp. 1347-1349
    • Johnson, E.K.1    Kardong, K.V.2    Mackessy, S.P.3
  • 67
    • 0023969984 scopus 로고
    • Electric shock does not save snakebitten rats
    • NR Howe and JL Meisenheimer Jr (1988) Electric shock does not save snakebitten rats. Ann Emerg Med 17(3), 254-256.
    • (1988) Ann Emerg Med , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 254-256
    • Howe, N.R.1    Meisenheimer, J.L.2
  • 68
    • 0025736383 scopus 로고
    • Failure of electric shock treatment for rattlesnake envenomation
    • RC Dart and RA Gustafson (1991) Failure of electric shock treatment for rattlesnake envenomation. Ann Emerg Med 20(6), 659-661.
    • (1991) Ann Emerg Med , vol.20 , Issue.6 , pp. 659-661
    • Dart, R.C.1    Gustafson, R.A.2
  • 69
    • 0942279735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suction for venomous snakebite: a study of “mock venom” extraction in a human model
    • MB Alberts, M Shalit and F LoGalbo (2004) Suction for venomous snakebite: a study of “mock venom” extraction in a human model. Ann Emerg Med 43(2), 181-186.
    • (2004) Ann Emerg Med , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 181-186
    • Alberts, M.B.1    Shalit, M.2    LoGalbo, F.3
  • 70
    • 0942290667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snakebite suction devices don't remove venom: they just suck
    • SP Bush (2004) Snakebite suction devices don't remove venom: they just suck. Ann Emerg Med 43(2), 187-188.
    • (2004) Ann Emerg Med , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 187-188
    • Bush, S.P.1
  • 71
    • 0033787601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a negative pressure venom extraction device (Extractor) on local tissue injury after artificial rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model
    • SP Bush, KG Hegewald, SM Green, et al. (2000) Effects of a negative pressure venom extraction device (Extractor) on local tissue injury after artificial rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model. Wilderness Environ Med 11(3), 180-188.
    • (2000) Wilderness Environ Med , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 180-188
    • Bush, S.P.1    Hegewald, K.G.2    Green, S.M.3
  • 72
    • 0034754170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immediate removal of extractor is recommended
    • SP Bush and DL Hardy Sr (2001) Immediate removal of extractor is recommended. Ann Emerg Med 38(5), 607-608.
    • (2001) Ann Emerg Med , vol.38 , Issue.5 , pp. 607-608
    • Bush, S.P.1    Hardy, D.L.2
  • 73
    • 0001391079 scopus 로고
    • Negative pressure suction in field treatment of rattlesnake bite. [Abstract]
    • AC Bronstein, FE Russell, JB Sullivan, et al. (1985) Negative pressure suction in field treatment of rattlesnake bite. [Abstract]. Vet Hum Toxicol 27 297.
    • (1985) Vet Hum Toxicol , vol.27 , pp. 297
    • Bronstein, A.C.1    Russell, F.E.2    Sullivan, J.B.3
  • 74
    • 0001391079 scopus 로고
    • Negative pressure suction in the field treatment of rattlesnake bite victims
    • AC Bronstein, FE Russell, JB Sullivan, et al. (1986) Negative pressure suction in the field treatment of rattlesnake bite victims. Vet Hum Toxicol 28 485.
    • (1986) Vet Hum Toxicol , vol.28 , pp. 485
    • Bronstein, A.C.1    Russell, F.E.2    Sullivan, J.B.3
  • 75
    • 0023873948 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous rattlesnake envenomation
    • TM Davidson (1988) Intravenous rattlesnake envenomation. West J Med 148(1), 45-47.
    • (1988) West J Med , vol.148 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-47
    • Davidson, T.M.1
  • 76
    • 0023195405 scopus 로고
    • Severe myonecrosis in a fatal case of envenomation by the canebrake rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus atricaudatus)
    • CS Kitchens, S Hunter and LH Van Mierop (1987) Severe myonecrosis in a fatal case of envenomation by the canebrake rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus atricaudatus). Toxicon 25(4), 455-458.
    • (1987) Toxicon , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 455-458
    • Kitchens, C.S.1    Hunter, S.2    Van Mierop, L.H.3
  • 77
    • 0029071133 scopus 로고
    • Severe rattlesnake envenomation with anaphylaxis and rhabdomyolysis
    • SP Bush and PW Jansen (1995) Severe rattlesnake envenomation with anaphylaxis and rhabdomyolysis. Ann Emerg Med 25(6), 845-848.
    • (1995) Ann Emerg Med , vol.25 , Issue.6 , pp. 845-848
    • Bush, S.P.1    Jansen, P.W.2
  • 78
    • 0028155896 scopus 로고
    • Rattlesnake bite complications in 19 children
    • NS Cruz and RG Alvarez (1994) Rattlesnake bite complications in 19 children. Pediatr Emerg Care 10(1), 30-33.
    • (1994) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 30-33
    • Cruz, N.S.1    Alvarez, R.G.2
  • 79
    • 0027509820 scopus 로고
    • Nonvenomous snakebite in Massachusetts: prophylactic antibiotics are unnecessary
    • HG Weed (1993) Nonvenomous snakebite in Massachusetts: prophylactic antibiotics are unnecessary. Ann Emerg Med 22(2), 220-224.
    • (1993) Ann Emerg Med , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 220-224
    • Weed, H.G.1
  • 80
    • 0027453560 scopus 로고
    • The incidence of wound infection following crotalid envenomation
    • RF Clark, BS Selden and B Furbee (1993) The incidence of wound infection following crotalid envenomation. J Emerg Med 11(5), 583-586.
    • (1993) J Emerg Med , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 583-586
    • Clark, R.F.1    Selden, B.S.2    Furbee, B.3
  • 81
    • 0018676895 scopus 로고
    • Bacteriology of rattlesnake venom and implications for therapy
    • EJ Goldstein, DM Citron, H Gonzalez, et al. (1979) Bacteriology of rattlesnake venom and implications for therapy. J Infect Dis 140(5), 818-821.
    • (1979) J Infect Dis , vol.140 , Issue.5 , pp. 818-821
    • Goldstein, E.J.1    Citron, D.M.2    Gonzalez, H.3
  • 83
    • 85158958374 scopus 로고
    • Antivenin (Crotalineae) polyvalent (equine origin)
    • 49th ed., Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Data Production Co.
    • Antivenin (Crotalineae) polyvalent (equine origin). Physician's Desk Reference 49th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Data Production Co. 2643-2644.
    • (1995) Physician's Desk Reference , pp. 2643-2644
  • 84
    • 0028827697 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a new ovine antigen binding fragment (Fab) antivenin for United States Crotalidae with the commercial antivenin for protection against venom-induced lethality in mice
    • P Consroe, NB Egen, FE Russell, et al. (1995) Comparison of a new ovine antigen binding fragment (Fab) antivenin for United States Crotalidae with the commercial antivenin for protection against venom-induced lethality in mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53(5), 507-510.
    • (1995) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.53 , Issue.5 , pp. 507-510
    • Consroe, P.1    Egen, N.B.2    Russell, F.E.3
  • 85
    • 18444407166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initial postmarketing experience with crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab for treatment of rattlesnake envenomation
    • AM Ruha, SC Curry, M Beuhler, et al. (2002) Initial postmarketing experience with crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab for treatment of rattlesnake envenomation. Ann Emerg Med 39(6), 609-615.
    • (2002) Ann Emerg Med , vol.39 , Issue.6 , pp. 609-615
    • Ruha, A.M.1    Curry, S.C.2    Beuhler, M.3
  • 86
    • 0030834167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affinity-purified, mixed monospecific crotalid antivenom ovine Fab for the treatment of crotalid venom poisoning
    • RC Dart, SA Seifert, L Carroll, et al. (1997) Affinity-purified, mixed monospecific crotalid antivenom ovine Fab for the treatment of crotalid venom poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 30(1), 33-39.
    • (1997) Ann Emerg Med , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-39
    • Dart, R.C.1    Seifert, S.A.2    Carroll, L.3
  • 87
    • 0942268947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initial experience with Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom in the treatment of copperhead snakebite
    • EJ Lavonas, CJ Gerardo, G O'Malley, et al. (2004) Initial experience with Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom in the treatment of copperhead snakebite. Ann Emerg Med 43(2), 200-206.
    • (2004) Ann Emerg Med , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 200-206
    • Lavonas, E.J.1    Gerardo, C.J.2    O'Malley, G.3
  • 88
    • 0035840325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized multicenter trial of Crotalinae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom for the treatment for crotaline snakebite in the United States
    • RC Dart, SA Seifert, LV Boyer, et al. (2001) A randomized multicenter trial of Crotalinae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom for the treatment for crotaline snakebite in the United States. Arch Intern Med 161(16), 2030-2036.
    • (2001) Arch Intern Med , vol.161 , Issue.16 , pp. 2030-2036
    • Dart, R.C.1    Seifert, S.A.2    Boyer, L.V.3
  • 89
    • 0033548827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent and persistent coagulopathy following pit viper envenomation
    • LV Boyer, SA Seifert, RF Clark, et al. (1999) Recurrent and persistent coagulopathy following pit viper envenomation. Arch Intern Med 159(7), 706-710.
    • (1999) Arch Intern Med , vol.159 , Issue.7 , pp. 706-710
    • Boyer, L.V.1    Seifert, S.A.2    Clark, R.F.3
  • 90
    • 0036842253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crotaline Fab antivenom for the treatment of children with rattlesnake envenomation
    • SR Offerman, SP Bush, JA Moynihan and RF Clark (2002) Crotaline Fab antivenom for the treatment of children with rattlesnake envenomation. Pediatrics 110(5), 968-971.
    • (2002) Pediatrics , vol.110 , Issue.5 , pp. 968-971
    • Offerman, S.R.1    Bush, S.P.2    Moynihan, J.A.3    Clark, R.F.4
  • 92
    • 0942301423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copperhead bites and Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine): routine use requires evidence of improved outcomes
    • EM Caravati (2004) Copperhead bites and Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine): routine use requires evidence of improved outcomes. Ann Emerg Med 43(2), 207-208.
    • (2004) Ann Emerg Med , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 207-208
    • Caravati, E.M.1
  • 93
    • 0034949271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copperhead snakebites: clinical severity of local effects
    • EJ Scharman and VD Noffsinger (2001) Copperhead snakebites: clinical severity of local effects. Ann Emerg Med 38(1), 55-61.
    • (2001) Ann Emerg Med , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-61
    • Scharman, E.J.1    Noffsinger, V.D.2
  • 94
    • 0014210388 scopus 로고
    • Bites by copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix) in the United States
    • HM Parrish and CA Carr (1967) Bites by copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix) in the United States. JAMA 201(12), 927-932.
    • (1967) JAMA , vol.201 , Issue.12 , pp. 927-932
    • Parrish, H.M.1    Carr, C.A.2
  • 95
    • 0036734957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2001 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System
    • TL Litovitz, W Klein-Schwartz, GC Rodgers Jr, et al. (2002) 2001 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 20(5), 391-452.
    • (2002) Am J Emerg Med , vol.20 , Issue.5 , pp. 391-452
    • Litovitz, T.L.1    Klein-Schwartz, W.2    Rodgers, G.C.3
  • 96
    • 85020133548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic anaphylaxis
    • L Goldman, D Ausiello (Eds), 22nd ed., Philadelphia: WB Saunders
    • LB Schwartz (2004) Systemic anaphylaxis. L Goldman, D Ausiello (Eds) Cecil Textbook of Medicine 22nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1614-1617.
    • (2004) Cecil Textbook of Medicine , pp. 1614-1617
    • Schwartz, L.B.1
  • 97
    • 85158948860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anaphylaxis
    • AL Harwood-Nuss, AB Wolfson, CH Linden, SM Shepherd (Eds), 3rd ed., Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
    • DN Zull (2000) Anaphylaxis. AL Harwood-Nuss, AB Wolfson, CH Linden, SM Shepherd (Eds) The Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1053-1057.
    • (2000) The Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine , pp. 1053-1057
    • Zull, D.N.1
  • 98
    • 24944524518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypersensitivity-type I
    • I Roitt, J Brostoff, D Male (Eds), 6th ed., Edinburgh, Scotland: Mosby
    • J Brostoff and T Hall (2001) Hypersensitivity-type I. I Roitt, J Brostoff, D Male (Eds) Immunology 6th ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Mosby 323-343.
    • (2001) Immunology , pp. 323-343
    • Brostoff, J.1    Hall, T.2
  • 99
    • 0023783732 scopus 로고
    • Complications of Crotalidae antivenin therapy
    • GJ Jurkovich, A Luterman, K McCullar, et al. (1988) Complications of Crotalidae antivenin therapy. J Trauma 28(7), 1032-1037.
    • (1988) J Trauma , vol.28 , Issue.7 , pp. 1032-1037
    • Jurkovich, G.J.1    Luterman, A.2    McCullar, K.3
  • 100
    • 0023704178 scopus 로고
    • Skin testing in cases of possible crotalid envenomation
    • D Spaite, R Dart and JB Sullivan (1988) Skin testing in cases of possible crotalid envenomation. Ann Emerg Med 17(1), 105-106.
    • (1988) Ann Emerg Med , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 105-106
    • Spaite, D.1    Dart, R.2    Sullivan, J.B.3
  • 101
    • 61349164435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypersensitivity-type III
    • I Roitt, J Brostoff, D Male (Eds), 6th ed., Edinburgh, Scotland: Mosby
    • F Hay and OMR Westwood (2001) Hypersensitivity-type III. I Roitt, J Brostoff, D Male (Eds) Immunology 6th ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Mosby 357-369.
    • (2001) Immunology , pp. 357-369
    • Hay, F.1    Westwood, O.M.R.2
  • 102
    • 0020631146 scopus 로고
    • Snake antivenin administration in a patient allergic to horse serum
    • CL Loprinzi, J Hennessee, L Tamsky and TE Johnson (1983) Snake antivenin administration in a patient allergic to horse serum. South Med J 76(4), 501-502.
    • (1983) South Med J , vol.76 , Issue.4 , pp. 501-502
    • Loprinzi, C.L.1    Hennessee, J.2    Tamsky, L.3    Johnson, T.E.4
  • 103
    • 0016066350 scopus 로고
    • The use of excisional therapy in the management of snakebite
    • TT Huang, JB Lynch, DL Larson and SR Lewis (1974) The use of excisional therapy in the management of snakebite. Ann Surg 179(5), 598-607.
    • (1974) Ann Surg , vol.179 , Issue.5 , pp. 598-607
    • Huang, T.T.1    Lynch, J.B.2    Larson, D.L.3    Lewis, S.R.4
  • 104
    • 0017300666 scopus 로고
    • Early debridement in pit viper bites
    • TG Glass Jr (1976) Early debridement in pit viper bites. JAMA 235(23), 2513-2516.
    • (1976) JAMA , vol.235 , Issue.23 , pp. 2513-2516
    • Glass, T.G.1
  • 105
    • 0021329628 scopus 로고
    • Rattlesnake bites and surgical decompression: results using a laboratory model
    • SR Garfin, RR Castilonia, SJ Mubarak, et al. (1984) Rattlesnake bites and surgical decompression: results using a laboratory model. Toxicon 22(2), 177-182.
    • (1984) Toxicon , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 177-182
    • Garfin, S.R.1    Castilonia, R.R.2    Mubarak, S.J.3
  • 106
    • 0024829552 scopus 로고
    • Antivenin and fasciotomy/debridement in the treatment of the severe rattlesnake bite
    • RM Stewart, CP Page, WH Schwesinger, et al. (1989) Antivenin and fasciotomy/debridement in the treatment of the severe rattlesnake bite. Am J Surg 158(6), 543-547.
    • (1989) Am J Surg , vol.158 , Issue.6 , pp. 543-547
    • Stewart, R.M.1    Page, C.P.2    Schwesinger, W.H.3
  • 107
    • 0022257426 scopus 로고
    • The effect of antivenin on intramuscular pressure elevations induced by rattlesnake venom
    • SR Garfin, RR Castilonia, SJ Mubarak, et al. (1985) The effect of antivenin on intramuscular pressure elevations induced by rattlesnake venom. Toxicon 23(4), 677-680.
    • (1985) Toxicon , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 677-680
    • Garfin, S.R.1    Castilonia, R.R.2    Mubarak, S.J.3
  • 108
    • 0018556525 scopus 로고
    • Role of surgical decompression in treatment of rattlesnake bites
    • SR Garfin, RR Castilonia, SJ Mubarak, et al. (1979) Role of surgical decompression in treatment of rattlesnake bites. Surg Forum 30 502-504.
    • (1979) Surg Forum , vol.30 , pp. 502-504
    • Garfin, S.R.1    Castilonia, R.R.2    Mubarak, S.J.3
  • 109
    • 0022401178 scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive vascular studies in management of rattlesnake envenomations to extremities
    • SC Curry, JC Kraner, DB Kunkel, et al. (1985) Noninvasive vascular studies in management of rattlesnake envenomations to extremities. Ann Emerg Med 14(11), 1081-1084.
    • (1985) Ann Emerg Med , vol.14 , Issue.11 , pp. 1081-1084
    • Curry, S.C.1    Kraner, J.C.2    Kunkel, D.B.3
  • 110
    • 0035137311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of surgical intervention in the management of crotaline snake envenomation
    • EL Hall (2001) Role of surgical intervention in the management of crotaline snake envenomation. Ann Emerg Med 37(2), 175-180.
    • (2001) Ann Emerg Med , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 175-180
    • Hall, E.L.1
  • 112
    • 84874414379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compartment syndrome evaluation
    • JR Roberts, JR Hedges (Eds), 4th ed., Philadelphia: WB Saunders
    • NR Frankel and A Villarin (2004) Compartment syndrome evaluation. JR Roberts, JR Hedges (Eds) Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1058-1072.
    • (2004) Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine , pp. 1058-1072
    • Frankel, N.R.1    Villarin, A.2
  • 113
    • 0018102270 scopus 로고
    • Fluid balance within the canine anterolateral compartment and its relationship to compartment syndromes
    • AR Hargens, WH Akeson, SJ Mubarak, et al. (1978) Fluid balance within the canine anterolateral compartment and its relationship to compartment syndromes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 60(4), 499-505.
    • (1978) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.60 , Issue.4 , pp. 499-505
    • Hargens, A.R.1    Akeson, W.H.2    Mubarak, S.J.3
  • 114
    • 0016729102 scopus 로고
    • Tissue pressure measurements as a determinant for the need of fasciotomy
    • TE Whitesides, TC Haney, K Morimoto and H Harada (1975) Tissue pressure measurements as a determinant for the need of fasciotomy. Clin Orthop Rel Res (113), 43-51.
    • (1975) Clin Orthop Rel Res , Issue.113 , pp. 43-51
    • Whitesides, T.E.1    Haney, T.C.2    Morimoto, K.3    Harada, H.4
  • 115
    • 0019144208 scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle necrosis in pressurized compartments associated with hemorrhagic hypotension
    • SS Zweifach, AR Hargens, KL Evans, et al. (1980) Skeletal muscle necrosis in pressurized compartments associated with hemorrhagic hypotension. J Trauma 20(11), 941-947.
    • (1980) J Trauma , vol.20 , Issue.11 , pp. 941-947
    • Zweifach, S.S.1    Hargens, A.R.2    Evans, K.L.3
  • 116
    • 0023867081 scopus 로고
    • The compartment syndrome. An experimental and clinical study of muscular energy metabolism using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • RB Heppenstall, AA Sapega, R Scott, et al. (1988) The compartment syndrome. An experimental and clinical study of muscular energy metabolism using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin Orthop Rel Res (226), 138-155.
    • (1988) Clin Orthop Rel Res , Issue.226 , pp. 138-155
    • Heppenstall, R.B.1    Sapega, A.A.2    Scott, R.3
  • 117
    • 0037373393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenom limits the decrease in perfusion pressure of the anterior leg compartment in a porcine crotaline envenomation model
    • DA Tanen, DC Danish and RF Clark (2003) Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenom limits the decrease in perfusion pressure of the anterior leg compartment in a porcine crotaline envenomation model. Ann Emerg Med 41(3), 384-390.
    • (2003) Ann Emerg Med , vol.41 , Issue.3 , pp. 384-390
    • Tanen, D.A.1    Danish, D.C.2    Clark, R.F.3
  • 119
    • 0021874848 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of poisonous snakebite with emphasis on digit dermotomy
    • CH Watt Jr (1985) Treatment of poisonous snakebite with emphasis on digit dermotomy. South Med J 78(6), 694-699.
    • (1985) South Med J , vol.78 , Issue.6 , pp. 694-699
    • Watt, C.H.1
  • 120
    • 0029080124 scopus 로고
    • Severe toxicity from crotalid envenomation after early resolution of symptoms
    • JA Guisto (1995) Severe toxicity from crotalid envenomation after early resolution of symptoms. Ann Emerg Med 26(3), 387-389.
    • (1995) Ann Emerg Med , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 387-389
    • Guisto, J.A.1
  • 121
    • 0001462393 scopus 로고
    • Reliability of clinical presentation for predicting significant pit viper envenomation [Abstract]
    • KM Hurlbut, RC Dart and DW Spaite (1988) Reliability of clinical presentation for predicting significant pit viper envenomation [Abstract]. Ann Emerg Med 17 438.
    • (1988) Ann Emerg Med , vol.17 , pp. 438
    • Hurlbut, K.M.1    Dart, R.C.2    Spaite, D.W.3
  • 122
    • 0035134542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrence phenomena after immunoglobulin therapy for snake envenomations: Part 2. Guidelines for clinical management with crotaline Fab antivenom
    • LV Boyer, SA Seifert and JS Cain (2001) Recurrence phenomena after immunoglobulin therapy for snake envenomations: Part 2. Guidelines for clinical management with crotaline Fab antivenom. Ann Emerg Med 37(2), 196-201.
    • (2001) Ann Emerg Med , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 196-201
    • Boyer, L.V.1    Seifert, S.A.2    Cain, J.S.3
  • 123
    • 0035238913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time to reconstitution: purified Fab antivenom vs. unpurified IgG antivenom
    • RE Hill, GM Bogdan and RC Dart (2001) Time to reconstitution: purified Fab antivenom vs. unpurified IgG antivenom. Toxicon 39(5), 729-731.
    • (2001) Toxicon , vol.39 , Issue.5 , pp. 729-731
    • Hill, R.E.1    Bogdan, G.M.2    Dart, R.C.3
  • 124
    • 0036271749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rational use of crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) in the management of crotaline bite
    • L Yip (2002) Rational use of crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) in the management of crotaline bite. Ann Emerg Med 39(6), 648-650.
    • (2002) Ann Emerg Med , vol.39 , Issue.6 , pp. 648-650
    • Yip, L.1
  • 125
    • 0036900572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The challenge of drug shortages for emergency medicine
    • LS Tyler, ER Fox and EM Caravati (2002) The challenge of drug shortages for emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med 40(6), 598-602.
    • (2002) Ann Emerg Med , vol.40 , Issue.6 , pp. 598-602
    • Tyler, L.S.1    Fox, E.R.2    Caravati, E.M.3
  • 126
    • 0037356556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of two antivenoms against the venom of North American snakes
    • EE Sanchez, JA Galan, JC Perez, et al. (2003) The efficacy of two antivenoms against the venom of North American snakes. Toxicon 41(3), 357-365.
    • (2003) Toxicon , vol.41 , Issue.3 , pp. 357-365
    • Sanchez, E.E.1    Galan, J.A.2    Perez, J.C.3
  • 127
    • 0002966994 scopus 로고
    • The sequelae of pitviper poisoning in the United States
    • JA Campbell, ED Brody (Eds), Tyler, TX: Selva Press
    • RC Dart, JT McNally, DW Spaite and R Gustafson (1992) The sequelae of pitviper poisoning in the United States. JA Campbell, ED Brody (Eds) Biology of the Pitvipers Tyler, TX: Selva Press 395-404.
    • (1992) Biology of the Pitvipers , pp. 395-404
    • Dart, R.C.1    McNally, J.T.2    Spaite, D.W.3    Gustafson, R.4
  • 128
    • 0032428679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snakebites: appraisal of the global situation
    • JP Chippaux (1998) Snakebites: appraisal of the global situation. Bull WHO 76(5), 515-524.
    • (1998) Bull WHO , vol.76 , Issue.5 , pp. 515-524
    • Chippaux, J.P.1
  • 129
    • 0037401660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report of a WHO workshop on the standardization and control of antivenoms
    • RD Theakston, DA Warrell and E Griffiths (2003) Report of a WHO workshop on the standardization and control of antivenoms. Toxicon 41(5), 541-557.
    • (2003) Toxicon , vol.41 , Issue.5 , pp. 541-557
    • Theakston, R.D.1    Warrell, D.A.2    Griffiths, E.3
  • 130
    • 0030749746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naja naja cobra bite
    • A Britt and K Burkhart (1997) Naja naja cobra bite. Am J Emerg Med 15(5), 529-531.
    • (1997) Am J Emerg Med , vol.15 , Issue.5 , pp. 529-531
    • Britt, A.1    Burkhart, K.2
  • 131
    • 0031772901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment of neurotoxic king cobra envenomation in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
    • BS Gold and P Pyle (1998) Successful treatment of neurotoxic king cobra envenomation in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Ann Emerg Med 32(6), 736-738.
    • (1998) Ann Emerg Med , vol.32 , Issue.6 , pp. 736-738
    • Gold, B.S.1    Pyle, P.2
  • 132
    • 0030484723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bites by non-native venomous snakes in the United States
    • SA Minton (1996) Bites by non-native venomous snakes in the United States. Wilderness Environ Med 7(4), 297-303.
    • (1996) Wilderness Environ Med , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 297-303
    • Minton, S.A.1
  • 134
    • 11044225021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snakebite in tropical Australia: a prospective study in the “Top End” of the Northern Territory
    • BJ Currie (2004) Snakebite in tropical Australia: a prospective study in the “Top End” of the Northern Territory. Med J Aust 181(11–12), 693-697.
    • (2004) Med J Aust , vol.181 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 693-697
    • Currie, B.J.1
  • 136
    • 0026524372 scopus 로고
    • Clinical features and treatment of Elapidae bites: report of three cases
    • LK Coelho, E Silva, C Espositto and M Zanin (1992) Clinical features and treatment of Elapidae bites: report of three cases. Hum Exp Toxicol 11(2), 135-137.
    • (1992) Hum Exp Toxicol , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 135-137
    • Coelho, L.K.1    Silva, E.2    Espositto, C.3    Zanin, M.4
  • 137
    • 62649154402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elapid snake envenomation
    • AL Harwood-Nuss (Eds), Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven
    • RC Dart and JB Sullivan (1996) Elapid snake envenomation. AL Harwood-Nuss (Eds) The Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven 1453.
    • (1996) The Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine , pp. 1453
    • Dart, R.C.1    Sullivan, J.B.2
  • 138
    • 0023280425 scopus 로고
    • Envenomation by the Eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius). A study of 39 victims
    • CS Kitchens and LH Van Mierop (1987) Envenomation by the Eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius). A study of 39 victims. JAMA 258(12), 1615-1618.
    • (1987) JAMA , vol.258 , Issue.12 , pp. 1615-1618
    • Kitchens, C.S.1    Van Mierop, L.H.2
  • 139
    • 2942561962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of two common antivenoms for North, Central, and South American Micrurus envenomations
    • AR de Roodt, JF Paniagua-Solis, JA Dolab, et al. (2004) Effectiveness of two common antivenoms for North, Central, and South American Micrurus envenomations. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42 171.
    • (2004) J Toxicol Clin Toxicol , vol.42 , pp. 171
    • de Roodt, A.R.1    Paniagua-Solis, J.F.2    Dolab, J.A.3
  • 142
    • 0030057532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of multiple nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-binding proteins and phospholipases A2 from the venom of the coral snake Micrurus nigrocinctus
    • A Alape-Giron, B Stiles, J Schmidt, et al. (1996) Characterization of multiple nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-binding proteins and phospholipases A2 from the venom of the coral snake Micrurus nigrocinctus. FEBS Lett 380(1–2), 29-32.
    • (1996) FEBS Lett , vol.380 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 29-32
    • Alape-Giron, A.1    Stiles, B.2    Schmidt, J.3
  • 143
    • 0026040355 scopus 로고
    • Snake venom constituents: biochemistry and toxicology (Part 1)
    • TT Iyaniwura (1991) Snake venom constituents: biochemistry and toxicology (Part 1). Vet Hum Toxicol 33(5), 468-474.
    • (1991) Vet Hum Toxicol , vol.33 , Issue.5 , pp. 468-474
    • Iyaniwura, T.T.1
  • 144
    • 0026014451 scopus 로고
    • Snake venom constituents: biochemistry and toxicology (Part 2)
    • TT Iyaniwura (1991) Snake venom constituents: biochemistry and toxicology (Part 2). Vet Hum Toxicol 33(5), 475-480.
    • (1991) Vet Hum Toxicol , vol.33 , Issue.5 , pp. 475-480
    • Iyaniwura, T.T.1
  • 145
    • 0021869328 scopus 로고
    • Neurologic complications of a coral snake bite
    • LC Pettigrew and JP Glass (1985) Neurologic complications of a coral snake bite. Neurology 35(4), 589-592.
    • (1985) Neurology , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 589-592
    • Pettigrew, L.C.1    Glass, J.P.2
  • 146
    • 0014849649 scopus 로고
    • Elapid neurotoxins and their mode of action
    • CY Lee (1970) Elapid neurotoxins and their mode of action. Clin Toxicol 3(3), 457-472.
    • (1970) Clin Toxicol , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 457-472
    • Lee, C.Y.1
  • 148
    • 0029665510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of alpha-neurotoxin and phospholipase A2 activities from Micrurus venoms. Determination of the amino acid sequence and receptor-binding ability of the major alpha-neurotoxin from Micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus
    • JP Rosso, O Vargas-Rosso, JM Gutierrez, et al. (1996) Characterization of alpha-neurotoxin and phospholipase A2 activities from Micrurus venoms. Determination of the amino acid sequence and receptor-binding ability of the major alpha-neurotoxin from Micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus. Eur J Biochem 238(1), 231-239.
    • (1996) Eur J Biochem , vol.238 , Issue.1 , pp. 231-239
    • Rosso, J.P.1    Vargas-Rosso, O.2    Gutierrez, J.M.3
  • 149
    • 0015091926 scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular and muscular effects of venom from coral snake, Micrurus fulvius
    • R Weis and RJ McIsaac (1971) Cardiovascular and muscular effects of venom from coral snake, Micrurus fulvius. Toxicon 9(3), 219-228.
    • (1971) Toxicon , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 219-228
    • Weis, R.1    McIsaac, R.J.2
  • 150
    • 0015302038 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of shock produced by an elapid snake (Micrurus f. fulvius) venom in dogs
    • HW Ramsey, WJ Taylor, IB Boruchow and GK Snyder (1972) Mechanism of shock produced by an elapid snake (Micrurus f. fulvius) venom in dogs. Am J Physiol 222(3), 782-786.
    • (1972) Am J Physiol , vol.222 , Issue.3 , pp. 782-786
    • Ramsey, H.W.1    Taylor, W.J.2    Boruchow, I.B.3    Snyder, G.K.4
  • 151
    • 0004255059 scopus 로고
    • 2nd ed., Great Neck, NY: Scholium International
    • FE Russell (1983) Snake venom poisoning 2nd ed. Great Neck, NY: Scholium International
    • (1983) Snake venom poisoning
    • Russell, F.E.1
  • 152
    • 0024322983 scopus 로고
    • Apparent coral snake envenomation in a patient without visible fang marks
    • RL Norris and RC Dart (1989) Apparent coral snake envenomation in a patient without visible fang marks. Am J Emerg Med 7(4), 402-405.
    • (1989) Am J Emerg Med , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 402-405
    • Norris, R.L.1    Dart, R.C.2
  • 153
    • 0013922790 scopus 로고
    • Coral snake bite: recovery following symptoms of respiratory paralysis
    • T Moseley (1966) Coral snake bite: recovery following symptoms of respiratory paralysis. Ann Surg 163(6), 943-948.
    • (1966) Ann Surg , vol.163 , Issue.6 , pp. 943-948
    • Moseley, T.1
  • 154
    • 0030093364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment and management of coral and other exotic snake envenomations
    • GG Gaar (1996) Assessment and management of coral and other exotic snake envenomations. J Fla Med Assoc 83(3), 178-182.
    • (1996) J Fla Med Assoc , vol.83 , Issue.3 , pp. 178-182
    • Gaar, G.G.1
  • 155
    • 0013577326 scopus 로고
    • Coral snake bites in the United States
    • N McCollough and JF Gennaro Jr (1963) Coral snake bites in the United States. J Fla Med Assoc 49 968-972.
    • (1963) J Fla Med Assoc , vol.49 , pp. 968-972
    • McCollough, N.1    Gennaro, J.F.2
  • 156
    • 0014082187 scopus 로고
    • Bites by coral snakes: report of 11 representative cases
    • HM Parrish and MS Khan (1967) Bites by coral snakes: report of 11 representative cases. Am J Med Sci 253(5), 561-568.
    • (1967) Am J Med Sci , vol.253 , Issue.5 , pp. 561-568
    • Parrish, H.M.1    Khan, M.S.2
  • 157
    • 0018394898 scopus 로고
    • Rationalisation of first-aid measures for elapid snakebite
    • SK Sutherland, AR Coulter and RD Harris (1979) Rationalisation of first-aid measures for elapid snakebite. Lancet 1(8109), 183-185.
    • (1979) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.8109 , pp. 183-185
    • Sutherland, S.K.1    Coulter, A.R.2    Harris, R.D.3
  • 158
    • 0035136932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Out-of-hospital and interhospital management of crotaline snakebite
    • PE McKinney (2001) Out-of-hospital and interhospital management of crotaline snakebite. Ann Emerg Med 37(2), 168-174.
    • (2001) Ann Emerg Med , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 168-174
    • McKinney, P.E.1
  • 159
    • 20444441153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pressure-immobilization bandages delay toxicity in a porcine model of eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius) envenomation
    • BT German, JB Hack, K Brewer and WJ Meggs (2005) Pressure-immobilization bandages delay toxicity in a porcine model of eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius) envenomation. Ann Emerg Med 45(6), 603-608.
    • (2005) Ann Emerg Med , vol.45 , Issue.6 , pp. 603-608
    • German, B.T.1    Hack, J.B.2    Brewer, K.3    Meggs, W.J.4
  • 160
    • 0038696349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preclinical assessment of the ability of polyvalent (Crotalinae) and anticoral (Elapidae) antivenoms produced in Costa Rica to neutralize the venoms of North American snakes
    • V Arce, E Rojas, CL Ownby, et al. (2003) Preclinical assessment of the ability of polyvalent (Crotalinae) and anticoral (Elapidae) antivenoms produced in Costa Rica to neutralize the venoms of North American snakes. Toxicon 41(7), 851-860.
    • (2003) Toxicon , vol.41 , Issue.7 , pp. 851-860
    • Arce, V.1    Rojas, E.2    Ownby, C.L.3
  • 161
    • 0037282418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Australian tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) and Mexican coral snake (Micrurus species) antivenoms prevent death from United States coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius) venom in a mouse model
    • MS Wisniewski, RE Hill, JM Havey, et al. (2003) Australian tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) and Mexican coral snake (Micrurus species) antivenoms prevent death from United States coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius) venom in a mouse model. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41(1), 7-10.
    • (2003) J Toxicol Clin Toxicol , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-10
    • Wisniewski, M.S.1    Hill, R.E.2    Havey, J.M.3
  • 163
    • 0004037764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baltimore, MD: American Zoo and Aquarium Association
    • American Zoo and Aquarium Association (1999) The Antivenom Index Baltimore, MD: American Zoo and Aquarium Association
    • (1999) The Antivenom Index
  • 164
    • 13744256871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snake venoms and antivenoms: critical supply issues
    • HS Bawaskar (2004) Snake venoms and antivenoms: critical supply issues. J Assoc Physicians India 52 11-13.
    • (2004) J Assoc Physicians India , vol.52 , pp. 11-13
    • Bawaskar, H.S.1
  • 165
    • 0035954015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tackling venomous snake bites worldwide
    • D McNamee (2001) Tackling venomous snake bites worldwide. Lancet 357(9269), 1680.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , Issue.9269 , pp. 1680
    • McNamee, D.1
  • 166
    • 0035820270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Call for global snakebite control and procurement funding
    • AC Cheng and K Winkel (2001) Call for global snakebite control and procurement funding. Lancet 357(9262), 1132.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , Issue.9262 , pp. 1132
    • Cheng, A.C.1    Winkel, K.2
  • 167
    • 0036354904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The National Poisons Information Centre in Sri Lanka: the first ten years
    • R Fernando (2002) The National Poisons Information Centre in Sri Lanka: the first ten years. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40(5), 551-555.
    • (2002) J Toxicol Clin Toxicol , vol.40 , Issue.5 , pp. 551-555
    • Fernando, R.1
  • 169
    • 0023791632 scopus 로고
    • Bites by the Philippine cobra (Naja naja philippinensis): prominent neurotoxicity with minimal local signs
    • G Watt, L Padre, L Tuazon, et al. (1988) Bites by the Philippine cobra (Naja naja philippinensis): prominent neurotoxicity with minimal local signs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39(3), 306-311.
    • (1988) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 306-311
    • Watt, G.1    Padre, L.2    Tuazon, L.3
  • 170
    • 11144337223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Envenoming by the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and Asian cobra (Naja naja): clinical manifestations and their management in a rural setting
    • HS Bawaskar and PH Bawaskar (2004) Envenoming by the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and Asian cobra (Naja naja): clinical manifestations and their management in a rural setting. Wilderness Environ Med 15(4), 257-266.
    • (2004) Wilderness Environ Med , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 257-266
    • Bawaskar, H.S.1    Bawaskar, P.H.2
  • 171
    • 0024236525 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of cobra (Naja) venom enzymes
    • NH Tan and CS Tan (1988) A comparative study of cobra (Naja) venom enzymes. Comp Biochem Physiol B 90(4), 745-750.
    • (1988) Comp Biochem Physiol B , vol.90 , Issue.4 , pp. 745-750
    • Tan, N.H.1    Tan, C.S.2
  • 172
    • 0037212281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Purification and characterization of an anticoagulant phospholipase A(2) from Indian monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia) venom
    • R Doley and AK Mukherjee (2003) Purification and characterization of an anticoagulant phospholipase A(2) from Indian monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia) venom. Toxicon 41(1), 81-91.
    • (2003) Toxicon , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 81-91
    • Doley, R.1    Mukherjee, A.K.2
  • 173
    • 0030822823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the arterial blood pressure, heart rate and normal ECG parameters of rat after envenomation with Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) venom
    • MA Omran and IM Abdel-Nabi (1997) Changes in the arterial blood pressure, heart rate and normal ECG parameters of rat after envenomation with Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) venom. Hum Exp Toxicol 16(6), 327-333.
    • (1997) Hum Exp Toxicol , vol.16 , Issue.6 , pp. 327-333
    • Omran, M.A.1    Abdel-Nabi, I.M.2
  • 174
    • 0036223969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of coagulopathy in three cases of tiger snake (Notechis ater occidentalis) envenomation
    • LA Ferguson, A Morling, C Moraes and R Baker (2002) Investigation of coagulopathy in three cases of tiger snake (Notechis ater occidentalis) envenomation. Pathology 34(2), 157-161.
    • (2002) Pathology , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 157-161
    • Ferguson, L.A.1    Morling, A.2    Moraes, C.3    Baker, R.4
  • 175
    • 13344293672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotoxicity, anticoagulant activity and evidence of rhabdomyolysis in patients bitten by death adders (Acanthophis sp.) in southern Papua New Guinea
    • DG Lalloo, AJ Trevett, J Black, et al. (1996) Neurotoxicity, anticoagulant activity and evidence of rhabdomyolysis in patients bitten by death adders (Acanthophis sp.) in southern Papua New Guinea. QJM 89(1), 25-35.
    • (1996) QJM , vol.89 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-35
    • Lalloo, D.G.1    Trevett, A.J.2    Black, J.3
  • 176
    • 0035239235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty years of dendrotoxins
    • AL Harvey (2001) Twenty years of dendrotoxins. Toxicon 39(1), 15-26.
    • (2001) Toxicon , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-26
    • Harvey, A.L.1
  • 177
    • 0035957581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snake toxins that bind specifically to individual subtypes of muscarinic receptors
    • LT Potter (2001) Snake toxins that bind specifically to individual subtypes of muscarinic receptors. Life Sci 68(22–23), 2541-2547.
    • (2001) Life Sci , vol.68 , Issue.22-23 , pp. 2541-2547
    • Potter, L.T.1
  • 178
    • 0033971608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscarinic toxins from the green mamba
    • KN Bradley (2000) Muscarinic toxins from the green mamba. Pharmacol Ther 85(2), 87-109.
    • (2000) Pharmacol Ther , vol.85 , Issue.2 , pp. 87-109
    • Bradley, K.N.1
  • 180
    • 0033953596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical toxicology: a tropical Australian perspective
    • BJ Currie (2000) Clinical toxicology: a tropical Australian perspective. Ther Drug Monit 22(1), 73-78.
    • (2000) Ther Drug Monit , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 73-78
    • Currie, B.J.1
  • 181
    • 0029997926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neostigmine for the treatment of neurotoxicity following envenomation by the Asiatic cobra
    • BS Gold (1996) Neostigmine for the treatment of neurotoxicity following envenomation by the Asiatic cobra. Ann Emerg Med 28(1), 87-89.
    • (1996) Ann Emerg Med , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-89
    • Gold, B.S.1
  • 182
    • 0037376736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical significance of venom detection in patients of cobra snakebite
    • DZ Hung, MY Liau and SY Lin-Shiau (2003) The clinical significance of venom detection in patients of cobra snakebite. Toxicon 41(4), 409-415.
    • (2003) Toxicon , vol.41 , Issue.4 , pp. 409-415
    • Hung, D.Z.1    Liau, M.Y.2    Lin-Shiau, S.Y.3
  • 183
    • 0032743055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic use and infection in snakebite victims
    • RS Blaylock (1999) Antibiotic use and infection in snakebite victims. S Afr Med J 89(8), 874-876.
    • (1999) S Afr Med J , vol.89 , Issue.8 , pp. 874-876
    • Blaylock, R.S.1
  • 184
    • 0030940636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic prophylaxis for pit viper envenomation: prospective, controlled trial
    • KR Kerrigan, BL Mertz, SJ Nelson and JD Dye (1997) Antibiotic prophylaxis for pit viper envenomation: prospective, controlled trial. World J Surg 21(4), 369-373.
    • (1997) World J Surg , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 369-373
    • Kerrigan, K.R.1    Mertz, B.L.2    Nelson, S.J.3    Dye, J.D.4
  • 186
    • 0027509820 scopus 로고
    • Nonvenomous snakebite in Massachusetts: prophylactic antibiotics are unnecessary
    • HG Weed (1993) Nonvenomous snakebite in Massachusetts: prophylactic antibiotics are unnecessary. Ann Emerg Med 22(2), 220-224.
    • (1993) Ann Emerg Med , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 220-224
    • Weed, H.G.1
  • 187
    • 19044382037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Antibiotics in nonvenomous snakebite
    • P Terry and K Mackway-Jones (2002) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Antibiotics in nonvenomous snakebite. Emerg Med J 19(2), 142.
    • (2002) Emerg Med J , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 142
    • Terry, P.1    Mackway-Jones, K.2
  • 189
    • 0343450066 scopus 로고
    • Clinical features of 37 non-antivenin treated neurotoxic snake bite patients
    • P Gopalakrishnakone, CK Tan (Eds), Singapore: Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore
    • C Pochanugool, S Limthongkull and K Meemano (1987) Clinical features of 37 non-antivenin treated neurotoxic snake bite patients. P Gopalakrishnakone, CK Tan (Eds) Progress in Venom and Toxin Research Singapore: Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore 46-51.
    • (1987) Progress in Venom and Toxin Research , pp. 46-51
    • Pochanugool, C.1    Limthongkull, S.2    Meemano, K.3
  • 190
    • 0037164328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aphasia in a farmer after viper bite
    • HS Bawaskar and PH Bawaskar (2002) Aphasia in a farmer after viper bite. Lancet 360(9346), 1703.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , Issue.9346 , pp. 1703
    • Bawaskar, H.S.1    Bawaskar, P.H.2
  • 191
    • 0033577475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low dose subcutaneous adrenaline to prevent acute adverse reactions to antivenom serum in people bitten by snakes: randomised, placebo controlled trial
    • AP Premawardhena, CE de Silva, MM Fonseka, et al. (1999) Low dose subcutaneous adrenaline to prevent acute adverse reactions to antivenom serum in people bitten by snakes: randomised, placebo controlled trial. BMJ 318 1041-1043.
    • (1999) BMJ , vol.318 , pp. 1041-1043
    • Premawardhena, A.P.1    de Silva, C.E.2    Fonseka, M.M.3
  • 192
    • 0347117586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parallel infusion of hydrocortisone +/– chlorpheniramine bolus injection to prevent acute adverse reactions to antivenom for snakebites
    • IB Gawarammana, SA Kularatne, WP Dissanayake, et al. (2004) Parallel infusion of hydrocortisone +/– chlorpheniramine bolus injection to prevent acute adverse reactions to antivenom for snakebites. Med J Aust 180(1), 20-23.
    • (2004) Med J Aust , vol.180 , Issue.1 , pp. 20-23
    • Gawarammana, I.B.1    Kularatne, S.A.2    Dissanayake, W.P.3
  • 193
    • 0022877406 scopus 로고
    • Positive response to edrophonium in patients with neurotoxic envenoming by cobras (Naja naja philippinensis). A placebo-controlled study
    • G Watt, RD Theakston, CG Hayes, et al. (1986) Positive response to edrophonium in patients with neurotoxic envenoming by cobras (Naja naja philippinensis). A placebo-controlled study. N Engl J Med 315(23), 1444-1448.
    • (1986) N Engl J Med , vol.315 , Issue.23 , pp. 1444-1448
    • Watt, G.1    Theakston, R.D.2    Hayes, C.G.3
  • 194
    • 0024472058 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of Tensilon and antivenom for the treatment of cobra-bite paralysis
    • G Watt, BD Meade, RD Theakston, et al. (1989) Comparison of Tensilon and antivenom for the treatment of cobra-bite paralysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83(4), 570-573.
    • (1989) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg , vol.83 , Issue.4 , pp. 570-573
    • Watt, G.1    Meade, B.D.2    Theakston, R.D.3
  • 195
    • 0026004531 scopus 로고
    • Bites by the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) in Myanmar: successful treatment of severe neurotoxic envenoming
    • Tin-Myint, Rai-Mra, Maung-Chit, et al. (1991) Bites by the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) in Myanmar: successful treatment of severe neurotoxic envenoming. QJM 80(293), 751-762.
    • (1991) QJM , vol.80 , Issue.293 , pp. 751-762
  • 196
    • 0022595589 scopus 로고
    • Actions of cardiotoxins from the southern Chinese cobra (Naja naja atra) on rat cardiac tissue
    • JJ Sun and MJ Walker (1986) Actions of cardiotoxins from the southern Chinese cobra (Naja naja atra) on rat cardiac tissue. Toxicon 24(3), 233-245.
    • (1986) Toxicon , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 233-245
    • Sun, J.J.1    Walker, M.J.2
  • 197
    • 0027535671 scopus 로고
    • The ocular effects of spitting cobras: I. The ringhals cobra (Hemachatus haemachatus) venom-induced corneal opacification syndrome
    • M Ismail, AM al-Bekairi, AM el-Bedaiwy and MA Abd-el Salam (1993) The ocular effects of spitting cobras: I. The ringhals cobra (Hemachatus haemachatus) venom-induced corneal opacification syndrome. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 31(1), 31-41.
    • (1993) J Toxicol Clin Toxicol , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-41
    • Ismail, M.1    al-Bekairi, A.M.2    el-Bedaiwy, A.M.3    Abd-el Salam, M.A.4
  • 198
    • 0026569356 scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of heparin in the treatment of common brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis) envenomation
    • J Tibballs and SK Sutherland (1992) The efficacy of heparin in the treatment of common brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis) envenomation. Anaesth Intensive Care 20(1), 33-37.
    • (1992) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-37
    • Tibballs, J.1    Sutherland, S.K.2
  • 199
    • 0031730332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cardiovascular, coagulation and haematological effects of tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) prothrombin activator and investigation of release of vasoactive substances
    • J Tibballs (1998) The cardiovascular, coagulation and haematological effects of tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) prothrombin activator and investigation of release of vasoactive substances. Anaesth Intensive Care 26(5), 536-547.
    • (1998) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.26 , Issue.5 , pp. 536-547
    • Tibballs, J.1
  • 200
    • 0026556539 scopus 로고
    • The cardiovascular and haematological effects of purified prothrombin activator from the common brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis) and their antagonism with heparin
    • J Tibballs, SK Sutherland, RA Rivera and PP Masci (1992) The cardiovascular and haematological effects of purified prothrombin activator from the common brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis) and their antagonism with heparin. Anaesth Intensive Care 20(1), 28-32.
    • (1992) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 28-32
    • Tibballs, J.1    Sutherland, S.K.2    Rivera, R.A.3    Masci, P.P.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.