Perfusion Thresholds in Cerebral Ischemia

The Ischemic Penumbra

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 21-35

  Moustafa, Ramez R ^a   Baron, Jean Claude ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85152826330     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.3109/9781420047356-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (89)

1. Hossmann KA. Viability thresholds and the penumbra of focal ischemia. Ann Neurol 1994; 36(4):557-565.
2. Heiss WD. Experimental evidence of ischemic thresholds and functional recovery. Stroke 1992; 23(11):1668-1672.
3. Astrup J, Siesjo BK, Symon L. Thresholds in cerebral ischemia-the ischemic penumbra. Stroke 1981; 12(6):723-725.
4. Baron JC. Perfusion thresholds in human cerebral ischemia: historical perspective and therapeutic implications. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 11(suppl 1): 2-8.
5. Hoffman WE, Charbel FT, Gonzalez-Portillo G, Ausman JI. Measurement of ischemia by changes in tissue oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH. Surg Neurol 1999; 51(6):654-658.
6. Hou H, Grinberg OY, Grinberg SA, Demidenko E, Swartz HM. Cerebral tissue oxygenation in reversible focal ischemia in rats: multi-site EPR oximetry measurements. Physiol Meas 2005; 26(1):131-141.
7. Farrar JK. Tissue pO2 threshold of ischemic cell damage following MCA occlusion in cats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11(suppl 2):S553.
8. Harris RJ, Richards PG, Symon L, Habib AH, Rosenstein J. pH, K+, and PO2 of the extracellular space during ischaemia of primate cerebral cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987; 7(5):599-604.
9. Doppenberg EM, Zauner A, Bullock R, et al. Correlations between brain tissue oxygen tension, carbon dioxide tension, pH, and cerebral blood flow-a better way of monitoring the severely injured brain? Surg Neurol 1998; 49(6): 650-654.
10. Astrup J. Energy-requiring cell functions in the ischemic brain. Their critical supply and possible inhibition in protective therapy. J Neurosurg 1982; 56(4): 482-497.
11. Naritomi H, Sasaki M, Kanashiro M, Kitani M, Sawada T. Flow thresholds for cerebral energy disturbance and Na+ pump failure as studied by in vivo 31P and 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1988; 8(1):16-23.
12. Morawetz RB, Crowell RH, DeGirolami U, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow thresholds during cerebral ischemia. Fed Proc 1979; 38(11):2493-2494.
13. Shimada N, Graf R, Rosner G, Heiss WD. Differences in ischemia-induced accumulation of amino acids in the cat cortex. Stroke 1990; 21(10):1445-1451.
14. Sharbrough FW, Messick JM Jr, Sundt TM Jr. Correlation of continuous electroencephalograms with cerebral blood flow measurements during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 1973; 4(4):674-683.
15. Trojaborg W, Boysen G. Relation between EEG, regional cerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery pressure during carotid endarterectomy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1973; 34(1):61-69.
16. Sundt TM Jr, Sharbrough FW, Anderson RE, Michenfelder JD. Cerebral blood flow measurements and electroencephalograms during carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg 1974; 41(3):310-320.
17. Messick JM Jr, Casement B, Sharbrough FW, et al. Correlation of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with EEG changes during isoflurane anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: critical rCBF. Anesthesiology 1987; 66(3):344-349.
18. Ingvar DH, Sjolund B, Ardo A. Correlation between dominant EEG frequency, cerebral oxygen uptake and blood flow. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1976; 41(3):268-276.
19. Branston NM, Symon L, Crockard HA, Pasztor E. Relationship between the cortical evoked potential and local cortical blood flow following acute middle cerebral artery occlusion in the baboon. Exp Neurol 1974; 45(2):195-208.
20. Branston NM, Ladds A, Symon L, Wang AD. Comparison of the effects of ischaemia on early components of the somatosensory evoked potential in brainstem, thalamus, and cerebral cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984; 4(1):68-81.
21. Okada Y, Shima T, Yamamoto M, Uozumi T. Regional cerebral blood flow, ensory evoked potentials, and intracranial pressure in dogs with MCA occlusion by embolization or trapping. J Neurosurg 1983; 58(4):500-507.
22. Heiss WD, Hayakawa T, Waltz AG. Cortical neuronal function during ischemia. Effects of occlusion of one middle cerebral artery on single-unit activity in cats. Arch Neurol 1976; 33(12):813-820.
23. Heiss WD, Rosner G. Functional recovery of cortical neurons as related to degree and duration of ischemia. Ann Neurol 1983; 14(3): 294-301.
24. Xiong ZG, Zhu XM, Chu XP, et al. Neuroprotection in ischemia: blocking calcium-permeable acidsensing ion channels. Cell 2004; 118(6):687-698.
25. Harris RJ, Symon L, Branston NM, Bayhan M, Changes in extracellular calcium activity in cerebral ischaemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1981; 1(2): 203-209.
26. Astrup J, Symon L, Branston NM, Lassen NA. Cortical evoked potential and extracellular K+ and H+ at critical levels of brain ischemia. Stroke 1977; 8(1): 51-57.
27. Branston NM, Strong AJ, Symon L. Extracellular potassium activity, evoked potential and tissue blood flow. Relationships during progressive ischaemia in baboon cerebral cortex. J Neurol Sci 1977; 32(3):305-321.
28. Jones TH, Morawetz RB, Crowell RM, et al. Thresholds of focal cerebral ischemia in awake monkeys. J Neurosurg 1981; 54(6):773-782.
29. Hossmann KA, Schuier FJ. Experimental brain infarcts in cats. I. Pathophysiological observations. Stroke 1980; 11(6):583-592.
30. Harris RJ, Symon L. Extracellular pH, potassium, and calcium activities in progressive ischaemia of rat cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984; 4(2):178-186.
31. Mies G, Kloiber O, Drewes LR, Hossmann KA. Cerebral blood flow and regional potassium distribution during focal ischemia of gerbil brain. Ann Neurol 1984; 16(2):232-237.
32. Nemoto EM, Yonas H, Chang Y. Stages and thresholds of hemodynamic failure. Stroke 2003; 34(1):2-3.
33. Grubb RL Jr, Phelps ME, Raichle ME, Ter-Pogossian MM. The effects of arterial blood pressure on the regional cerebral blood volume by X-ray fluorescence. Stroke 1973; 4(3):390-399.
34. Sette G, Baron JC, Mazoyer B, et al. Local brain haemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in cerebrovascular disease. Positron emission tomography. Brain 1989; 112(Pt 4):931-951.
35. Temma T, Magata Y, Kuge Y, et al. Estimation of oxygen metabolism in a rat model of permanent ischemia using positron emission tomography with injectable15O-OJ Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006; 26(12):1577-1583.
36. Gibbs JM, Wise RJ, Leenders KL, Jones T. Evaluation of cerebral perfusion reserve in patients with carotid-artery occlusion. Lancet 1984; 1(8372):310-314.
37. Schumann P, Touzani O, Young AR, et al. Evaluation of the ratio of cerebral blood flow to cerebral blood volume as an index of local cerebral perfusion pressure. Brain 1998; 121(Pt 7):1369-1379.
38. Baron JC, Rougemont D, Soussaline F, et al. Local interrelationships of cerebral oxygen consumption and glucose utilization in normal subjects and in ischemic stroke patients: a positron tomography study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984; 4(2):140-149.
39. Wise RJ, Rhodes CG, Gibbs JM, et al. Disturbance of oxidative metabolism of glucose in recent human cerebral infarcts. Ann Neurol 1983; 14(6):627-637.
40. Paschen W, Mies G, Hossmann KA. Threshold relationship between cerebral blood flow, glucose utilization, and energy metabolites during development of stroke in gerbils. Exp Neurol 1992; 117(3):325-333.
41. Kohno K, Hoehn-Berlage M, Mies G, Back T, Hossmann KA. Relationship between diffusion-weighted MR images, cerebral blood flow, and energy state in experimental brain infarction. Magn Reson Imaging 1995; 13(1):73-80.
42. Obrenovitch TP, Garofalo O, Harris RJ, et al. Brain tissue concentrations of ATP, phosphocreatine, lactate, and tissue pH in relation to reduced cerebral blood flow following experimental acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1988; 8(6):866-874.
43. Crockard HA, Gadian DG, Frackowiak RS, et al. Acute cerebral ischaemia: concurrent changes in cerebral blood flow, energy metabolites, pH, and lactate measured with hydrogen clearance and 31P and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. II. Changes during ischaemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987; 7(4):394-402.
44. Allen KL, Busza AL, Proctor E, et al. Controllable graded cerebral ischaemia in the gerbil: studies of cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism by hydrogen clearance and 31P NMR spectroscopy. NMR Biomed 1993; 6(3):181-186.
45. Mies G, Ishimaru S, Xie Y, Seo K, Hossmann KA. Ischemic thresholds of cerebral protein synthesis and energy state following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11(5):753-761.
46. Rothman SM, Olney JW. Glutamate and the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Ann Neurol 1986; 19(2):105-111.
47. von Lubitz DK, Dambrosia JM, Kempski O, Redmond DJ. Cyclohexyl adenosine protects against neuronal death following ischemia in the CA1 region of gerbil hippocampus. Stroke 1988; 19(9):1133-1139.
48. Corradetti R, Lo Conte G, Moroni F, Passani MB, Pepeu G. Adenosine decreases aspartate and glutamate release from rat hippocampal slices. Eur J Pharmacol 1984; 104(1-2):19-26.
49. Matsumoto K, Graf R, Rosner G, Shimada N, Heiss WD. Flow thresholds for extracellular purine catabolite elevation in cat focal ischemia. Brain Res 1992; 579(2):309-314.
50. Matsumoto K, Graf R, Rosner G, Taguchi J, Heiss WD. Elevation of neuroactive substances in the cortex of cats during prolonged focal ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993; 13(4):586-594.
51. Shimada N, Graf R, Rosner G, et al. Ischemic flow threshold for extracellular glutamate increase in cat cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989; 9(5):603-606.
52. Takagi K, Ginsberg MD, Globus MY, et al. Changes in amino acid neurotransmitters and cerebral blood flow in the ischemic penumbral region following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat:correlation with histopathology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993; 13(4):575-585.
53. Schuier FJ, Hossmann KA. Experimental brain infarcts in cats. II. Ischemic brain edema. Stroke 1980; 11(6):593-601.
54. Matsuoka Y, Hossmann KA. Cortical impedance and extracellular volume changes following middle cerebral artery occlusion in cats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1982; 2(4):466-474.
55. Bell BA, Symon L, Branston NM. CBF and time thresholds for the formation of ischemic cerebral edema, and effect of reperfusion in baboons. J Neurosurg 1985; 62(1):31-41.
56. Symon L, Branston NM, Chikovani O. Ischemic brain edema following middle cerebral artery occlusion in baboons: relationship between regional cerebral water content and blood flow at 1 to 2 hours. Stroke 1979; 10(2):184-191.
57. Branston NM, Bell BA, Hunstock A, Symon L. Time and flow as factors in the formation of postischemic edema in primate cortex. Adv Neurol 1980; 28: 291-298.
58. Garcia JH, Mitchem HL, Briggs L, et al. Transient focal ischemia in subhuman primates. Neuronal injury as a function of local cerebral blood flow. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1983; 42(1):44-60.
59. Norris DG, Niendorf T, Leibfritz D. Health and infarcted brain tissues studied at short diffusion times:the origins of apparent restriction and the reduction in apparent diffusion coefficient. NMR Biomed 1994; 7(7):304-310.
60. Schaefer PW, Grant PE, Gonzalez RG. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain. Radiology 2000; 217(2):331-345.
61. Busza AL, Allen KL, King MD, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging studies of cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Potential relevance to energy failure. Stroke 1992; 23(11):1602-1612.
62. Hoehn-Berlage M, Norris DG, Kohno K, et al. Evolution of regional changes in apparent diffusion coefficient during focal ischemia of rat brain: the relationship of quantitative diffusion NMR imaging to reduction in cerebral blood flow and metabolic disturbances. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1995; 15(6):1002-1011.
63. Perez-Trepichio AD, Xue M, Ng TC, et al. Sensitivity of magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging and regional relationship between the apparent diffusion coefficient and cerebral blood flow in rat focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1995; 26(4):667-674; discussion 674-675.
64. Wang Y, Hu W, Perez-Trepichio AD, et al. Brain tissue sodium is a ticking clock telling time after arterial occlusion in rat focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2000; 31(6):1386-1391; discussion 1392.
65. Henninger N, Sicard KM, Schmidt KF, Bardutzky J, Fisher M. Comparison of ischemic lesion evolution in embolic versus mechanical middle cerebral artery occlusion in Sprague Dawley rats using diffusion and perfusion imaging. Stroke 2006; 37(5):1283-1287.
66. Shen Q, Meng X, Fisher M, Sotak CH, Duong TQ. Pixel-by-pixel spatiotemporal progression of focal ischemia derived using quantitative perfusion and diffusion imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003; 23(12):1479-1488.
67. Calamante F, Lythgoe MF, Pell GS, et al. Early changes in water diffusion, perfusion, T1, and T2 during focal cerebral ischemia in the rat studied at 8.5 T. Magn Reson Med 1999; 41(3):479-485.
68. Mancuso A, Karibe H, Rooney WD, et al. Correlation of early reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient of water with blood flow reduction during middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Magn Reson Med 1995; 34(3):368-377.
69. Kidwell CS, Saver JL, Mattiello J, et al. Thrombolytic reversal of acute human cerebral ischemic injury shown by diffusion/perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 2000; 47(4):462-469.
70. Fiehler J, Knudsen K, Kucinski T, et al.Predictors of apparent diffusion coefficient normalization in stroke patients. Stroke 2004; 35(2):514-519.
71. Guadagno JV, Warburton EA, Jones PS, et al. The diffusion-weighted lesion in acute stroke: heterogeneous patterns of flow/metabolism uncoupling as assessed by quantitative positron emission tomography. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005; 19(4):239-246.
72. Lin W, Lee JM, Lee YZ, et al. Temporal relationship between apparent diffusion coefficient and absolute measurements of cerebral blood flow in acute stroke patients. Stroke 2003; 34(1):64-70.
73. Hamon M, Marie RM, Clochon P, et al. [Quantitative relationships between ADC and perfusion changes in acute ischemic stroke using combined diffusion-weighted imaging and perfusion MR (DWI/PMR)]. J Neuroradiol 2005; 32(2):118-124.
74. Guadagno JV, Jones PS, Fryer TD, et al. Local relationships between restricted water diffusion and oxygen consumption in the ischemic human brain. Stroke 2006; 37(7):1741-1748.
75. Xie Y, Mies G, Hossmann KA. Ischemic threshold of brain protein synthesis after unilateral carotid artery occlusion in gerbils. Stroke 1989; 20(5):620-626.
76. DeGracia DJ, Montie HL. Cerebral ischemia and the unfolded protein response. J Neurochem 2004; 91(1):1-8.
77. DeGracia DJ, Acute and persistent protein synthesis inhibition following cerebral reperfusion. J Neurosci Res 2004; 77(6):771-776.
78. Mengesdorf T, Proud CG, Mies G, Paschen W. Mechanisms underlying suppression of protein synthesis induced by transient focal cerebral ischemia in mouse brain. Exp Neurol 2002; 177(2):538-546.
79. Burda J, Hrehorovska M, Bonilla LG, et al. Role of protein synthesis in the ischemic tolerance acquisition induced by transient forebrain ischemia in the rat. Neurochem Res 2003; 28(8):1213-1219.
80. Paschen W, Mengesdorf T. Endoplasmic reticulum stress response and neurodegeneration. Cell Calcium 2005; 38(3-4):409-415.
81. Mies G, Kohno K, Hossmann KA. MK-801, a glutamate antagonist, lowers flow threshold for inhibition of protein synthesis after middle cerebral artery occlusion of rat. Neurosci Lett 1993; 155(1):65-68.
82. Jacewicz M, Kiessling M, Pulsinelli WA. Selective gene expression in focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1986; 6(3):263-272.
83. Goda H, Yao H, Nakane H, et al. Cerebral blood flow threshold and regional heterogeneity of heat shock protein 72 induction following transient forebrain ischemia in rats. Neurochem Res 1999; 24(5):679-683.
84. Ali C, Docagne F, Nicole O, et al. Increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta after cerebral ischemia in the baboon: an endogenous marker of neuronal stress? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21(7):820-827.
85. Chuquet J, Benchenane K, Liot G, et al. Matching gene expression with hypometabolism after cerebral ischemia in the nonhuman primate. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22(10):1165-1169.
86. Baron JC. How healthy is the acutely reperfused ischemic penumbra? Cerebrovasc Dis 2005; 20(suppl 2):25-31.
87. Finnerty FA Jr, Witkin L, Fazekas JF. Cerebral hemodynamics during cerebral ischemia induced by acute hypotension. J Clin Invest 1954; 33(9):1227-1232.
88. Jennett WB, Harper AM, Gillespie FC. Measurement of regional cerebral blood-flow during carotid ligation. Lancet 1966; 2(7474):1162-1163.
89. Boysen G, Ladegaard-Pedersen HJ, Valentin N, Engell HC. Cerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery flow during carotid surgery. Stroke 1970; 1(4):253-260.