Viral Diseases of the Bovine Respiratory Tract

Current Veterinary Therapy: Food Animal Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 171-191

  Fulton, Robert W ^a  

^a OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85137186060     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-141603591-6.10042-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (156)

1. Babiuk L.A., van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S., Tikoo S.K. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and infectious pustular balanoposthitis. Infectious diseases of livestock 2004, 875-886. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. ed 2. J.A.W. Coetzer, R.C. Tustin (Eds.).
2. Van Vuuren M. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. Infectious diseases of livestock 2004, 677-680. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. ed 2. J.A.W. Coetzer, R.C. Tustin (Eds.).
3. Potgeiter L.N.D. Bovine viral diarrhea and mucosal disease. Infectious diseases of livestock 2004, 946-969. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. ed 2. J.A.W. Coetzer, R.C. Tustin (Eds.).
4. Van Vuuren M. Parainfluenza type 3 infection. Infectious diseases of livestock 2004, 673-676. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. ed 2. J.A.W. Coetzer, R.C. Tustin (Eds.).
5. Campbell J.R. Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the feedlot. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2004, 20:39-50.
6. Kapil S., Basaraba R.J. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3, and respiratory coronavirus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1997, 13:455-469.
7. Ames T.R., Baker J.C., Wikse S.E. Lower respiratory tract diseases. Large animal internal medicine 2002, 556-562. Mosby, St Louis. ed 3. B.P. Smith (Ed.).
8. Fulton R.W., Purdy C.W., Confer A.W., et al. Bovine viral diarrhea infections in feeder calves with respiratory disease: interactions with Pasteurella spp., parainfluenza-3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Can J Vet Res 2000, 64:151-159.
9. Fulton R.W., Ridpath J.F., Saliki J.T., et al. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)1b: predominant subtype in calves with respiratory disease. Can J Vet Res 2002, 66:181-190.
10. Step D.L., Confer A.W., Kirkpatrick J.G., et al. Respiratory tract infections in dairy calves from birth to breeding age: detection by laboratory isolations and seroconversions. Bov Pract 2005, 39:44-53.
11. Fulton R.W. Respiratory disease in cattle: isolation of infectious agents and lesions in fatal feedlot cases and diversity of bovine viral diarrhea viruses in cattle: impact on diagnosis and vaccination 2003, Academy of Veterinary Consultants Meeting, Denver.
12. Fulton R.W., Briggs RE., Ridpath J.F., et al. Transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1b to susceptible and vaccinated calves by exposure to persistently infected calves. Can J Vet Res 2005, 69:161-169.
13. Thomson G.R. Adenovirus infections. Infectious diseases of livestock 2004, 819-821. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. ed 2. J.A.W. Coetzer, R.C. Tustin (Eds.).
14. Fent G.M., Fulton R.W., Saliki J.T., et al. Bovine adenovirus-7 infections in postweaning calves. Am J Vet Res 2002, 63:976-978.
15. Saif LJ: Bovine coronavirus infection. In Coetzer JAW, Justin RC, editors: Infectious diseases of livestock, ed 2, 2004, pp 795-802.
16. Fulton R.W., Briggs R.E., Payton M.E., et al. Maternally derived humoral immunity to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)1a, BVDV1b, BVDV2, bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in beef calves, antibody decline by half-life studies and effect on response to vaccination. Vaccine 2004, 22:644-650.
17. Goyal S.M. Diagnosis. Bovine viral diarrhea virus, diagnosis, management, and control 2005, 197-208. Blackwell Publishing, Boston. S.M. Goyal, J.F. Ridpath (Eds.).
18. Schroeder R.J., Moys M.D. An acute respiratory infection of dairy cattle. J Am Vet Assoc 1954, 125:471-472.
19. Muylkens B., Thiry J., Kirten P., et al. Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Vet Res 2007, 38:181-209.
20. Madin S.H., York C.J., McKercher D.G. Isolation of the IBR virus. Science 1956, 124:721-722.
21. Schwartz A.J.F., York C.J., Zirbel L.W., et al. Modification of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus in tissue culture and development of a vaccine. Proc Soc Experimental Biol 1957, 96:453-458.
22. Bosch J.C., DeJong M.C.M., Franken P., et al. An inactivated gE-negative marker vaccine and an experimental gD-subunit vaccine reduce the incidence of bovine herpesvirus 1 infections in the field. Vaccine 1998, 16:265-271.
23. Babiuk L.A., L'Itaben J., van Drunen Little- van den Hurk S, et al. Protection of cattle from bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) infection by immunization with individual viral glycoproteins. Virology 1987, 159:57-66.
24. Lupton H.W., Reed D.E Clearance and shedding of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from nasal mucosa of immune and non-immune calves. Am J Vet Res 1980, 124:721-722.
25. Schroyer E.L., Easterday B.C. Studies on the pathogenesis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis following aerosol exposure. Cornell Vet 1968, 58:442-461.
26. Osorio F.A. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and other clinical syndromes caused by bovine herpesvirus types 1 and 5. Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice 1999, 283-286. Saunders, St Louis. ed 4. J.L. Howard, R.A. Smith (Eds.).
27. Compendium of veterinary products, ed 9, Port Huron, Mich, 2006, North American Compendiums, pp 302-310.
28. Endsley J.J., Quade M.J., Terharr B., et al. BHV-1 specific CD4+, CD8+, and ?? T cells in calves vaccinated with one dose of a modified live BHV-1 vaccine. Viral Immunol 2002, 15:385-393.
29. Patel J.R., Shilletto R.W. Modification of active immunization with live bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccine by passive viral antibody. Vaccine 2005, 23:4023-4028.
30. Kendrick J.W., York C.J., McKercher D.G. A controlled field trial of a vaccine for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Proc US Livestock Sanitary Assoc 1956, 60:155-158.
31. Bordt D.E., Thomas P.C., Marshall R.F. Early protection against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis with intramuscularly administered vaccine. Proc 79th Ann Mtg U S Anim Health Assoc 1975, 79:50-60.
32. Sutton M.L. Rapid onset of immunity in cattle after intramuscular injection of a modified live virus IBR vaccine. Vet Med/SAC 1980, 75:1447-1456.
33. Fairbanks K., Campbell J., Chase C.L. Rapid onset of protection against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis with a modified live virus multivalent vaccine. Vet Ther 2004, 5:17-25.
34. Ellis J., Waldner C., Rhodes C., et al. Longevity of protective immunity to experimental bovine herpesvirus-1 infection following inoculation with a combination modified-live virus vaccine in beef calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005, 227:123-128.
35. Kennedy P.C., Richards W.P.C. The pathology of abortion caused by the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Pathol Vet 1964, 1:7-17.
36. Todd J.D., Volenec F.M., Paton I.M. Interferon in nasal secretions and sera of calve after intranasal administration of a virulent infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus: association of interferon in nasal secretions with early resistance to challenge with virulent virus. Infect Immun 1972, 5:699-706.
37. Todd J.D., Volenec F.M., Paton I.M. Intranasal vaccination against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis studies on early onset of protection and use of the vaccine in pregnant cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1971, 159:1370-1374.
38. Kucera C.J., White R.G., Beckenhauer W.H. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of an intranasal vaccine containing a temperature-sensitive strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Am J Vet Res 1978, 39:607-610.
39. Todd J.D. Intranasal vaccination of cattle against IBR and PI-3: field and laboratory observations in dairy, beef, and neonatal populations. Dev Biol Stand 1976, 33:391-395.
40. Baker J.C., Rust S.R., Walker R.D. Transmission of a vaccinal strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from intranasally vaccinated steers commingled with nonvaccinated steers. Am J Vet Res 1989, 50:814-816.
41. Talens L.T., Beckenhauer W.H., Thurber E.T., et al. Efficacy of viral components of a nonabortagenic combination vaccine for prevention of respiratory and reproductive system diseases in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989, 194:1273-1280.
42. Cravens R.L., Ellsworth M.A., Sorensen C.D., et al. Efficacy of a temperature-sensitive, modified live bovine herpesvirus type 1 vaccine against abortion and stillbirth in pregnant heifers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996, 208:2031-2034.
43. Chiang B.C., Smith P.C., Nusbaum K.E., Stringfellow D.A. The effect of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine on reproductive efficiency in cattle vaccinated during estrus. Theriogenology 1990, 33:1113-1120.
44. Miller J.M., Van Der Maaten M.J., Whetstone C.A. Infertility in heifers inoculated with modified live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis on postbreeding day 14. Am J Vet Res 1989, 50:551-554.
45. Kelling C.L., Schipper I.A., Strum G.E., et al. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) abortion: observations on incidence in vaccinated and nonvaccinated and exposed cattle. Cornell Vet 1973, 63:383-389.
46. Gatewood D.M., Sprino P.J., Ohnesorge W.C., et al. Evaluation of IBR vaccine virus shedding after parenteral administration to suckling calves. Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners 1996, p 178.
47. Roth J.A., Vaughn M.B. Evaluation of viral shedding and immune response following vaccination with a modified live BHV-1 vaccine. Bov Pract 1998, 32:1-4.
48. Kleiboecker S.B., Sang-Myeong L., Jones C.A., et al. Evaluation of shedding of bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, and bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 after vaccination of calves with a multivalent modified live virus vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003, 222:1399-1403.
49. Kahrs R.F. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Viral diseases of cattle 1981, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
50. Savan M., Angulo A.B., Derbyshire J.B. Interferon, antibody responses, and protection induced by an intranasal infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine. Can Vet J 1979, 20:207-210.
51. Sibbel R.L., Bass E.P., Thomas P.C. How long will a killed IBR vaccine protect against challenge?. Vet Med 1988, 83:90-92.
52. Trueblood M.S., Swift B.L., McHolland-Raymond L.E. An outbreak of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis. Vet Med/SAC 1977, 72:1622-1624.
53. van Drunen Little- van den Hurk S Rationale and perspectives on the success of vaccination against bovine herpesvirus-1. Vet Microbiol 2006, 113:275-282.
54. Henderson L.M. Overview of marker vaccine and differential diagnostic test technology. Biologicals 2005, 33:203-209.
55. Hollis L.C., Smith J.F., Johnson B.J., et al. A comparison of serological responses when modified live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccine, Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-toxoid and Leptospira pomona bacterin are administered with needle-free versus conventional needle-based injection in yearling feedlot steers. Bov Pract 2005, 39:106-109.
56. Hollis L.C., Smith J.F., Johnson B.J., et al. A comparison of serological responses when modified live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccine, Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-toxoid and Leptospira pomona bacterin are administered with needle-free versus conventional needle-based injection in Holstein dairy calves. Bov Pract 2005, 39:110-114.
57. Perino L.J., Hunsaker B.D. A review of bovine respiratory disease vaccine field efficacy. Bov Pract 1997, 31:59-66.
58. Jones C, Newby TJ, Holt T et al: Analysis of latency in cattle after inoculation with a temperature sensitive mutant of bovine herpesvirus 1 (RLB106), Vaccine 18:3185-3195.
59. Fulton R.W., Briggs R.E., Ridpath J.F., et al. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)1b: predominant subtype in calves with respiratory disease. Can J Vet Res 2002, 66:181-190.
60. West K., Bogdan J., Hamel A., et al. A comparison of diagnostic methods for the detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in experimental clinical specimens. Can J Vet Res 1998, 62:245-250.
61. Horner G.W., Hunter R., Bartha A., et al. A new subgroup 2 bovine adenovirus proposed as the prototype strain 10. Archiv Virol 1989, 109:121-124.
62. Storz J., Stine L., Liem A., et al. Coronavirus isolation from nasal swab samples in cattle with signs of respiratory tract disease after shipping. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996, 208:1452-1455.
63. Storz J., Purdy C.W., Lin X., et al. Isolation of respiratory bovine respiratory coronavirus, other cytocidal viruses, and Pasteurella spp. from cattle involved in two natural outbreaks of shipping fever. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000, 216. 1659-1604.
64. Storz J., Lin X.Q., Purdy C.W., et al. Coronavirus and Pasteurella infections in bovine shipping fever pneumonia and Evans criteria for causation. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38:3291-3298.
65. Thomas C.J., Hoet A.E., Sreevatsan S., et al. Transmission of bovine coronavirus and serologic responses in feedlot calves under field conditions. Am J Vet Res 2006, 67:1412-1420.
66. Hasoksuz M., Hoet A.E., Loerch S.C., et al. Detection of respiratory and enteric shedding of bovine coronaviruses in cattle in an Ohio feedlot. J Vet Diagn Invest 2002, 14:308-313.
67. Kapil S., Pomeroy K.A., Goyal S.M., et al. Experimental infection with a virulent pneumoenteric isolate of bovine coronavirus. J Vet Diagn Invest 1991, 3:88-89.
68. Saif L.J., Redman D.H., Theil K.W. Experimental coronavirus infections in calves: viral replication in respiratory and intestinal tracts. Am J Vet Res 1986, 47:1426-1432.
69. Reynolds D.J., Debney T.G., Hall G.A., et al. Studies on the relationship between coronaviruses from the intestinal and respiratory tracts of calves. Arch Virol 1985, 85:71-83.
70. Grooms D., Baker J.C., Ames T.R. Diseases caused by bovine diarrhea virus. Large animal internal medicine 2002, 707-714. Mosby, St Louis. ed 3. B.P. Smith (Ed.).
71. Baker J.C. The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea infection. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1995, 11:425-445.
72. Brock K.V. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: persistence is the key. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2004, 20:1-180.
73. Goyal S.M., Ridpath J.F. Bovine viral diarrhea virus, diagnosis, management, and control 2005, Blackwell Publishing, Boston, 1-243.
74. Collett M.S., Anderson D.K., Retzel E. Comparisons of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus with members of the. Flaviviridae, J Gen Virol 1988, 69:2637-2643.
75. Collett M.S., Larson R., Belzer S.K., et al. Proteins encoded by bovine viral diarrhea virus: the genomic organization of a pestivirus. Virology 1988, 165:200-208.
76. Collett M.S., Wiskerchen M., Weiniak E., et al. Bovine viral diarrhea virus genomic organization. Arch Virol 1991, 3:19-27.
77. Corapi W., Donis R.O., Dubovi E.J. Characterization of a panel of monoclonal antibodies and their use in the study of the antigenic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res 1990, 51:1388-1394.
78. Pellerin C.J., van den Hurk J., Lecomte J., et al. Identification of a new group of bovine viral diarrhea virus strains associated with severe outbreaks and high mortalities. Virology 1994, 203:260-268.
79. Ridpath J.F., Bolin S.R., Dubovi E.J. Segregation of bovine viral diarrhea virus into genotypes. Virology 1994, 205:66-74.
80. Fulton R.W., Saliki J.T., Burge L.J., et al. Neutralizing antibodies to type 1 and 2 bovine viral diarrhea viruses: detection by inhibition of viral cytopathology and infectivity by immunoperoxidase assay. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997, 4:380-383.
81. Fulton R.W., Ridpath J.F., Confer A.W., et al. Bovine viral diarrhea antigenic diversity: impact on disease and vaccination programmes. Biologicals 2003, 31:89-95.
82. Ridpath J.F., Bolin S.R. Differentiation of types 1a, 1b, and 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) by PCR. Mol Cell Probes 1998, 12:101-106.
83. Ridpath J.F., Neill J.D., Frey M. Phylogenetic, antigenic and clinical characterization of type 2 BVDV from North America. Vet Microbiol 2000, 77:145-155.
84. Flores E.F., Ridpath J.F., Weiblen R., et al. Phylogenetic analysis of Brazilian bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV-2) isolates: evidence for a subgenotype within BVDV-2. Virus Res 2002, 87:51-60.
85. Vilcek S., Durkovic B., Kolesarova M., et al. Genetic diversity of BVDV: consequences for classification and molecular epidemiology. Prev Vet Med 2005, 72:31-35.
86. Nagai M., Hayashi M., Sugita S., et al. Phylogenetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhea viruses using five different regions. Virus Res 2004, 99:103-113.
87. McClurkin A.W., Littledike E.T., Cutlip R.C., et al. Production of cattle immunotolerant to bovine viral diarrhea virus. Can J Comp Med 1984, 48:156-161.
88. Fulton R.W., Ridpath J.F., Ore S., et al. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) subgenotype in diagnostic laboratory accessions: distribution of BVDV1a, 1b, and 2a subgenotypes. Vet Microbiol 2005, 111:35-40.
89. Evermann J.F., Ridpath J.F. Clinical and epidemiologic observations of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the northwestern United States. Vet Microbiol 2002, 89:129-139.
90. Tajima M., Dubovi E.J. Genetic and clinical analyses of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates from dairy operations in the United States of America. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005, 17:10-15.
91. Wittum T.E., Grotelueschen D.M., Brock K.V., et al. Persistent bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in US beef herds. Prev Vet Med 2001, 49:83-94.
92. Loneragan G.H., Thomson D.U., Montgomery D.L., et al. Prevalence, outcome, and health consequences associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus in feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005, 226:595-601.
93. Fulton R.W., Hessman B., Johnson B.J., et al. Evaluation of diagnostic tests used for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus and prevalence of BVDV subtypes 1a, 1b, and 2a, in persistently infected cattle entering a feedlot. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006, 228:578-584.
94. Confer A.W., Fulton R.W., Step D.L., et al. Viral antigen distribution in the respiratory tract of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype 2a. Vet Pathol 2005, 42:192-199.
95. Brock K.V., Redman D.R., Vickers M.L., et al. Quantitation of bovine viral diarrhea virus in embryo transfer flush fluids collected from a persistently infected heifer. J Vet Diagn Invest 1991, 3:99-100.
96. Al-Haddawi M., Mitchell G.B., Clark M.E., et al. Impairment of innate immune responses of airway epithelium by infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007, 116:153-162.
97. Potgieter L.N.D., McCracken M.D., Hopkins F.M., et al. Comparison of the pneumo-pathogenicity of two strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res 1985, 46:151-153.
98. Potgieter L.N.D., McCracken M.D., Hopkins F.M., et al. Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on the distribution of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in calves. Am J Vet Res 1984, 45:687-690.
99. Potgieter L.N., McCracken M.D., Hopkins F.M., et al. Experimental production of respiratory tract disease with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res 1984, 45. 1582-5.
100. Brodersen B.W., Kelling C.L. Alteration of leukocyte populations in calves concurrently infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Viral Immunol 1999, 12:323-334.
101. Brodersen B.W., Kelling C.L. Effect of concurrent experimentally induced bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on respiratory tract and enteric disease in calves. Am J Vet Res 1998, 59:1423-1430.
102. Haines D.M., Martin K.M., Clark E.G., et al. The immunohistochemical detection of Mycoplasma bovis and bovine viral diarrhea virus in tissues of feedlot cattle with chronic unresponsive disease and/or arthritis. Can Vet J 2001, 41:857-860.
103. Haines D.M., Moline K.M., Sargent R.A., et al. Immunohistochemical study of Hemophilus somnus, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, and bovine viral diarrhea virus in death losses due to myocarditis. Can Vet J 2004, 45:231-234.
104. Fulton R.W., Johnson B.J., Briggs R.E., et al. Challenge with bovine viral diarrhea virus by exposure to persistently infected calves: protection by vaccination and negative results of antigen testing in acutely infected calves. Can J Vet Res 2006, 70:121-127.
105. Fulton R.W., Cook B.J., Step D.L., et al. Evaluation of health status of calves and the impact on feedlot performance: assessment of a retained ownership program for postweaning calves. Can J Vet Res 2002, 66:173-180.
106. Corapi W.V., Elliot R.D., French T.W., et al. Thrombocytopenia and hemorrhages in viral calves infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 196:590-596.
107. Corapi W.V., French T.W., Dubovi E.J. Severe thrombocytopenia in young calves experimentally infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Virol 1989, 63:3934-3943.
108. Fulton R.W., Step D.L., Ridpath J.F., et al. Response of calves persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) subtype 1b after vaccination with heterologous BVDV strains in modified live viral vaccines and Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-toxoid. Vaccine 2003, 21:2980-2985.
109. Grooms D.L. Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2004, 20:5-19.
110. Grooms D.L., Brock K.V., Ward L.A. Detection of cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus in the ovaries of cattle following immunization with a modified live bovine viral diarrhea vaccine. J Vet Diagn Invest 1998, 10:130-134.
111. Grooms D.L., Ward L.A., Brock K.V. Morphologic changes and immunohistochemical detection of viral antigen in ovaries from cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res 1996, 57:830-833.
112. Grooms D.L., Brock K.V., Ward L.A. Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the ovaries of cattle acutely infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 1998, 10:125-129.
113. Munoz-Fanzi C.A., Hietala S.K., Thurmond M.C., et al. Quantification, risk factors, and health impact of natural congenital infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy calves. Am J Vet Res 2003, 64:358-365.
114. Kirkland P.D., Macintosh S.G., Moyle A. The outcome of widespread use of semen from a bull persistently infected with pestivirus. Vet Record 1994, 135:527-529.
115. Paton D.J., Goodey R., Brockman S., et al. Evaluation of the quality and virological status of semen from bulls acutely infected with BVDV. Vet Rec 1989, 124:63-64.
116. Kirkland P.D., Richards S.G., Rothwell J.T., et al. Replication of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the bovine reproductive tract and excretion of virus in semen during acute and chronic infections. Vet Rec 1991, 128. 587-90.
117. Kommisrud E., Vatn T., Lange-Ree J.R., et al. Bovine virus diarrhea virus in semen from acutely infected bulls. Acta Vet Scand 1996, 37:41-47.
118. Paton D.J., Brockman S., Wood L. Insemination of susceptible and preimmunized cattle with bovine viral diarrhea virus infected semen. Br Vet J 1990, 146:171-174.
119. McClurkin A.W., Coria M.F., Cutlip R.C. Reproductive performance of apparently healthy cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979, 174:1116-1119.
120. Wentink G.H., Remmen J.L., van Exsel A.C. Pregnancy rate of heifers bred by an immunotolerant bull persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Q 1989, 11:171-174.
121. Givens M.D., Heath A.M., Brock K.V., et al. Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in semen obtained after inoculation of seronegative postpubertal bulls. Am J Vet Res 2003, 64:428-434.
122. Givens M.D., Riddell K.P., Walz P.H., et al. Noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus can persist in testicular tissue infection after vaccination of peri-pubertal bulls but prevents subsequent infection. Vaccine 2007, 25:867-876.
123. Givens M.D., Riddell K.P., Zhang X., et al. Use of a modified live vaccine to prevent persistent testicular infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Ther 2006, 7:305-318.
124. Larson R.L., Brodersen R.W., Grotelueschen D.M., et al. Considerations for bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) testing. Bov Pract 2005, 39:96-100.
125. Njaa B.L., Clark E.G., Janzen E., et al. Diagnosis of persistent viral diarrhea virus infection by immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed skin biopsy specimens. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000, 12:393-399.
126. Larson R.L., Miller R.B., Kleiboeker S.B., et al. Economic costs associated with two testing strategies for screening feeder calves for persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005, 226:249-254.
127. Hilbe M., Stalder H., Peterhans E., et al. Comparison of five diagnostic methods for detecting bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007, 19:28-34.
128. Cleveland S.M., Salman M.D., Van Campen H. Assessment of a bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen capture ELISA and microtiter virus isolation ELISA using pooled ear notch and serum samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006, 18:395-398.
129. Kennedy J.A., Mortimer R.G., Powers B. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on pooled samples to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus by using fresh ear-notch sample supernatants. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006, 18:89-93.
130. Kennedy JA: Diagnostic efficacy of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay to screen cattle for persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection, J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:1472-1474.
131. Ridpath J.F., Hessman B.E., Neill J.D., et al. Parameters of ear notch samples for BVDV testing: stability, size requirements, and viral load. Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract 2006, 39:269-270.
132. Fulton R.W. Vaccines. Bovine viral diarrhea virus, diagnosis, management and control 2005, 209-222. Blackwell Publishing, Boston. S.M. Goyal, J.F. Ridpath (Eds.).
133. Rosas C.T., Konig P., Beer M., et al. Evaluation of the vaccine potential of an equine herpesvirus type I vector expressing bovine viral diarrhea virus structural proteins. J Gen Virol 2007, 88:748-757.
134. Fulton R.W., Confer A.W., Burge L.J., et al. Antibody responses by cattle after vaccination with commercial viral vaccines containing bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, parainfluenza-3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus immunogens and subsequent revaccination at day 140. Vaccine 1995, 13:725-733.
135. Howard C.J., Clarke M.C., Brownlie J. Protection against respiratory infection with bovine virus diarrhea virus by passively acquired antibody. Vet Microbiol 1989, 19:195-203.
136. Bolin S.R., Ridpath J.R. Assessment of protection from systemic infection or disease afforded by low to intermediate titers of passively acquired neutralizing antibody against bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves. Am J Vet Res 1995, 56:755-759.
137. Cortese V.S., West K.H., Hassand L.E., et al. Clinical and immunological responses of vaccinated and unvaccinated calves to infection with a virulent type II isolate of bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998, 213:1312-1319.
138. Ellis J., West K., Cortese V., et al. Effect of maternal antibodies on induction and persistence of vaccine-induced immune responses against bovine viral diarrhea virus type II in young calves. Am J Vet Res 2001, 219:351-356.
139. Endsley J.J., Quade M.J., Terhaar B., et al. Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1-and type 2-specific bovine T lymphocyte subset responses following modified-live virus vaccination. Vet Ther 2002, 3:364-372.
140. Endlsey J.J., Ridpath J.F., Neill J.D., et al. Induction of T lymphocytes specific for bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves with maternal antibody. Viral Immunol 2004, 17:13-23.
141. Fulton R.W., Burge L.J. Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 and 2 antibody response in calves receiving modified live virus or inactivated vaccines. Vaccine 2000, 19:264-274.
142. Carman S., vanDreumel T., Ridpath J., et al. Severe acute bovine viral diarrhea in Ontario. J Vet Diagn Invest 1998, 10:27-35.
143. Van Campen H., Vorpahl P., Huzurbazar S., et al. A case report: evidence for type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) associated disease in beef herds vaccinated with modified live type 1 BVDV vaccine. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000, 12:263-265.
144. Dean H.J., Leyh R. Cross-protective efficacy of a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 challenge. Vaccine 1999, 17:1117-1124.
145. Fairbanks K., Schnackel J., Chase C.L. Evaluation of a modified live virus type 1a bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccine (Singer strain) against a type 2 (Strain 890) challenge. Vet Ther 2003, 4:24-34.
146. Cortese V.S., Grooms D.K., Ellis J., et al. Protection of pregnant cattle and their fetuses against infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 by use of a modified live virus vaccine. Am J Vet Res 1998, 59:1409-1413.
147. Brock K.V., Cortese V.S. Experimental fetal challenge using type II bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle vaccinated with modified live virus vaccine. Vet Ther 2001, 2:354-360.
148. Ficken M.D., Ellsworth M.A., Tucker C.M., et al. Effects of modified live bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines containing either type 1 or type 1 and 2 BVDV on heifers and their offspring after challenge with noncytopathic type 2 BVDV during gestation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006, 228:1559-1564.
149. Fairbanks K.K., Rinehart C.L., Ohnesorge W.C., et al. Evaluation of fetal protection against experimental infection with type 1 and type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus after vaccination of the dam with a bivalent modified-live virus vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004, 225:1898-1904.
150. Brock K.V., McCarty K., Chase C.C.L., Harland R. Protection against fetal infection with either bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 or type 2 using a noncytopathic type 1 modified live vaccine. Vet Ther 2006, 7:29-34.
151. Ficken M.D., Ellsworth M.A., Tucker C.M. Evaluation of the efficacy of a modified live combination vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2 challenge exposures in a one year duration of immunity fetal protection study. Vet Ther 2006, 7:283-294.
152. Patel J.R., Shilleto D.W., Williams J., Alexander D.C.S. Prevention of transplacental infection of bovine fetus by bovine viral diarrhea virus. Arch Virol 2002, 147:2453-2463.
153. Ellsworth M.A., Fairbanks K.K., Behan S., et al. Fetal protection following exposure to calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 sixteen months after primary vaccination of the dams. Vet Ther 2006, 7:295-306.
154. Grooms D.L., Bolin S.R., Coe P.H., et al. Fetal protection against continuous exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus following administration of a vaccine containing an inactivated BVDV fraction. Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract 2006, 39:266.
155. Fulton R.W., Saliki J.T., Burge L.J., et al. Humoral immune response and assessment of vaccine virus shedding in calves receiving modified live virus vaccines containing bovine herpesvirus-1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus 1a. J Vet Med B, 2003, 50:31-37.
156. Grooms D.L., Coe P. Neutralizing antibody responses in preconditioned calves following vaccination for respiratory viruses. Vet Ther 2002, 2:119-128.