Emergence and Convergence: Corporate Criminal Liability Principles in Overview

Ius Gentium

Volumn 9, Issue , 2011, Pages 3-60

  Pieth, Mark ^a,b   Ivory, Radha ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

^b OECD   (France)

Author keywords

Corporate Liability; Corporate Personality; Criminal Code; Legal Person; Vicarious Liability

Indexed keywords

EID: 85145927318     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22149902     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0674-3_1     Document Type: Chapter

References (139)

1. Allens Arthur Robinson (2008), ‘“Corporate Culture” as a Basis of the Criminal Liability of Corporations: Report for the United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary General on Human Rights and Business’, .
2. American Law Institute (1962), Model Penal Code: Changes and Editorial Corrections in May 4, 1962 proposed Official Draft, Philadelphia.
3. Arzt, G. (2003), ‘Schutz juristischer Personen gegen Selbstbelastung’, Juristenzeitung 58, 456.
4. Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (2005), APG Mutual Evaluation Report on India Against 2003 – FATF 40 Recommendations and 9 Special Recommendations, Sydney.
5. Australian Law Reform Commission (2006), Same Crime, Same Time: Sentencing of Federal Offenders, Report 103, Sydney.
6. Beale, S.S. (2009), ‘A Response to the Critics of Corporate Criminal Liability’, American Criminal Law Review 46, 1481.
7. Beck, U. (1986), Risikogesellschaft: Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne, Frankfurt a.M.
8. Beck, U. (1998), Was ist Globalisierung?, Frankfurt a.M.
9. Belcher, A. (2006), ‘Imagining How a Company Thinks: What is Corporate Culture?’, Deakin Law Review 11, 1.
10. Bihain, L. and A. Masset (2010), La responsabilité pénale des personnes morales en droit: Report to the XVIIIth International Congress of Comparative Law, Washington, DC.
11. Bismuth, R. (2010), ‘Mapping a Responsibility of Corporations for Violations of International Humanitarian Law Sailing between International and Domestic Legal Orders’, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 38, 203.
12. Black, J. (2010), ‘Appendix A: A Review of Enforcement Techniques’, in: Law Commission of England and Wales, Criminal Liability in Regulatory Contexts: A Consultation Paper, Consultation Paper No. 195, London, 150.
13. Boldova, M.A. and M.A. Rueda (2011), ‘La Responsabilidad de las Personas Jurídicas en el Derecho Penal Español’, in this volume.
14. Böse, M. (2011), ‘Corporate Criminal Liability in Germany’, in this volume.
15. Braum, S. (2008), ‘Le principe de culpabilité et la responsabilité pénale des personnes morales, remarques relatives au projet de lois luxembourgeois’, in: S. Adam, N. Colette-Basecqz, and M. Nihoul (eds.), Corporate Criminal Liability in Europe, Brussels, 227.
16. Cartwright, P. (2010), ‘Appendix B: Corporate Criminal Liability: Models of Intervention and Liability in Consumer Law’, in: Law Commission of England and Wales, Criminal Liability in Regulatory Contexts: A Consultation Paper, Consultation Paper No. 195, London, 187.
17. Chen, J. (2008), Chinese Law: Context and Transformation, Leiden.
18. Clarkson, C.M.V., H.M. Keating, and S.R. Cunningham (2007), Clarkson and Keating Criminal Law: Text and Materials, 6th edn, London.
19. Cleary, S. and L. Candey (2010), ‘Who’s Watching You? Rise of Corporate Monitoring’, .
20. Clough, J. (2008), ‘Symposium: Corporate Liability for Grave Breaches of International Law’, Brooklyn Law Journal of International Law 33, 899.
21. Coffee, J.C. (1999), ‘Corporate Criminal Liability: An Introduction and Comparative Survey’, in: A. Eser, G. Heine, and B. Huber (eds.), Criminal Responsibility of Legal and Collective Entities, Freiburg i.Br., 9. [cited as Coffee 1999a]
22. Coffee, J.C. (1999), ‘The Future as History: The Prospects for Global Convergence in Corporate Governance and its Implications’, Northwestern University Law Review 93, 641. [cited as Coffee 1999b]
23. Coffee, J.C. (2005), ‘Prosecutorial Experiments; Federal “Deferred Prosecutions Agreements” with Corporations are being Tailored to the Pet Projects of Government Lawyers’, Boward Daily Business Review 51 (207), 12.
24. Cotton, J. (2009), ‘A New, More American World?’, International Financial Law Review: Supplement – The 2009 Guide to Litigation, .
25. Crown Prosecutions Service of England and Wales (2010), ‘Corporate Prosecutions’ (last updated April 21, 2010), .
26. De Faria Costa, J.F. and T. Quintela de Brito (2010), Criminal and Administrative Liability of the Collective Entities in Portugal: Report to the XVIIIth International Congress of Comparative Law, Washington, DC.
27. De Maglie, C. (2011), ‘Societas Delinquere Potest? The Italian Solution’, in this volume.
28. Deckert, K. (2011), ‘Corporate Criminal Liability in France’, in this volume.
29. Department of Justice Canada (2002), ‘Corporate Criminal Liability: Discussion Paper’, .
30. DiMento, J.F.C. and G. Geis (2005), ‘Corporate Criminal Liability in the United States’, in: S. Tully (ed.), Research Handbook on Corporate Legal Responsibility, Cheltenham (UK), 159.
31. Drew, K. for UNICORN (2005), ‘Complying with the OECD Anti-bribery Convention: Corporate Criminal Liability and Corruption: Exploring the Legal Options: Seminar held on the 12th of December 2005 Hosted by The Crown Prosecution Service’, .
32. Emberland, M. (2006), The Human Rights of Companies: Exploring the Structure of ECHR Protections, Oxford.
33. Eversheds Fraud Group (2010), ‘Fraud and Financial Crime E-Briefing’, .
34. Faure, M. (1999), ‘Criminal Responsibilities of Legal and Collective Entities: Developments in Belgium’, in: A. Eser, G. Heine, and B. Huber (eds.), Criminal Responsibility of Legal and Collective Entities, Freiburg i.Br., 105.
35. Ferguson, J. (1999), ‘The Basis for Criminal Responsibility of Collective Entities in Canada’, in: A. Eser, G. Heine, and B. Huber (eds.), Criminal Responsibility of Legal and Collective Entities, Freiburg i.Br., 153.
36. Fifield, A. (2010), ‘Oil Spill: Senators Scorn Efforts to Pass Blame’, Financial Times, May 12, 2010, 6.
37. Financial Action Task Force (2007), First Mutual Evaluation Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism: People’s Republic of China, June 29, 2007, Paris.
38. Financial Action Task Force (2008), Third Mutual Evaluation Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financial of Terrorism: Hong Kong, China, July 11, 2008, Paris.
39. Ford, C. and D. Hess (2009), ‘Can Corporate Monitorships Improve Corporate Compliance?’, Journal of Corporation Law 34, 679.
40. Giddens, A. (1991), Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Stanford.
41. Giddens, A. (1999), ‘Risk and Responsibility’, Modern Law Review 62, 1.
42. Gobert, J. (2008), ‘The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 – Thirteen Years in the Making but was it Worth the Wait?’, Modern Law Review 71, 413.
43. Godinho, J.A.F. (2010), Country Report Macau SAR: Report to the XVIIIth International Congress of Comparative Law, Washington, DC.
44. Group of States against Corruption (2004), Second Evaluation Round: Evaluation Report on Poland, May 14, 2004, Strasbourg.
45. Group of States against Corruption (2006), Second Evaluation Round: Evaluation Report on Hungary, March 10, 2006, Strasbourg.
46. Hasnas, J. (2009), ‘The Centenary of a Mistake: One Hundred Years of Corporate Criminal Liability’, American Criminal Law Review 46, 1329.
47. Heine, G. (1995), Die strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit von Unternehmen, Baden-Baden.
48. Heine, G. (2000), ‘Corporate Liability Rules in Civil Law Jurisdictions: Room Document’, DAFFE|IME|BR (2000) 23, Paris (OECD).
49. Heine, G. (2008), ‘Criminal Liability of Enterprises in Switzerland – A New Programme: Organisational Deficiencies’, in: S. Adam, N. Colette-Basecqz, and M. Nihoul (eds.), Corporate Criminal Liability in Europe, Brussels, 303.
50. Henning, P.J. (2009), ‘Corporate Criminal Liability and the Potential for Rehabilitation’, American Criminal Law Review 46, 1417.
51. Hilf, M. (2008), ‘Section 2 – La responsabilité pénale des personnes morales en Autriche regime de la nouvelle loi autrichienne sur la responsabilité des entreprises’, in: S. Adam, N. Colette-Basecqz, and M. Nihoul (eds.), Corporate Criminal Liability in Europe, Brussels, 45.
52. Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International (2008), The 2008 Humanitarian Accountability Report, Geneva.
53. Jelínek, J. and K. Beran (2011), ‘Why the Czech Republic Does Not (Yet) Recognize Corporate Criminal Liability: A Description of Unsuccessful Law Reforms’, in this volume.
54. Jiachen, L. (1999), ‘The Legislation and Judicial Practice on Punishment of Unit Crime in China’, in: A. Eser, G. Heine, and B. Huber (eds.), Criminal Responsibility of Legal and Collective Entities, Freiburg i.Br., 71.
55. Keulen, B.F. and E. Gritter (2011), ‘Corporate Criminal Liability in the Netherlands’, in this volume.
56. Khanna, V.S. and T.L. Dickinson (2007), ‘The Corporate Monitor: The New Corporate Czar?’ Michigan Law Review 105, 1713.
57. Kulesza, W. (2010), Corporate Criminal Liability in Poland: Report to the XVIIIth International Congress of Comparative Law, Washington, DC.
58. Langón Cuñarro, M. and P.J. Montano (2010), Corporate Liability in Uruguay? Report to the XVIIIth International Congress of Comparative Law, Washington, DC.
59. Laufer, W.S. (2006), Corporate Bodies and Guilty Minds: The Failure of Corporate Criminal Liability, Chicago.
60. Law Commission of England and Wales (1996), Legislating the Criminal Code: Involuntary Manslaughter, Report No. 237, London.
61. Law Commission of England and Wales (2008), Tenth Programme of Law Reform, Law Com. No. 311, London. [cited as LCEW 2008a]
62. Law Commission of England and Wales (2008), Reforming Bribery, Report No. 313, London. [cited as LCEW 2008b]
63. Law Commission of England and Wales (2010), Criminal Liability in Regulatory Contexts: A Consultation Paper, Consultation Paper No. 195, London.
64. Lloyd, R., S. Warren, and M. Hammer (2008), 2008 Global Accountability Report, London.
65. McCormick, J. (2009), ‘Enlargement and the Meaning of Europe’, in: C. Rumford (ed.), The SAGE Handbook of European Studies, Los Angeles, 209.
66. Manacorda, S. (2008), Imputatione collettiva et responsibiliá personale, Uno studio sui paradigmi ascrittivi nel diritto penale internationale, Torrino.
67. Manozzi, G. and F. Consulich (2008), ‘Criminal Liability of Corporations in the Italian Legal System: An Overview’, in: S. Adam, N. Colette-Basecqz, and M. Nihoul (eds.), Corporate Criminal Liability in Europe, Brussels, 207.
68. Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force (2008), Mutual Evaluation Report Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financial of Terrorism Qatar, April 8, 2008, Bahrain. [cited as MENAFATF 2008a]
69. Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force (2008), Mutual Evaluation Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financial of Terrorism United Arab Emirates, April 9, 2008, Bahrain. [cited as MENAFATF 2008b]
70. Mylonopoulos, C. (2010), Corporate Criminal Liability and the Greek Law: Report to the XVIIIth International Congress of Comparative Law, Washington, DC.
71. Nanda, V.P. (2011), ‘Corporate Criminal Liability in the United States: Is a New Approach Warranted?’, in this volume.
72. New South Wales Law Reform Commission (2003), Sentencing: Corporate Offenders, Report 102, Sydney.
73. Nielsen, G.T. (1999), ‘Criminal Liability of Collective Entities – The Danish Model’, in: A. Eser, G. Heine, and B. Huber (eds.), Criminal Responsibility of Legal and Collective Entities, Freiburg i.Br., 189.
74. Nijboer, J.F. (1999), ‘A Plea for a Systematic Approach in Developing Criminal Procedural Law Concerning the Investigation, Prosecution and Adjudication of Corporate Entities’, in: A. Eser, G. Heine, and B. Huber (eds.), Criminal Responsibility of Legal and Collective Entities, Freiburg i.Br., 303.
75. OECD (2000), Belgium: Review of Implementation of the Convention and the 1997 Recommendation, June 27, 2000, Paris. [cited as OECD 2000a]
76. OECD (2000), France: Review of Implementation of the Convention and the 1997 Recommendation, December 2000, Paris. [cited as OECD 2000b]
77. OECD (2003), Germany: Phase 2 Report on the Application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, June 4, 2003, Paris.
78. OECD (2004), France: Phase 2 Report on the Application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, January 22, 2004, Paris. [cited as OECD 2004a]
79. OECD (2004), Korea: Phase 2 Report on the Application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, November 5, 2004, Paris. [cited as OECD 2004b]
80. OECD (2004), Italy: Phase 2 Report on the Application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, November 29, 2004, Paris. [cited as 2004c]
81. OECD (2005), Japan: Phase 2 Report on the Application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, March 7, 2005, Paris. [cited as OECD 2005a]
82. OECD(2005), United Kingdom: Phase 2 Report on the Application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, March 17, 2005, Paris. [cited as OECD 2005b]
83. OECD (2005), Hungary: Phase 2 Report on the Application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, May 6, 2005, Paris. [cited as OECD 2005c]
84. OECD (2005), Belgium: Phase 2 Report on the Application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, July 21, 2005, Paris. [cited as OECD 2005d]
85. OECD (2007), Poland: Phase 2 Report on the Application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, January 18, 2007, Paris. [cited as OECD 2007a]
86. OECD (2007), Brazil: Phase 2 Report on the Application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, December 7, 2007, Paris. [cited as OECD 2007b]
87. OECD (2008), South Africa: Phase 1 Review of Implementation of the Convention and 1997 Revised Recommendation, June 20, 2008, Paris. [cited as OECD 2008a]
88. bis Report on the Application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, October 16, 2008, Paris. [cited as OECD 2008b]
89. OECD (2009), Czech Republic: Phase 2 Follow-up Report on the Implementation of the Phase 2 Recommendations: Application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Revised Recommendations on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, February 13, 2009, Paris. [cited as OECD 2009a]
90. OECD (2009), Israel: Phase 1 Review of Implementation of the Convention and the 1997 Revised Recommendation, March 19, 2009, Paris. [cited as OECD 2009b]
91. bis Report on the Application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1998 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, June 18, 2009, Paris. [cited as OECD 2009c]
92. OECD (2010), ‘OECD Demands the Slovak Republic Establish Corporate Liability for Foreign Bribery’ (press release), January 18, 2010, .
93. Parliament (2009), Joint Committee on the Draft Bribery Bill: First Report of Session 2008–09: Vol. 1 together with Formal Minutes, HL Paper 115-I, HC 430-I, July 28, 2009, London.
94. Partnerships UK, Home and About PUK: Shareholders, .
95. Passas, N. (1999), ‘Globalization, Criminogenic Asymmetries and Economic Crime’, European Journal of Law Reform 1(4), 399.
96. Perrin, B. (2011), ‘La responsabilité pénale de l’entreprise en droit suisse’, in this volume.
97. Pieth, M. (2003), ‘Die Strafrechtliche Verantwortung des Unternehmens’, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Strafrecht 121, 353.
98. Pieth, M. (2004), ‘Risikomanagement und Strafrecht: Organisationsversagen als Voraussetzung der Unternehmenshaftung’, in: T. Sutter-Somm et al. (Hrsg.), Festgabe zum Schweizerischen Juristentag 2004, Basel, 597.
99. Pieth, M. (2005), ‘Strafverfahren gegen das Unternehmen’, in: J. Arnold et al. (Hrsg.), Menschengerechtes Strafrecht: Festschrift für Albin Eser zum 70. Geburtstag, München, 599.
100. Pieth, M. (2007), ‘Article 2. The Responsibility of Legal Persons’, in: M. Pieth, L.A. Low, and P.J. Cullen (eds.), The OECD Convention on Bribery: A Commentary, Cambridge, 173. [cited as Pieth 2007a]
101. Pieth, M. (2007), ‘Introduction’, in: M. Pieth, L.A. Low, and P.J. Cullen (eds.), The OECD Convention on Bribery: A Commentary, Cambridge, 3. [cited as Pieth 2007b]
102. Pieth, M. (2009), Schweizerisches Strafprozessrecht: Grundriss für Studium und Praxis, Basel.
103. Pinto, A. and M. Evans (2003), Corporate Criminal Liability, London.
104. Pitts, J.W. (2009), ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: Current Status and Future Evolution’, Rutgers Journal of Law & Public Policy 6, 334.
105. Podgor, E.S. (2007), ‘A New Corporate World Mandates a “Good Faith” Affirmative Defense’, American Criminal Law Review 44, 1537.
106. Prittwitz, C. (1993), Strafrecht und Risiko, Frankfurt a.M.
107. Ruggie, J.G. (2007), ‘Business and Human Rights: The Evolving International Agenda’, American Journal of International Law 101, 819.
108. Sacerdoti, G. (2003), ‘La Convenzione OCSE del 1997 e la sua laboriosa attuazione in Italia’, in: G. Sacerdoti (ed.), Responsabilità d’impresa e strumenti internazionali anticorruzione: Dale Convenzione OCSE 1997 al Decreto No. 231/2001, Milano.
109. Salvo, N. (2011), ‘Principales Aspectos de la Nueva de Responsabilidad Penal de las Personas Jurídicas en Chile (Ley No. 20.393)’, in this volume.
110. Santha, F. and S. Dobrocsi (2011), ‘Corporate Criminal Liability in Hungary’, in this volume.
111. Serious Fraud Office UK (2009), ‘Approach of a Serious Fraud Office to Dealing with Overseas Corruption’, July 21, 2009, .
112. Shibahara, K. (1999), ‘Le droit japonais de la responsabilité pénale, en particulier la responsabilité pénale de la personne morale’, in: A. Eser, G. Heine, and B. Huber (eds.), Criminal Responsibility of Legal and Collective Entities, Freiburg i.Br., 39.
113. Stark, F. (2011), ‘Corporate Criminal Liability in Scotland: The Problems with a Piecemeal Approach’, in this volume.
114. Stratenwerth, G. (2005), Schweizerisches Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil I: Die Straftat, 3. Aufl., Bern.
115. Sunkin, M. (2003), ‘Crown Immunity from Criminal Liability in English Law’, Public Law, 716.
116. The Economist, ‘A Special Report on Banking in Emerging Markets: They Might be Giants’, The Economist, May 15, 2010, 395.
117. Thompson, R.C., A. Ramasastry, and M. Taylor (2009), ‘Transnational Corporate Responsibility for the 21st Century: Translating Unocal: The Expanding Web of Liability for Business Entities Implicated in International Crimes’, George Washington International Law Review 40, 841.
118. United States Department of Justice, Office of the Deputy Attorney General (1999), Memorandum from the Deputy Attorney General Eric Holder to All Component Heads of Department and United States Attorneys, ‘Bringing Criminal Charges Against Corporations’, June 16, 1999, .
119. United States Department of Justice, Office of the Deputy Attorney General (2003), Memorandum from Larry D. Thompson, Deputy Attorney General, to Heads of Department Components, United States Attorneys, ‘Principles of Federal Prosecution of Business Organizations’, January 20, 2003, .
120. United States Department of Justice, Office of the Deputy Attorney General (2006), Memorandum from Paul J. McNulty, Deputy Attorney General, to Heads of Department Components, United States Attorneys, ‘Principles of Federal Prosecution of Business Organizations’, December 12, 2006, .
121. United States Department of Justice, Office of the Deputy Attorney General (2008), Memorandum from Craig S. Morford, Acting Deputy Attorney General, for Heads of Department Components, United States Attorneys, ‘Selection and Use of Monitors in Deferred Prosecution Agreements and Non-Prosecution Agreements with Corporations’, March 7, 2008, . [cited as USDOJ, Office of the Deputy Attorney General 2008a]
122. United States Department of Justice, Office of the Deputy Attorney General (2008), Memorandum from Mark Filip, Deputy Attorney General, to Heads of Department Components, United States Attorneys, ‘Principles of Federal Prosecution of Business Organizations’, August 28, 2008, . [cited as USDOJ, Office of the Deputy Attorney General 2008b]
123. United States Department of Justice, Office of the Deputy Attorney General (2010), Memorandum from Gary G. Grindler, Acting Deputy Attorney General, ‘Additional Guidance on the Use of Monitors in Deferred Prosecution Agreements and Non-Prosecution Agreements with Corporations’, May 25, 2010, .
124. United States Department of Justice, US Attorneys (1997), United States Attorney’s Manual (USAM), as revised and amended, .
125. United States Government Accountability Office (2009), Report to Congressional Requesters, Corporate Crime: DOJ has Taken Steps to Better Track its Use of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements but should Evaluate Effectiveness GAO-10-110, .
126. United States Sentencing Commission (2009), Guidelines Manual, September 15, 2009, in force November 1, 2009, and as amended November 1, 2010, .
127. Van Kempen, P.H. (2011), ‘The Recognition of Legal Persons in International Human Rights Instruments: Protection Against and Through Criminal Justice?’, in this volume.
128. Wagstyl, S. (2010), ‘A Change in Gear: Fast-recovering Emerging World Companies Form a Growing Number of the Largest Global Groups, Changing the Corporate Landscape and Posing Stiff Competition for Western Rivals’, Financial Times, May 12, 2010, 7.
129. Waldman, A. (2002), ‘Bhopal Seethes, Pained and Poor 18 Years Later’, New York Times, September 21, 2002, .
130. Weigend, T. (2008), ‘Societas Delinquere non Potest? A German Perspective’, Journal of International Criminal Justice 6, 927.
131. Weissman, A. and D. Newman (2007), ‘Rethinking Corporate Criminal Liability’, Indiana Law Journal 82, 411.
132. Wells, C. (1999), ‘Developments in Corporate Liability in England and Wales and a New Offense of Corporate Killing – the English Law Commission’s Proposals’, in: A. Eser, G. Heine, and B. Huber (eds.), Criminal Responsibility of Legal and Collective Entities, Freiburg i.Br., 119.
133. Wells, C. (2000), ‘Criminal Responsibility of Legal Persons in Common Law Jurisdictions: Room Document’, DAFFE|IME|BR (2000) 22, Paris (OECD).
134. Wells, C. (2001), Corporations and Criminal Responsibility, 2nd edn, Oxford.
135. Wells, C. (2010), ‘Appendix C: Corporate Criminal Liability: Exploring Some Models’, in: Law Commission of England and Wales, Criminal Liability in Regulatory Contexts: A Consultation Paper, Consultation Paper No. 195, London, 187.
136. Wells, C. (2011), ‘Corporate Criminal Liability in England and Wales: Past, Present, and Future’, in this volume.
137. Woods, S. and B. Scharffs (2002), ‘Applicability of Human Rights Standards to Private Corporations: An American Perspective’, The American Journal of Comparative Law 50, 531.
138. Zeder, F. (2006), VbVG: Verbandsverantwortlichkeitsgesetz Unternehmensstrafrecht: Textausgabe mit Materialien und Anmerkungen samt einer Darstellung der Rechtslage in 27 europäischen Staaten und den Bestimmungen über die Verbandsverantwortlichkeit im Finanzstrafgesetz, Wien.
139. Zerk, J. (2006), Multinationals and Corporate Social Responsibility: Limitations and Opportunities in International Law, Cambridge.