Digeneans as Enemies of Fishes

Fish Diseases

Volumn 2, Issue , 2008, Pages 817-976

  Bullard, Stephen A ^a   Overstreet, Robin M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85136019180     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781482280487-17     Document Type: Chapter

References (521)

1. Aaltonen, T.M., E.T. Valtonen and E.I. Jokinen. 1997. Humoral response of roach (Rutilus rutilus) to digenean Rhipidocotyle fennica infection. Parasitology 114: 285-291.
2. Aiken, H.M., C.J. Hayward and B.F. Nowak. 2006. An epizootic and its decline of a blood fluke, Cardicola forsten, in farmed southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii. Aquaculture 254: 40-45.
3. Aiken, H.M., N.J. Bott, I. Mladineo, EE. Montero, B.F. Nowak, and C.J. Hayward. 2007. Molecular evidence for cosmopolitan distribution of platyhelminth parasites of tunas (Thunnus spp.). Fish and Fisheries 8: 167-180.
4. Allan, G. and R.R. Stickney. 2000. Barramundi culture. In: Encyclopedia of Aquaculture, R.R. Stickney (ed.). John Wiley 6k Sons, New York. pp. 104-105.
5. Anderson, G.R. 1998. Rhopalotrema (Digenea: Didymozoidae), a new genus from Australian platycephalid fishes. Systematic Parasitology 41: 81-86.
6. Anderson, G.R. 1999. Identification and maturation of the metacercaria of lndodidymozoon pearsoni. Journal of Helminthology 73: 21-26.
7. Anderson, G.R. and S.C. Barker. 1993. Species differentiation in the Didymozoidae (Digenea): Restriction fragment length differences in internal transcribed spacer and 5.8S ribosomal DNA. International Journal for Parasitology 23: 13-136.
8. Anderson, G.R. and S.C. Barker. 1998. Inference of phylogeny and taxonomy within the Didymozoidae (Digenea) from the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA. Systematic Parasitology 41: 87-94.
9. Anderson, I.G. and F.M. Shaharom-Harrison. 1986. Sanguinicola armata infection in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) imported in Malaysia. In: The First Asian Fisheries Forum, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. J.L. Maclean, L.B. Dizon and L.V. Hosillos (eds.). pp. 247-250.
10. Anderson, R.M. 1978. The regulation of host population growth by parasitic species. Parasitology 76: 119-157.
11. Anderson, R.M. and D.M. Gordon. 1982. Processes influencing the distribution of parasite numbers within host populations with special emphasis on parasite-induced host mortalities. Parasitology 85: 373-398.
12. Anderson, R.M. and R.M. May. 1979. Population biology of infectious diseases: Part I. Nature (London) 280: 361.
13. Anderson, R.M. and R.M. May. 1982. Co-evolution of hosts and parasites. Parasitology 85: 411-426.
14. Andrews, PH., R. Thomas, R. Pohlke and J. Seubert. 1983. Praziquantel. Medical Research Review 3: 147-200.
15. Arthur, J.R. 1997. Recent advances in the use of parasites as biological tags for marine fish. In: Diseases in Asian Aquaculture III. T.W. Flegel and I.H. MacRae (eds.). Fish Health section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, pp. 141-154.
16. Ashton, N., N. Brown and D. Easty. 1969. Trematode cataract in freshwater fish, journal of Small Animal Practice 10: 471.
17. Ata,. A.A., M.N. el-Khashab, A.A. Mourad and H.M. Solimán. 1988. The effect of praziquantel on Heterophyes heterophyes, Hymenolepis nana and Fasciola sp. infections, journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 18: 243-246.
18. Attwood, H.D. and S.T Chou. 1978. The longevity of Clonorchis sinesis. Pathology 10: 153-156.
19. Avendafto de Macintosh, M.E and M. Ostowski de Núñez. 1998. Seasonal dynamics of Plehniella coelomica (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae) in two catfish, Pimelodus albicans and P. maculatus (Pisces: Siluriformes), from La Plata River, Argentina. Folia Parasitológica 45: 253-255.
20. Avtalion, R.R., E. Weiss and T Moalem. 1976. Regulatory effects of temperature upon immunity in ectothermic vertebrates. In: Comparative Immunology, J.J. Marchalonis (ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 227-238.
21. Awerinzew, S.A. 1925. Uber eine neue Art von parasitären Tricladen. Zoologischer Anzeiger 64: 81-84.
22. Baldwin, N.L., R.E. Millemann and S.E. Knapp. 1967. “Salmon poisoning” disease. III. Effect on experimental Nanophyetus salmincola infection on the fish host. Journal of Parasitology 53: 556-564.
23. Ball, I.R. and R.A. Khan. 1976. On Micropharynx parasitica Jägerskiöld, a marine planarian ectoparasitic on thorny skate, Raja radiata Donovan, from the north Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology 8: 419-426.
24. Baturo, B. 1977. Bucephalus polymorphus Baer, 1987 and Rhipidocotyle iliense (Ziegler, 1883) (Trematoda: Bucephalidae): morphology and biology of developmental stages. Acta Parastologica Polonica 24: 203-220.
25. Baturo, B. 1978. Larval bucephalosis in artificially heated lakes of the Konin region, Poland. Acta Parasitológica Polonica 25: 307-321.
26. Baturo, B. 1980. Pathological changes in cyprinid fry infected by Bucephalus polymorphus Baer, 1827 and Rhipidcotyle illensis (Ziegler, 1883) metacercariae (Trematoda, Bucephalidae). Acta Parasitológica Polonica 27: 241-246.
27. Beaudette, F.R. 1945. Aspergillosis and parasitism in a gull. Journal of Field Ornithology 16: 99-101.
28. Beaver, PC, R.C. Jung and E.W Cupp. 1984. Clinical Parasitology. 9th Edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
29. Bedinger, OA. Jr. and T.G. Meade. 1967. Biology of a new cercaría for Posthodiplostomum minimum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae). Journal of Parasitology 53: 985-988.
30. Benz, G.W. and S.A. Bullard. 2004. Metazoan parasites and associates of chondrichthyans with emphasis on taxa harmful to captive hosts. In: The Husbandry of Elasmobranch Fishes, M.L.F. Smith, D.I. Warmolts, D.A. Thoney and R.E. Hueter (eds.). Special Publication No. 16, Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, OH. pp. 325-415.
31. Bergh, O., F. Nilsen and O.B. Samuelsen. 2001. Diseases, prophylaxis and treatment of the Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus: a review. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 48: 57-74.
32. Betterton, C. 1974. Studies on the host-specificity of the eyefluke, Diplostomum spathaceum in brown and rainbow trout. Parasitology 69: 11-29.
33. Blair, D. 1976. Observations on the life-cycle of the strigeoid trematode, Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) Szidat, 1928. Journal of Helminthology 50: 125-131.
34. Blasiola, G.C. 1976. Ectoparasitic turbellaria. Marine Aquarist 7: 53-58.
35. Blazer, VS. and J.B. Gratzek. 1985. Cartilage proliferation in response to metacercarial infections of fish gills. Journal of Comparative Pathology 95: 273-280.
36. Boeger, W.A. and D.C. Kritsky. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships of the Monogenoidea. In: Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 92-102.
37. Bogitsh, B.J. 1962. The chemical nature of metacercarial cysts. I. Histological and histochemical observations on the cyst of Posthodiplostomum minimum. Journal of Parasitobgy 48: 55-60.
38. Bowers, E.A. 1969. Cercaria bucephalopsis haimeana (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1854) (Digenea: Bucephalidae) in the cockle, Cardium edule L. in South Wales. Journal of Natural History 3: 409-422.
39. Brassard, P., M.E. Rau and M.A. Curtis. 1982a. Infection dynamics of Diplostomum spathaceum cercariae and parasite-induced mortality of fish hosts. Parasitology 85: 489-493.
40. Brassard, R, M.E. Rau and M.A. Curtis. 1982b. Parasite-induced susceptibility to predation in diplostomiasis. Parasitology 85: 495-501.
41. Bray, R.A., D.I. Gibson and A. Jones. Keys to the Trematoda, Volume 3. CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K. (In Preparation).
42. Brink, L.H., D.J. McLaren and S.R. Smithers. 1977. Schistosoma mansoni: A comparative study of artificially transformed schistosomula and schistosomula recovered after cercarial penetration of isolated skin. Parasitology 74: 73-86.
43. Britz, J., J.G. Van As and J.E. Saayman. 1985. Occurrences and distribution of Clinostomum tilapiae Ukoli, 1966 and Euclinostomum heterostomum (Rudolphi, 1809) metacercarial infections of freshwater fish in Venda and Lebowa, southern Africa. Journal of Fish Biology 26: 21-28.
44. Brooker, B.E. 1972. The sense organs of trematode miracidia. In: Behavioral Aspects of Parasite Transmission, E.U. Canning and C.A. Wright (eds.). Academic Press, London, pp. 171-180.
45. Brown, K.N. 1971. Protective immunity to malaria provides a model for the survival of cells in an immunologically hostile environment. Nature (London) 230: 163-167.
46. Bullard, S.A. 2002. Blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from commercially and recreationally important fishes in the Gulf of Mexico. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis. The University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, U.S.A.
47. Bullard, S.A., R. Goodwin, R. Goldstein and R.M. Overstreet. 2004. Cardicola forsteri (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from the heart of a northern bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus (Scombridae), in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Comparative Parasitology 71: 245-246.
48. Bullard, S.A. and R.M. Overstreet. 2002. Potential pathological effects of blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) on pen-reared marine fishes. Proceedings of the 53rd Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, pp. 10-25.
49. Bullard, S.A. and R.M. Overstreet. 2003. Eiaphrobates euzeti gen. and sp. n. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from snappers (Lutjanidae) in the Gulf of Mexico. In:. Taxonomy, Ecology and Evolution of Metazoan Parasites. (Livre hommage à Louis Euzet), C. Combes and J. Jourdane (eds.). PUP Perpignan, Vol. 1, pp. 97-113.
50. Bullard, S.A. and R.M. Overstreet. 2004. Two new species of Cardicola Short, 1952 (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from the heart of drums (Sciaenidae) in Mississippi and Louisiana, journal of Parasitology 90: 128-136.
51. Bullard, S.A. and R.M. Overstreet. 2006. Psettarium anthicum sp. n. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from the heart of cobia Rachycentron canadum (Rachycentridae) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Folia Parasitológica 53: 117-124.
52. Bullard, S.A., R.M. Overstreet and J.K. Carlson. 2006. Selachohemecus benzi n. sp. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from the blacktip shark Carcharhinus lirahatus in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Systematic Parasitology 63: 143-154.
53. Bush, A.O., R.W. Heard, Jr. and R.M. Overstreet. 1993. Intermediate hosts as source communities. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 1358-1363.
54. Bush, A.O., J.C. Fernández, G.W. Esch and J.R. Seed. 2001. Parasitism, The Diversity and Ecology of Animal Parasites. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
55. Bush, A.O., K.D. Lafferty, J.M. Lötz and A.W Shostak. 1997. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. Journal of Parasitology 83: 575-583.
56. Buttner, A. 1951. La progénèse chez les trématodes digénétiques. Technique et recherches personnelles. Annals of Parasitologic Humaine et Comparee 26: 19-66.
57. Cable, R.M. 1956. Marine Cercaría of Puerto Rico. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. R.W Miner (ed.). 16: 489-577.
58. Cable, R.M. 1974. Phylogeny and taxonomy of trematodes with reference to marine species. In: Symbiosis in the Sea, W.B. Vernberg (ed.). University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, pp. 173-193.
59. Cable, R.M. 1982. Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Malacobothrean Flukes. In: Parasites: Their World and Ours, D.E Mettrick and S.S. Dessser (eds.). Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp. 194-197.
60. Caira, J.N., K. Jensen and K.E. Holsinger. 2003. On a new index of host specificity. In: Taxonomy, Ecology and Evolution of Metazoan Parasites. (Livre hommage à Louis Euzet). C. Combes and J. Jourdane (eds.). PUP Perpignan. Vol. 1, pp. 161-201.
61. Caira, J.N. and F.B. Reyda. 2005. Eucestoda (true tapeworms). In: Marine Parasitology, K. Rohde (ed). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., pp. 92-115.
62. Calvo-Ugarteburu, G. and CD. McQuaid. 1998. Parasitism and introduced species: epidemiology of trematodes in the intertidal mussels Perna perna and Mytilus galloprovincialis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 220: 47-65.
63. Cannon, L.R.G. 1986. Turbellaria of the World. A Guide to Families and Genera. Queensland Museum. Queensland, Australia.
64. Cannon, L.R.G. and R.J.G. Lester. 1988. Two turbellarians parasitic in fish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 5: 15-22.
65. Capron, A., J. Biguet, A. Vernes and D. Afchain. 1968. Structure of antigénique des helminthes. Aspects immunologiques des relations hote-parasite.-Püthologie et Biologie (Paris) 16: 121-138.
66. Carothers, J.L. and R. Allison. 1968. Control of snails by the redear (snail cracker) sunfish. FAO Fisheries Report 5: 399-406.
67. Chai, J.-Y., E.-T. Han, Y.-K. Park, S.-M. Guk, J.-H. Park and S.-H. Lee. 2002. Stictodora lari (Digenea: Heterophyidae): The discovery of the first human infections. Journal of Parasitology 88: 627-629.
68. Chambers, C.B., M.S. Carlisle, A.D.M. Dove and T.H. Cribb. 2001. A description of Ixcithocladium irwasor n. sp. (Digenea: Hemiuridae) and the pathology associated with two species of Hemiuridae in acanthurid fish. Parasitology Research 87: 666-673.
69. Chappell, L.H. 1967. On the occurrence of blood flukes (Sanguinicolidae: Trematoda) in British freshwater fishes. Journal of Natural History 1: 163-167.
70. Chappell, L.H. 1991. The biology of diplostomid eyeflukes of fishes. Journal of Helminthobgy 69: 97-101.
71. Cheshire, A.C. and J. Volkman. 2004. Australians net benefits of sustainable fish farming. Nature 432: 671.
72. Ching, H.L. and R. Madhavi. 1999. Lobatocystis euthynni sp. n. (Digenea: Didymozoidae) from mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis) from Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 66: 25-27.
73. Chitwood, M.B. and J.R. Lichtenfels. 1972. Identification of parasitic Metazoa in tissue sections. Experimental Parasitology 32: 407-519.
74. Coleman, F.C. 1993. Morphological and physiological consequences of parasites encysted in the bulbous arteriosus of an estuarine fish, the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus. Journal of Parasitology 79: 247-254.
75. Coleman, F.C. and J. Travis. 1998. Phenology of recruitment and infection patterns of Ascocotyle pachycystis, a digenean parasite in the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus. Environmental Biology of Fishes 51: 87-96.
76. Colquitt, S.E., B.L. Munday and M. Daintith. 2001. Pathological findings in southern bluefin tuna, Thtmnus maccoyii (Castelnau), infected with Cardicola forsteri (Cribb, Daintith and Munday, 2000) (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae), a blood fluke. Journal of Fish Diseases 24: 225-229.
77. Combes, C. 2001. Parasitism: The Ecology and Evolution of Intimate Interactions. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
78. Conti, J.A., D.J. Forrester and R.T Paul. 1986. Parasites and diseases of reddish egret (Egretta rufescens) from Texas and Florida. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 105: 79-82.
79. Cosgrove, G.E. 1975. Parasites in tissue sections: recognition and reaction. In: Pathology of Fishes, W.E. Ribelin and G. Migaki (eds.). The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp. 205-211.
80. Couch, J.A. and J.W. Fournie. 1993. Importance of marine fish diseases-an overview. In: Pathobiology of Marine and Estuarine Organisms, J.A. Couch and J.W. Fournie (eds.). Advances in Fisheries Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 1-24.
81. Coustau, C, C. Combes, C. Maillard, F. Renaud and B. Delay. 1990. Prosorhynchus squamatus (Trematoda) parasitosis in the Mytilus edulis-Mytilus galloprovincialis complex: specificity and host-parasite relationships. In: Pathology in Marine Science, T.C. Cheng and F.O. Perkins (eds.). Academic Press, London, pp. 291-298.
82. Cowper, S.G. 1971. A Synopsis of African Bilharziasis. H.K. Lewis, London.
83. Crespo, S., A. Grau and F. Padrós. 1992. Sanguinicoliasis in the cultured amberjack Seriola dumerili Risso, from the Spanish Mediterranean area. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 12: 157.
84. Cribb, J.C, G.R. Anderson, R.D. Adlard and R.A. Bray. 1998. A DNA-based demonstration of a three host life-cycle for the Bivesiculidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea). International Journal for Parasitology 28: 1791-1795.
85. Cribb, T.H. 2005. Digenea (endoparasitic flukes). In: Marine Parasitology, K. Rohde (ed). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., pp. 76-7.
86. Cribb, T.H., R.A. Bray and D.TJ. Littlewood. 2001a. The nature and evolution of the association among digeneans, molluscs and fishes. International Journal for Parasitology 31: 997-1011.
87. Cribb, T.H., R.A. Bray, D.T.J. Littlewood, S.R Pichelin and E.A. Herniou. 2001b. The Digenea. In: Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes, D.T.J. Littlewood and R. Bray (eds.). Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 168-185.
88. Cribb, TH., M. Daintith and B. Munday. 2000. A new blood-fluke, Cardicola forsten, (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) of southern blue-fin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in aquaculture. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 124: 117-120.
89. Crofton, H.D. 1971. A quantitative approach to parasitism. Parasitology 62: 179-193.
90. Crofton, H.D. and EG. Fraser. 1954. The mode of infection of the hake, Merluccius merluccius by the trematode Bucephalopsis gracilescens (Rud.). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 124: 105-109.
91. Cross, S.X. 1938. A study of fish parasite relationships in the Trout Lake region of Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Science and Arts and Letters 31: 439-456.
92. Crowden, A.E. and D.M. Broom. 1980. Effect of the eye fluke, Diplostomum spathaceum, on the behavior of dace (leuciscus leuciscus). Animal Behavior 28: 287-294.
93. Cusack, R. and D.K. Cone. 1986. A review of parasites as vectors of viral and bacterial diseases of fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 9: 169-171.
94. da Silva, EM., A.R.M. Magalhäes and M.A. Barracco. 2002. Effects of Bucephalus sp. (Trematoda: Bucephalidae) on Pema perna mussels from a culture station in Ratones Grande Island, Brazil. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 79: 154-162.
95. Damian, R.T 1964. Molecular mimicry: antigen sharing by parasite and host and its consequences. American Naturalist 98: 129-149.
96. Davis, D.J. 1936. Fathological studies on the penetration of the cercaria of the strigeid trematode, Diplostomum flexicaudum. Journal of Parasitology 22: 329-339.
97. Davis, D.J. 1937. Care and diseases of trout. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries Investigations. Report. 35 pages.
98. Davis, H.S., G.L. Hoffman and E.W. Surber. 1961. Notes on Sanguinicola davisi (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae) in the gills of trout. Journal of Parasitology 47: 512-514.
99. Dawes, B. 1952. Trematode life-cycle enacted in a London pond. Correspondence. Nature (London) 170: 72-73.
100. De, N.V., K.D. Murrell, L.D. Cong, ED. Cam, L.V. Chau, N.D. Toan and A. Dalsgaard. 2003. The food-borne trematode zoonoses of Vietnam. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 34 (Supplement 1): 12-34.
101. De Bont, A.F. and M.J. De Bont Hers. 1952. Mollusc control and fish farming in central Africa. Nature (London) 170: 323-324.
102. Deardorff, T. and R.M. Overstreet. 1991. Seafood-transmitted zoonoses in the US: the fishes and the worms. In: Microbiology of Marine Food Products, D.R. Ward and C. Hackney (eds.). AVI, Van Nostrand Reinold, New York. pp. 211-265.
103. Desowitz, R.S. 1970. Antiparasitic mechanisms in parasitic infections. Journal of Parasitology 56 (Section 2): 521-525.
104. Deveney, M.R., T.J. Bayly, C.J. Johnston and B.F. Nowak. 2005. A parasite survey of farmed southern bluefin tuna, Tfiunnus maccoyii (Castelnau). Journal of Fish Diseases 28: 279-284.
105. Devine, J.A., CE. Adams and ES. Maitland. 2000. Changes in reproductive strategy in the ruffe during a period of establishment in a new habitat. Journal of Fish Biology 56: 1488-1496.
106. Dickerman, E.E. 1954. Paurorhynchus hiodontis, a new genus and species of trematode (Bucephalidae: Faurorhynchinae n. subfam.) from the mooneye fish, Hiodon tergisus. Journal of Parasitology 40: 311-315.
107. Dogiel, VA. 1932 Parasitic Diseases of Fishes, Selkhozgiz, Moscow-Leningrad.
108. Dönges, J. 1970. The potential number of redial generations in Echinostomatids (Trematoda). international Journal for Parasitology 1: 51-59.
109. Dönges, J. 1974. The life cycle of Euclinostomum heterostomum (Rudolphi, 1809) (Trematoda: Clinostomatidae). international Journal for Parasitology 4: 79-90.
110. Dubinin, VB. 1949. Relation between the distribution of the larvae of parasitic helminths in the fishes of the delta of the Volga and changes in the concentration of birds. Zoologicheskii Zhumal 27: 2. Dubinin, V.B. 1952. Fauna of helminth larvae of vertebrates of the River Volga Delta. Parazitologiya sb., Lenningrad 14: 213-226. (In Russian).
111. Dubois, G. 1968. Synopsis des Strigeidae et des Diplostomatidae (Trematoda). Mémoires de la Société Neuchâteloise des Sciences Naturelles 10: 1-258.
112. Dubois, G. 1970. Synopsis des Strigeidae et des Diplostomatidae (Trematoda). Mémoires de la Société Neuchâteloise des Sciences Naturelles 10: 259-727.
113. Dunn, TS., R.E.B. Hanna and WA. Nizami. 1987. Sensory receptors of the miracidium of Gigantocot/yie explanatum (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae). international Journal for Parasitology 17: 1131-1140.
114. Dzikowski, R., A. Diamant and I. Paperna. 2003a. Trematode metacercariae of fishes as sentinels for a changing limnological environment. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 55: 145-150.
115. Dzikowski, R.A., M.G. Levy, M.F. Poore, J.R. Flowers and I. Paperna. 2003b. Genetic and morphologic differentiation of Bolbophorus confusus and B. levantinus (Digenea: Diplostomatidae), based on rDNA SSU polymorphism and SEM. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 57: 231-235.
116. Dzikowski, R.A., M.G. Levy, M.F. Poore, J.R. Flowers and I. Paperna. 2004a. Clinostomum complanatum and Clinostomum marginatum (Rudolphi, 1819) (Digenea: Clinostomidae) are separate species based on differences in ribosomal DNA. Journal of Parasitology 90: 413-414.
117. Dzikowski, R.A., M.G. Levy, M.F. Poore, J.R. Flowers and I. Paperna. 2004b. Use of rDNA polymorphism for identification of Heterophyidae infecting freshwater fishes. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 59: 35-41.
118. Edney, J.M. 1940. A heavy infestation of Clinostomum marginatum metacercariae in channel catfish. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Sciences 15: 371.
119. Elliot, A.M. and L.R. Russert. 1949. Some conditions characteristic of yellow perch population heavily parasitized by Clinostomum marginatum. Journal of Parasitology 35: 183-190.
120. Ellis, A.E. 1982. Differences between the immune mechanisms of fish and higher vertebrates. In: Microbial Diseases of Fish, R.J. Roberts (ed.). Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-29.
121. Erasmus, D.A. 1959. The migration of Cercaria X Baylis (Strigeida) within the fish intermediate host. Parasitology 48: 173-190.
122. Erasmus, D.A. 1972. The Biology of the Trematodes. Edward Arnold, Ltd., London.
123. Erickson, D.G. and EG. Wallace. 1959. Studies on blood flukes of the genus Sanguinicola. Journal of Parasitology 45: 310-322.
124. Esch, G.W. and W.J. Huffines. 1973. Histopathology associated with endoparasitic helminths in bass. Journal of Parasitology 59: 306-313.
125. Esch, G.W, E.J. Wetzel, D.A. Zelmer and A.M. Schotthoefer. 1997. Long-term changes in parasite population and community structure: A case history. American Midlands Naturalist 137: 369-387.
126. Essex, H.E. and G.W. Hunter III. 1926. A biological study of fish parasites from the central states. Transactions of the IIIinois State Academy of Science 19: 151-181.
127. Evans, WA. 1974a. The histopathology of cutthroat trout experimentally infected with the blood fluke Sanguinicola klamathensis. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 10: 243-248.
128. Evans, WA. 1974b. Growth, mortality, and hematology of cutthroat trout experimentally infected with the blood fluke Sanguinicola klamathensis. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 10: 341-346.
129. Evans, WA. and R.A. Heckmann. 1973. The life history of Sanguinicola klamathensis. Life Sciences 13: 1285-1291.
130. Ewens, E., J.W. Lewis, D.T. Richards, D. Hoole and C. Arme. 1994. Epidemiological studies on the blood fluke: Sanguinicola inermis Plehn, 1905, in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). international Symposium on Aquatic Animal Health, Program and Abstracts, Davis, California, p. 50.
131. Faliex, E. 1990. Experimental infection of juvenile grey mullet, Liza ramada, by metacercaria of Babratrema minimus (Digenea: Bucephalidae): ultrastructural analysis of the host-parasite relationship. In: Pathology in Marine Science, T. C. Cheng and F.O. Perkins (eds.). Academic Press, London, pp. 299-303.
132. Faliex, E. and S. Morand. 1994. Population dynamics of the metacercarial stage of the bucephalid trematode, Labratrema minimus (Stossich, 1887) from Salses-Deucate lagoon (France) during the cercarial shedding period. Journal of Helminthology 68: 35-40.
133. Fantham, H.B. and A. Porter. 1947. The parasitic fauna of vertebrates in certain Canadian fresh waters, with some remarks on their ecology, structure and importance. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 117: 609-649.
134. Farstey, V. 1986. Centrocestus sp. (Heterophyidae) and other trematode injections of the snail Melanoides tuberculata (Muller, 1774) and cichlid fish in Lake Kinneret. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, (Hebrew text, English summary).
135. Ferguson, M.S. 1942. Development of the metacercariae of Diplostomum flexicaudum in the lenses of frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals. Journal of Parasitology 28 (Supplement): 9.
136. Ferguson, M.S. 1943. Migration and localization of an animal parasite within the host. Journal of Experimental Zoology 93: 375-400.
137. Ferguson, M.S. and R.A. Hayford. 1941. The life history and control of an eye fluke. Progressive Fish Culturist 54: 1-13.
138. Fischer, S.A. and W.E. Kelso. 1988. Potential parasite-induced mortality in age 0 bluegills in a floodplain pond of the lower Mississippi River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 117: 565-573.
139. Fischthal, J.H. 1948. The over-wintering of black grubs and yellow grubs in fish. Journal of Parasitology 35: 191-192.
140. Flores, V. and L. Semanas. 2002. Infection patterns of Tylodelpirys barilochensis and T crubensis (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae) metacercariae in Glaxias maculatus (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae) from two Patagonian Lakes and observations on their geographical distribution in the southern Andean region, Argentina. Journal of Parasitology 88: 1135-1139.
141. Font, W.E, R.W. Heard and R.M. Overstreet. 1984a. Life cycle of Ascocotyle gemina n. sp. a sibling of A. sexidigita (Digenea: Heterophyidae). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 103: 392-407.
142. Font, W.E, R.M. Overstreet and R.W. Heard. 1984b. Taxonomy and biology of Phagicola nana (Digenea: Heterophyidae). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 103: 408-422.
143. Foreyt, W.J. and J.R. Gorham. 1988. Preliminary evaluation of praziquantel against metacercariae of Nanophyetus salmincola in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24: 551-554
144. Fox, A.C. and R.E. Olson. 1965. The life cycle of the digenetic trematode Boifcophoras confusus, and effects of water temperatures on the developmental stages. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 84: 153-154
145. Francis-Floyd, R. 1991. Use of Bayer 73 to control snails in ornamental fish ponds. In: Aquaculture Report Series. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Tallahassee, pp. 467-490.
146. Fredensborg, B.L. and R. Poulin. 2005. In vitro cultivation of Maritrema novaezealandensis (Microphallidae): the effect of culture medium on excystation, survival and egg production. Parasitology Research 95: 310-313.
147. Fried, B., T.K. Graczyk and L. Tamang. 2004. Food-borne intestinal trematodiasis in humans. Parasitology Research 93: 159-170.
148. Fried, B. and M.A. Haseeb. 1991. Platyhelminthes: Aspidogastrea, Monogenea, and Digenea. In: Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, F.W Harrison and B.J. Bogitsh (eds.). Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 141-209.
149. Galazzo, D.E., S. Dayanandan, D.J. Marcogliese and J.D. McLaughlin. 2002. Molecular systematics of some North American species of Diplostomum (Digenea) based on rDNA-sequence data and comparisons with European congeners. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80: 2207-2217.
150. Ganapati, EN. and K.H. Rao. 1955. On the occurrence of metacercariae cysts of a diplostome (Trematoda) in freshwater fishes. [Abstract.] Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress 42nd (1955), pp. 285-286.
151. Gibson, D.I. 1996. Trematoda. In: Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada, L. Margolis and Z. Kabata (eds.). Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 124, NRC Press Ottawa.
152. Gibson, D.I. 2002. Class Trematoda Rudolphi, 1808. In: Keys to the Trematoda, Volume 1. D.I. Gibson, A. Jones and R.A. Bray (eds.). CABI Fublishing and The Natural History Museum, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K.
153. Gibson, D.I. and R.A. Bray. 1979. The Hemiuroidea: Terminology, systematics and evolution. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Zoology) 32: 167-245.
154. Gibson, D.I., A. Jones and R.A. Bray. 2002. Keys to the Trematoda, Volume 1. CABI Fublishing and The Natural History Museum, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K.
155. Ginetesinskaya, T.A. 1961. The life cycles of fish helminths and the biology of their larval stages. In: Parasitology of Fishes, VA. Dogiel, G.K. Petrushevski and Yu. I. Polyanski (eds.). Translation. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh; TFH Publications, reprint Jersey City.
156. Gonzalez, G., A. Garcia, M. Jover and S. Crespo. 1995. Influence of artificial food on 1 + amberjack (Seriola dumerili, Risso) sanguinicoliasis and epitheliocystis. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 15: 14-16.
157. Gordon, D.M. and M.E. Rau. 1982. Possible evidence for mortality induced by the parasite Apatemon gracilis in a population of brood sticklebacks (Culea inconstans). Parasitology 84: 41-47.
158. Granovitch, A. and K. Johannesson, 2000. Digenetic trematodes in four species of Littorina from the west coast of Sweden. Ophelia 53: 55-65.
159. Grau, A. 1994. Aspectos histológicos, ciclo reprodcutor y principales procesos patológicos de Seriola dumerili, Risso 1810 (Carangidae). Ph.D. Thesis, Universität Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain.
160. Grau, A., F. Riera and E. Carbonell. 1999. Some protozoan and metazoan parasites of the amberjack from the Balearic sea (western Mediterranean). Aquaculture International 7(5): 307-317.
161. Grizzle, J.M. and M.T Goldsby Jr. 1996. White grub Posthodiplostomum minimum centrarchi metacercariae in the liver of largemouth bass: quantification and effects on health. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 8: 70-74
162. Guthrie, J.R. and R.L. Kroger. 1974. Schooling habits of injured and parasitized menhaden. Ecology 55: 208-210.
163. Gvozdev, E.V. 1950. Observations on the parasite fauna of fishes of Lake Markakul. hvestiya Akademii Nauk Respubliki Kazakhstan, Seriya Khimicheskaya, Nauk S.S.S.R. B:8.
164. Halmetoja, A., E.T. Valtonen and E. Koskenniemi. 2000. Perch (Perca flavescens L.) parasites reflect ecosystem conditions: A comparison of a natural lake and two acidic reservoirs in Finland. International Journal for Parasitology 30: 1437-1444
165. Halton, D.W. and B.R. Johnston. 1982. Functional morphology of the metacercarial eyst of Bucephaloides gracilescens (Trematoda: Bucephalidae). Parasitology 85: 44-52.
166. Halton, D.W. and B.R. Johnston. 1983. Development in vitro of the metacercaria of Bucephaloides gracilescens (Trematoda: Bucephalidae). international Journal for Parasitology 13: 157-164
167. Harrison, E.J. and W.F. Hadley. 1982. Possible effects of black-spot disease on northern pike. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 111: 106-109.
168. Hayunga, E.G. 1989. Parasites and immunity: tactical considerations in the war against disease-or, how did the worms learn about Clausewitz? Perspective in Biology and Medicine 32: 349-370.
169. Hayward, C.J., H. Aiken and B.F. Nowak. 2007. Metazoan parasites on the gills of southern bluefin tuna (Tfmnnus maccoyii) do not proliferate rapidly after transfer to culture cages. Aquaculture 262: 10-16.
170. Heasman, M.R, W.A.O. Connor and A.W.J. Frazer. 1996. Digenean (Bucephalidae) infections in commercial scallops, Pecten fumatus Reeve, and doughboy scallops, Chlamys (Mimachlamys) asperrima (Lamarch), in Jervis Bay, New South Wales. Journal of Fish Diseases 19: 333-339.
171. Hendrickson, G.L. 1978. Observations on strigeoid trematodes from the eyes of southeastern Wyoming fish. I. Diplostomulum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 45: 60-64.
172. Hendrickson, G.L. 1979. Omithodiplostomum ptychocheilus: migration to the brain of the fish intermediate host, Pimephales promelas. Experimental Parasitology 48: 245-258.
173. Herbert, B.W., EM. Shaharom and I.G. Anderson. 1995. Histopathology of cultured sea bass (Lates calcarifer) (Centropomidae) infected with Cruoricola lates (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae) from Pulau Ketam, Malaysia. International Journal for Parasitology 25: 3-13.
174. Higgins, J.C. 1980. Formation of the cyst wall and related changes in the structure of the tegument of Bucephalus haimeanus (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1854) during its metamorphosis from the cercarial to the metacercarial stage. Parasitology 81: 47-59.
175. Higgins, J.C, D.E. Wright and R.A. Matthews. 1977. The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the cyst wall of Bucephalus haimeanus (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1854). Parasitology 75: 207-214.
176. Hine, EM. 1978. Distribution of some parasites of freshwatet eels in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 12: 179-187.
177. Hoffman, G.L. 1958. Studies on the life cycle of Omithodiplostomum ptychocheilus (Faust) (Trematoda: Strigeoidea) and the ‘self cure’ of infected fish. Journal of Parasitology 44: 416-421.
178. Hoffman, G.L. 1959. Synopsis of Strigeoidea (Trematoda) of fishes and their life cycles. Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service 60: 39-469.
179. Hoffman, G.L. 1970. Control methods for snail-borne zoonoses. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 6: 262-265.
180. Hoffman, G.L. 1975. Lesions due to internal helminths of freshwater fishes. In: Pathology of Fishes, W.E. Ribelin and G. Migaki (eds.). The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp. 151-187.
181. Hoffman, G.L. 1999. Parasites of North American Freshwater Fishes, 2nd Edition, Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
182. Hoffman, G.L. and C.E. Dunbar. 1963. Studies on Neogogatea kentuckiensis (Cable, 1935) n. comb. (Trematoda: Strigeoidea: Cyathocotylidae). Journal of Parasitology 49: 737-744.
183. Hoffman, G.L., B. Fried and J.E. Harvey. 1985. Sanguinicola fontinalis sp. nov. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae): a blood parasite of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), and longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes). Journal of Fish Diseases 8: 529-538.
184. Hoffman, G.L. and J.B. Hoyme. 1957. The experimental histopathology of the ‘tumor’ on the brain of the stickleback caused by Diplostomum baeri eucaliae Hoffman and Hundley, 1957 (Trematoda: Strigeoidea). Journal of Parasitology 43: 33.
185. Hoffman, G.L. and J.B. Hoyme. 1958. The experimental histopathology of the “tumour” on the brain of the stickleback caused by Diplostomum baeri eucaliae Hoffman and Hundley, 1957 (Trematoda: Strigeoidea). Journal of Parasitology 44: 374-378.
186. Hoffman, G.L. and J.B. Hundley. 1957. The life-cycle of Diplostomum baeri eucaliae n. subsp. (Trematoda: Strigeida). Journal of Parasitology 43: 613-627.
187. Hoffman, G.L. and J.A. Hutcheson. 1970. Unusual pathogenicity of a common metacercaria of fish. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 6: 109.
188. Hoffman, G.L. and R.E. Putz. 1965. The black spot Uvulifer ambloplites of centrarchid fish. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 94: 143-151.
189. Hoffmann, R.W, W. Korting, T. Fischer-Scherl and W. Schaufer. 1990. An outbreak of Bucephalus polymorphus in a fish of the Main River. Angewandte Parasitologic 31: 95-99.
190. Holliday, C.W. and B. Fried. 1986. Some physiological effects of Sanguinicola fontinalis (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae) infection in the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Journal of Parasitology 72: 189-190.
191. Holmes, J.C. and EW. Price. 1980. Parasite communities: the roles of phylogeny and ecology. Systematic Zoology 29(2): 203-213.
192. Howell, M.J. 1973. The resistance of cysts of Stictodora lari (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) to encapsulation by cells of the fish host. International Journal for Parasitology 3: 653-659.
193. Hsiao, S.C.T. 1941. Melanosis in common cod, Gadus callaris L., associated with trematode infection. Biological Bulletin (Woodshole) 80: 37-44.
194. Hubbs, C.L. 1927. The related effects of a parasite on a fish. Journal of Parasitology 14: 75-84.
195. Hutson, K.S. and I.D. Whittington. 2006. Paradeontacylix godfreyi n. sp. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from the heart of wild Seriola lalandi (Perciformes: Carangidae) in southern Australia. Zootaxa 151: 55-68.
196. Hutson, K.S., I. Ernst and I.D. Whittington. 2007. Risk assessment for metazoan parasites of yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi (Perciformes: Carangidae) in South Australia sea-cage aquaculture. Aquaculture 271: 85-99.
197. Hughes, R.C. 1928. Studies on the trematode family Strigeidae (Holostomatidae). No. IX. Neascus van-cleavei (Agersborg). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 47: 320-341.
198. Hughes, R.C. and RG. Berkhout. 1929. Studies on the trematode family Stigeidae (Holostomidae) No. XV. Diplostomulum gigas, sp. nov. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science 10: 483-488.
199. Hull, D.L. 1999. On the plurality of species: Questioning the party line. In: Species, New Interdisciplinary Essays, R.A. Wilson (ed.). The MIT Press, London, pp. 23-48.
200. Hunter, G.W. III. 1942. Studies on the parasites of fresh-water fishes of Connecticut. Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin 63: 228-288.
201. Hunter, G.W. III and J.M. Hamilton. 1941. Studies on host-parasite reactions to larval parasites. IV. The cyst of Uvulifer ambloplitis (Hughes). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 60: 498-507.
202. Hunter, G.W. III and W.S. Hunter. 1942. Studies on host parasite reactions. V. The integumentary type of strigeid cyst. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 61: 134-140.
203. Huxham, M., D. Raffaelli and A. Pike. 1995. Parasites and food web patterns. Journal of Animal Ecology 64: 168-176.
204. Hyman, L.H. 1951. The Invertebrates: Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela. McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc., New York.
205. Ivanchenko, O.F. and T.A. Grozdilova. 1971. Parasites of young of the year white-sea herring (Ciupea harengus pallasi natio maris-albi Berg) reared under artificial conditions. Parazitologiya 5: 233-236. (In Russian).
206. Ivanov, V.M. and Semenova, N.N. 2004. Life cycle of the trematode Rossicotrema donicum (Opisthorchiida, Heterophyidae) in the Volga river delta. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 83: 1206-1215. (In Russian).
207. James, B.L. and E.A. Bowers. 1967. Reproduction in the daughter sporocyst of Cercaria bucephalopsis hai meana (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1854) (Bucephalidae) and the Cercaria dichotoma Lebour, 1911 (Von Muller) (Gymnophalidae). Parasitology 57: 607-625.
208. James, B.L., E.A. Bowers and J.G. Richards. 1966. The ultrastructure of the daughter sporocyst of Cercaria bucephalopsis haimaena Lacaze-Dutheirs, 1854 (Digenea: Bucephalidae) from the edible cockle, Cardium edule L. Parasitology 56: 753-762.
209. Johnson, K.A. 1971. The migration of Cotylurus erraticus cercariae (Trematoda: Strigeidae) in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and their effects on the host. Journal of Parasitology 57: 244-251.
210. Johnson, M.W and T.A. Dick. 2001. Parasite effects on the survival, growth, and reproductive potential of yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill) in Canadian Shield Lakes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 1980-1992.
211. Johnson, RT.J., K.B. Lunde, R.W. Haight, J. Bowerman and A.R. Blaustein. 2001. Ribeiroia ondatrae (Trematoda: Digenea) infection induces severe limb malformations in western toads (Bufo boreas). Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 370-379.
212. Johnston, B.R. and D.W. Halton. 1981. Occurrence of Bucephaloides gracilescens metacercariae in three species of gadoid fish. Journal of Fish Biology 18: 685-691.
213. Jones, A., R.A. Bray and D.I. Gibson. 2005. Keys to the Trematoda, Volume 2. CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K.
214. Kabata, Z. 1963. Parasites as biological tags. International Commission on Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Special Publication No. 4, pp. 31-37.
215. Kabata, Z. 1985. Parasites and Diseases of Fish Cultured in the Tropics. Taylor and Francis, London.
216. Kakonge, S.A. 1972. Methods for the study of freshwater fish parasites. University of Waterloo Biology Series 12: 1-76.
217. Kalbe, M., B. Haberl and W. Haas. 1997. Miracidial host-finding in Fasciola hepática and Trichobilharzia ocellata is stimulated by species-specific glycoconjugates released from the host snails. Parasitology Research 83: 806-812.
218. Kamegai, S. 1971. A new digenetic trematode Sclerodistomoides pacificus n. g., n. sp. (Trematoda: Cephaloporidae, Plectognathotrematinae n. subfam.), from intestine of marine fish, Navodon modestus. Research Bulletin of the Meguro Parasitological Museum 3: 5-11.
219. Kamegai, S. and J. Araki. 1995. A new digenean Didymocystis margolisi n. sp. (Didymozoidae: Didymozoinae), from the skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, of Japan. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 52(Supplement 1): 95-97.
220. Kamo, H., K. Ogino and R. Hatsushika. 1962. A unique infection of man with Clinostomum sp., a small trematode causing acute laryngitis. Yonago Acta Medica 6: 37-40.
221. Kanev, I., V. Radev and B. Fried. 2002. Family Clinostomidae Liihe, 1901. In: Keys to the Trematoda, D.I. Gibson, A. Jones and R.A. Bray (eds.). CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., Vol. 1, pp. 113-120.
222. Kannangara, D.WW and J.D. Smyth. 1974. in vitro cultivation of Diplostomum phoxini metacercariae. International Journal for Parasitology 4: 667-673.
223. Kantor, M. 1996. Historic rationale, effectiveness, and biological efficiency of existing regulations for the U.S. Atlantic bluefin tuna fisheries: a report to the U.S. Congress. Final report for Section 310 of Public LAW 104-43, The Fisheries Act of 1995. National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S.A.
224. Karlsbakk, E. 2001. Didymozoid larvae (Trematoda) in the body musculature of cultured Atlantic herring larvae (Ciupea harengus). Acta Parasitológica 46: 164-170.
225. Karvonen, A., S. Paukku, E.T Valtonen and EJ. Hudson. 2003. Transmission, infectivity and survival of Diplostomum spathaceum cercariae. Parasitology 127: 217-224
226. Kean, B.H. and R.C. Breslau. 1964. Cardiac heterophyidiasis. In: Parasites of the Human Heart. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp. 95-103.
227. Kearn, G.C. 1998. Parasitism and the Platyhelminths. Chapman 6k Hall, London.
228. Keiser, J. and J. Utzinger. 2005. Emerging foodborne trematodiasis. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11: 1507-1514.
229. Kennedy, C.R. 1981. Long-term studies on the population biology of two species of eyefluke, Diplostomum gasterostei and Tylodelphys clavata (Digenea: Diplostomatidae), concurrently infecting the eyes of perch, Perca fluviatilis. Journal of Fish Biology 19: 221-236.
230. Kennedy, C.R. 1984. The use of frequency distribution in an attempt to detect host mortality induced by infections of diplostomatid metacercariae. Parasitology 89: 209-220.
231. Kent, M.L. and A.C. Olson Jr. 1986. Interrelationships of a parasitic turbellarian, (Paravortex sp.) (Graffillidae, Rhabdocoela) and its marine fish hosts. Fish Pathology 21: 65-72.
232. Kent, M.L., V.O. Watral, CM. Whipps, M.E. Cunningham, CD. Criscione, J.R. Heidel, L.R. Curtis, J. Spitsbergen and D.F. Markle. 2004. A digenean metacercaria (Apophallus sp.) and a myxozoan (Myxobolus sp.) associated with vertebral deformities in cyprinid fishes from the Willamette River, Oregon. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 16: 116-129.
233. Kinne, O. 1984. Diseases of marine animals: general aspects. In: Diseases of Marine Animals, O. Kinne (ed.). John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 13-73.
234. Kirk, R.S. and J.W. Lewis. 1992. The laboratory maintenance of Sanguinicola inermis Plehn, 1905 (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae). Parasitology 104: 121-127.
235. Kirk, R.S. and J.W. Lewis. 1993. The life cycle and morphology of Sanguinicola inermis Plehn, 1905 (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae). Systematic Parasitology 25: 125-133.
236. Kirk, R.S. and J.W. Lewis. 1994. The distribution and host range of species of the blood fluke Sanguinicola in British freshwater fish. Journal of Helminthology 68: 315-318.
237. Kniskern, V.B. 1952. Studies on the trematode family Bucephalidae Poche, 1907. Part 2. The life history of Rhipidbcotyle septpapillata Krull, 1934. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 71: 317-340.
238. Kohn, A., B.M.M. Fernandes and M.F.D. de Baptista-Farias. 1995. Metacercariae of Diplostomum (Austrodiplostomum) compactum (Trematoda, Diplostomidae) in the eyes of Plagioscion squamosissimus (Teleostei, Sciaenidae) from the reservoir of the hydroelectric power station of Itaipu, Brazil. Memôrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 90: 341-344.
239. Kohn, A., A.L. Santos and M.F.D. Baptista-Farias. 2001. Report of Didymocystis wedli Ariola, 1902 (Digenea: Didymozoidae) from Thunnus albacares in Brazil. Memôrias del Instituto Del Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 96: 951-954.
240. Køie, M. 1982. The redia, cercaria and early stages of Aporocotyle simplex Odhner, 1900 (Sanguinicolidae) a digenetic trematode which has a polychaete annelid as the only intermediate host. Ophelia 21: 115-145.
241. Køie, M. and M.E. Petersen. 1988. A new annelid intermediate host (Lanassa. nordenskioeldi Malmgren, 1866) (Polychaeta: Terebellidae) for Aporocotyle sp. and a new final host family (Pisces: Bothidae) for Aporocotyle simplex Odhner, 1900 (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae). Journal of Parasitology 74: 499-502.
242. Krause, J. and J.J. Godin. 1994. Influence of parasitism on the shoaling behavior of banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1775-1779.
243. Krull, WH. 1934a. Cercaria bessiae Cort and Brooks, 1928, an injurious parasite of fish. Copeia 1934: 69-73.
244. Krull, WH. 1934b. Studies on the life history of a trematode Rhipidocotyle septpapillata n. sp. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 53: 408-415.
245. Kuris, A.M., M.E. Torchin and K.D. Lafferty. 2004. Parasites in the thoracic ganglion of Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Brachyura: Grapsidae) from the coast of Portugal. Parasite-Journal de la Société Française de Parasitologic 11: 425-427.
246. La Rue, G.R. 1957. The classification of digenetic Trematoda: A review and a new system. Experimental Parasitology 6: 306-344.
247. Labrie, L., C. Komar, J. Terhune, A. Camus and D. Wise. 2004. Effect of sublethal exposure to the trematode Bolbophorus spp. on the severity of enteric septicemia of catfish in channel catfish fingerlings. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 16: 231-237.
248. Laffargue, E, G. Baudouin, E Sasal, C. Arnaud, M.B. Anras and G. Lagardere. 2004.Farasitic infection of sole Solea solea by Prosorhynchus spp. metacercariae (Digenea, Bucephalidae) in Atlantic nurseries under mussel cultivation influence. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 58: 179-184.
249. Lafferty, K.D. and A.K. Morris. 1996. Altered behavior of parasitized killifish increases susceptibility to predation by bird final hosts. Ecology 77: 1390-1397.
250. Larson, O.R. 1965. Diplostomulum (Tematoda: Strigeoidea) associated with herniations of bullhead lenses. Journal of Parasitology 51: 224-229.
251. Larson, O.R., G.L. Uglem and J.L. Kook. 1988. Fine structure and permeability of the metacercarial wall of Clinostomum marginatum (Digenea). Parasitology Research 74: 352-355.
252. Lauckner, G. 1983. Diseases in Mollusca: Bivalvia. In: Diseases of Marine Animals, O. Kinne (ed.). Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 477-879.
253. Lebour, M.V. 1923. Note on the life history of Hemiurus communis Odhner. Parasitology 15: 233-235.
254. Lee, F.O. and T.C. Cheng. 1970. The histochemistry of Stellantchasmus falcatus Onji and Nishio, 1915 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) metacercarial cyst in the mullet Mugil cephalus L. and histopathological alterations in the host. Journal of Fish Biology 2: 235-243.
255. Leknes, I.L. 1986. Fine structure and endocytic properties of subendothelial macrophages in the bulbus arteriosus of two bony fish species. Acta Histochemistry 79: 155-160.
256. Lemly, A.D. and G.W. Esch. 1983. Differential survival of metacercariae of Uvulifer ambloplites (Hughes, 1927) in juvenile centrarchids. Journal of Parasitology 69: 746-749.
257. Lemly, A.D. and G.W. Esch. 1984a. Effects of the trematode Uvulifer ambloplitis on juvenile bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus: ecological implications. Journal of Parasitology 70: 475-492.
258. Lemly, A.D. and G.W. Esch. 1984b. Eopulation biology and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Journal of Parasitology 70: 466-474
259. Lemly, A.D. and G.W. Esch. 1984c. Eopulation biology of the trematode Uvulifer ambloplitis (Hughes, 1927) in the snail intermediate host, Helisoma trivolvis. Journal of Parasitology 70: 461-465.
260. Leong, C.H.D. and M.J. Howell. 1971. Formation and structure of the cyst wall of Stictodora lari (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 35: 340-350.
261. Lester, R.J.G. 1977. An estimate of the mortality in a population o Perca flavescens owing to the trematode Diplstomum adamsi. Canadian Journal of Zoology 55: 288-292.
262. Lester, R.J.G. 1980. Host-parasite relations in some didymozoid trematodes. Journal of Parasitology 66: 527-531.
263. Lester, R.J.G. 1984. A review of methods for estimating mortality due to parasites in wild fish populations. Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 37: 53-64.
264. Lester, R.J.G. 1990. Reappraisal of the use of parasites for fish stock identification. Australian journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 41: 855-864.
265. Lester, R.J.G. and H.W Huizinga. 1977. Diplostomum adamsi sp. n.: description, life cycle, and pathogenesis in the retina of Percaflavescens. Canadian journal of Zoology 55: 64-73.
266. Lester, R.J.G. and T.D.G. Lee. 1976. Infectivity of the progenetic metacercariae of Diplostomum spathaceum. journal of Parasitology 62: 832-833.
267. Levy, M.G., J.R. Flowers, M.F. Poore, EE. Mullen, L.H. Khoo, L.M. Pote, I. Paperna, R. Dzikowski and R.W. Litaker. 2002. Morphologic, pathologic, and genetic investigations of Bolbophorus species affecting cultured channel catfish in the Mississippi Delta, journal of Aquatic Animal Health 14: 235-246.
268. Lewert, R.M. and C.L. Lee. 1954a. Studies on the passage of helminth larvae through host tissues. I. Histochemical studies on the extracellular changes caused by penetrating larvae, journal of Infectious Disease 95: 13-35.
269. Lewert, R.M. and C.L. Lee. 1954b. Studies on the passage of helminth larvae through host tissues. II. Enzymatic activity in vivo and in vitro, journal of Infectious Disease 95: 36-51.
270. Lile, N.K. 1998. Alimentary tract helminths of four pleuronectid flatfish in relation to host phylogeny and ecology, journal of Fish Biology 53: 945-953.
271. Littlewood, D.T.J, and D.L Gibson. 2001. Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes. Taylor and Francis, New York.
272. Lively, CM., C. Craddock and R.C Vrijenhoek. 1990. Red queen hypothesis supported by parasitism in sexual and clonal fish. Nature (London) 344: 864-866.
273. Lo, C.F., F. Huber, G.H. Kou and C.J. Lo. 1981. Studies on Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1819). Fish Pathology 15: 219-227.
274. Lorio, W.J. 1989. Experimental control of metacercariae of the yellow grub Clinostomum marginatum in channel catfish, journal of Aquatic Animal Health 1: 269-271.
275. Lun, Z.R., R.B. Gasser, D.H. Lai, A.X. Li, X.Q. Zhu, X.B. Yu and Y.Y Fang. 2005. Clonorchiasis: A key foodbourne zoonosis in China. Lancet Infectious Diseases 5:31-41.
276. Lyholt, H.C.K. and K. Buchmann. 1996. Diplostomum spathaceum: Effects of temperature and light on cercarial shedding and infection of rainbow trout. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 25: 169-173.
277. Lynch, D.L. and B.J. Bogtish. 1962. The chemical nature of metacercarial cysts. II. Biochemical investigations on the cyst of Posthodiplostomum minimum, journal of Parasitology 48: 241-243.
278. Lyster, L.L. 1940. Apophallus imperator sp. nov., a heterophyid encysted in trout, with a contribution to its life history. Canadian journal of Research 18: 106-121.
279. Maclnnis, A.J. 1976. How parasites find hosts: some thoughts on the inception of host-parasite integration. In: Ecological Aspects of Parasitology, C.R. Kennedy (ed.). North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp. 3-20.
280. Maclnnis, A.J., WM. Bethel and E.M. Cornford. 1974. Identification of chemicals of snail origin that attract Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. Nature (London) 248: 361-363.
281. MacKenzie, K. 1968. Some parasites of 0-group plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. under different environmental conditions, journal of Marine Research 3: 1-23.
282. MacKenzie, K. 1999. Parasites as pollution indicators in marine ecosystems: a proposed early warning system. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38: 955-959.
283. MacKenzie, K., H.H. Williams, B. Williams, A.H. McVicar and R. Siddall. 1995. Parasites as indicators of water quality and the potential use of helminth transmission in marine pollution studies. Advances in Parasitology 35: 85-144
284. Madsen, H. 1990. Biological methods for the control of freshwater snails. Parasitology Today 6: 227-241.
285. Mahmoud, L.H., S.O. Basiouny and H.A. Dawoud. 2002. Treatment of experimental heterophyiasis with two plant extracts, areca nut and pumpkin seed. Journal of the Egyptian Society for Parasitology 32: 501-506.
286. Maillard, C. and M.H. Ktari. 1978. Hyperandrotrema cetorhini n. g., n. sp. (Trematoda, Sanguinicolidae) parasite du système circulatoire de Cetorhinus maximus (Selacii). Annales de Parasitologic Humane et Compare 53: 359-365.
287. Manter, H.W. 1957. Host specificity and other host relationships among the digenetic trematodes of marine fishes. In: Premier Symposium sur la Spécifité Parasitaire des Parasites des Vertèbres, J.G. Baer (éd.). Series B, No. 32, International Union of Biological Sciences, pp. 185-197.
288. Marcogliese, D.J. 2002. Food webs and the transmission of parasites to marine fish. Parasitology 124: S83-S99.
289. Martin, W.E. 1950. Euhaplorchis califomiensis n. g., n. sp., Heterophyidae, Trematoda, with notes on its life cycle. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 64: 194-209.
290. Martin, WE. 1952. Another annelid first intermediate host of a digenetic trematode. Journal of Parasitology 38: 1-4
291. Matricon-Godran, M. 1971. Etude ultrastructurale des récepteurs sensoriels tégumentaires de quelques trématodes digénétiques larvaires. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde 35: 318-333.
292. Matthews, R.A. 1968. Studies on the helminth parasites of marine teleosts. Ph.D. Thesis. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.
293. Matthews, R.A. 1973a. The life cycle of Bucephalus haimeanus Lacaze-Duthiers, 1854 from Cardium edule L. Parasitology 67: 341-350.
294. Matthews, R.A. 1973b. The life cycle of Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1905, and a comparison of its cercaria with that of Prosorhynchus squamatus Odhner, 1905. Parasitology 66: 133-164.
295. Matthews, R.A. 1974a. The life cycle of Bucephaloides gracilescens (Rudolphi, 1819) Hopkins, 1954 (Digenea: Gasterostomata). Parasitology 3: 1-12.
296. Matthews, R.A. 1974b. Metacercariae and diseases in marine teleosts. Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Parasitology, Munich, Germany, 26-31 August, 1974, 3: 1723.
297. Mawdesley-Thomas, L. and PC. Young. 1967. Cutaneous melanosis in a flounder (Platichthys flesus L.). Veterinary Record October 7th: 2068.
298. McCullough, F.S. and K.E. Mott. 1983. The Role of Mulluscicides in Schistosomiasis Control. Document WHO/VBC83.879, World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
299. McDonald, M.E. 1981. Key to Trematodes Reported in Waterfowl Resource Pub. 142 (U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service).
300. McGladclery, S.E., L. Murphy, B.D. Hicks and S.K. Wagner. 1990. The effects of Stephanostomum tenue (Digenea: Acanthocolpidae) on marine aquaculture of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. In: Pathology in Marine Science, T.C. Cheng and F.O. Perkins (eds.). Academic Press, London, pp. 305-315.
301. McLaren, D.J. and D.J. Hockley 1977. Blood flukes have a double outer membrane. Nature (London) 269: 147-149.
302. McQueen, A., K. MacKenzie, R.J. Roberts and H. Young. 1973. Studies on the skin of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.). III. The effect of temperature on the inflammatory response to the metacercariae of Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin, 1825) (Digenea: Heterophyidae). Journal of Fish Biology 5: 241-247.
303. Meade, T.G. 1967. Life history studies on Cardicola klamathensis (Wales, 1958) Meade and Pratt, 1965 (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 34: 210-212.
304. Meyer, F.R 1958. Helminths of fishes from Trumbull Lake, Clay County, Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 65: 477-516.
305. Miller, M.J. 1942. Black spot disease of speckled trout. Revue Canadienne de Biologie 1: 464-471.
306. Miller, R.H. 1963. Oysters killed by trematode parasites. Nature (London) 197: 616.
307. Mills, C.A. 1979. Attachment and feeding of the adult ectoparasitic digenean Transversotrema patialense (Sorparkar, 1924) on the zebra fish Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan). Journal of Fish Diseases 2: 443-447.
308. Mitchell, A.J. 1995. Importance of treatment duration for praziquantel used against larval digenetic trematodes in sunshine bass. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 7: 327-330.
309. Mitchell, A.J., A.E. Goodwin and M.G. Levy. 2006. Bolbopfiorus infections in cultured fathead minnow. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 18: 55-57.
310. Mitchell, A.J., A.E. Goodwin M.J. Salmon and T.M. Brandt. 2002. Experimental infection of an exotic heterophyid trematode, Centrocestus formosanus, in four aquaculture fishes. North American Journal of Aquaculture 64: 55-59.
311. Mitchell, A.J., R.M. Overstreet, A.E. Goodwin and T.M. Brandt. 2005. Spread of an exotic fish-gill trematode: A far-reaching and complex problem. Fisheries 30(8): 11-16.
312. Mitchell, A.J., M.J. Salmon, D.G. Huffman, A.F. Goodwin and T.M. Brandt. 2000. Prevalence and pathogenicity of a heterophyid trematode infecting the gills of an endangered fish, the fountain darter, in the two central Texas spring-fed rivers. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 12: 283-289.
313. Mitchell, A.J., C.E. Smith and G.L. Hoffman. 1982. Pathogenicity and histopathology of an unusually intense infection of white grubs (Posthodiplostomum m. minimum) in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 18: 51-57.
314. Mitchell, C.W. 1974. Ultrastructure of the metacercarial cyst of Posthodiplostomum minimum (MacCallum, 1921). Journal of Parasitology 60: 67-74.
315. Mitchell, L.G., J. Ginal and WC. Bailey. 1983. Melanotic visceral fibrosis associated with larval infections of Posthodiplostomum minimum and Proteocephalus sp. in bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, in central Iowa, U.S.A. Journal of Fish Diseases 6: 135-144.
316. Mitchum, D. 1965. Diseases and parasites of fish. Wyoming Game and Fish Commission FW-3-R-12.
317. Miyanaga, S. 1939. Studies on second intermediate host of Clonorchis sinesis in Mukden area. Journal of Oriental Medicine 31: 565-568. [In Japanese: English summary page 43].
318. Mladineo, I. and M. Tudor. 2004. Digenea of Adriatic cage-reared Northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus thymus). Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 24: 145-152.
319. Mohandas, A. 1971. Integumentary papillae and their taxonomic importance in cercariae. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 35: 334-339.
320. Montero, EE., A. Garcia and J.A. Raga. 1999. First record of Paradeontacylix Mcintosh, 1934 species (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) in Mediterranean amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810), culture. Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathologists 19(3):107-109.
321. Montero, EE., F.J. Aznar, M. Fernandéz and J.A. Raga. 2003. Girdles as the main infection site for Paradeontacylix kampachi (Sanguinicolidae) in the greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 53: 271-272.
322. Morley, N.J., M. Crane and J.W Lewis. 2002. Toxic effects of cadmium and zinc on the transmission of Echinoparyphium recurvatum cercariae. Journal of Helminthology 76: 157-163.
323. Morley, N.J., M. Crane and J.W. Lewis. 2003a. Toxicity of cadmium and zinc to the cercarial activity of Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae). Folia Parasitológica 50: 57-60.
324. Morley, N.J., M. Crane and J.W. Lewis. 2003b. Effects of cadmium and zinc toxicity on orientation behaviour of Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) cercariae. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 56: 89-92.
325. Morley, N.J., M. Crane and J.W. Lewis. 2003c. Pollution toxicity to the transmission of larval digeneans through their molluscan hosts. Parasitology 126: S5-S26.
326. Morley, N.J., M. Crane and J.W. Lewis. 2004. Influence of cadmium exposure on the incidence of first intermediate host encystment by Echinoparyphium recurvatum cercariae in Lymnaea peregra. Journal of Helminthology 78: 329-332.
327. Morley, N.J., M. Crane and J.W. Lewis. 2005a. Changes in survival characteristics of Diplostomum spathaceum cercariae emerged from cadmium-exposed Lymnaea stagnalis. Journal of Helminthology 79: 55-59.
328. Morley, N.J., M. Crane and J.W. Lewis. 2005b. Toxicity of cadmium and zinc mixtures to cercarial tail loss in Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 60: 53-60.
329. Mourtisen, K.N. and R. Poulin. 2003. Parasite-induced trophic facilitation exploited by a non-host predator: A manipulator’s nightmare. International Journal for Parasitology 33; 1043-1050.
330. Mueller, J.F. 1972. Cranial deformation in a fish resulting from intracranial parasitism by strigeid metacercariae. Journal of Parasitology 58: 183-184
331. Munday, B.L., Y. Sawada, T. Cribb and C.J. Hayward. 2003. Diseases of tunas, Thunnus spp. Journal of Fish Diseases 26: 187-206.
332. Munro, A. 1785. Structure and Physiology of Fishes. C. Elliott., Edinburgh.
333. Nelson, J.S. 2006. Fishes of the World. 3rd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
334. Nico, L.G., J.D. Williams and H.L. Jelks. 2005. Black carp: Biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 32, Bethesda, Maryland, pp. 337.
335. Niewiadomska, K. 2002a. Superfamily Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886. In: Keys to the Trematoda, D.I. Gibson, A. Jones and R.A. Bray (eds.). CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., Vol. 1, pp. 159-166.
336. Niewiadomska, K. 2002b. Family Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886. In: Keys to the Trematoda, D.I. Gibson, A. Jones and R.A. Bray (eds.). CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., Vol. 1, pp. 167-196.
337. Niewiadomska, K. 2002c. Family Strigeidae Railliet, 1919. In: Keys to the Trematoda, D.I. Gibson, A. Jones and R.A. Bray (eds.). CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., Vol. 1, pp. 231-241.
338. Nikolaeva, V.M. 1965. Life cycle of trematode family Didymozoidae (Monticelli, 1888) Poche, 1907. Zoologichesky Zhumal 44: 1317-1327.
339. Nikolaeva, V.M. 1985. Trematodes-Didymozoidae Fuana, Distribution and Biology, W.J. Hargis (ed.). NOAA Technical Report NMFS 25, pp. 67-72.
340. Noble, G.A. 1975. Description of Nematobibothrioides histoidii (Noble, 1974) (Trematoda: Didymozoidae) and comparison with other genera. Journal of Parasitology 61: 224-227.
341. Noga, E.J. 2000. Fish Disease, Diagnosis and Treatment. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, Iowa.
342. Nolan, M.J. and T.H. Cribb. 2004. The life cycle of Paracardicoloides yamagutii Martin, 1974 (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae). Folia Parasitológica 51: 320-326.
343. Nolan, M.J. and T.H. Cribb. 2006. Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes. Zootaxa 1265: 1-80.
344. Nollen, RM. and H.D. Murray. 1978. Philophthalmus gralli: identification, growth characteristics, and treatment of an oriental eyefluke of birds introduced into the continental United States. Journal of Parasitology 64: 178-180.
345. Nordmann, A. von. 1832. Entozoa in the eyes of animals. Dublin Journal of Medical and Chemical Science 1: 238.
346. Nowak, B.F. 2004. Assessment of health risks to southern bluefin tuna under current culture conditions. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 24: 45-51.
347. Ogawa, K., H. Andoh and M. Yamaguchi. 1993. Some biological aspects of Paradeontacylix (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae) infection in cultured marine fish Seriola dumerili. Fish Pathology 28: 177-180.
348. Ogawa, K. and S. Egusa. 1986. Two new species of Paradeontacylix Mcintosh, 1934 (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae) from the vascular system of a cultured marine fish, Seriola purpurascens. Fish Pathology 21: 15-19.
349. Ogawa, K. and M. Fukudome. 1994. Mass mortality caused by blood fluke (Paradeontacylix) among amberjack (Seriola dumerili) imported to Japan. Fish Pathology 29: 265-269.
350. Ogawa, K., K. Hattori, K. Hatai and S. Kubota. 1989. Histopathology of cultured marine fish, Seriola purpurascens (Carangidae) infected with Paradeontacylix spp. (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae) in its vascular system. Fish Pathology 24: 75-81.
351. Ogawa, K., T. Nagano, N. Akai, A. Sugita and K.A. Hall. 2007. Blood fluke infection of cultured tiger puffer Takigufu rubripes imported from China to Japan. Fish Pathology 42(2): 91-99.
352. Ogawa, K., T. Nakatsugawa and M. Yasuzaki. 2004. Heavy metacercarial infections of cyprinid fishes in Uji River. Fisheries Science 70: 132-140.
353. Oglesby, L.C. 1961. A new cercaria from an annelid, journal of Parasitology 47: 233-236.
354. Oliveira, K. and R. Campbell. 1998. The occurrence and pathological effects of Stephanostomum tenue (Digenea: Acanthocolpidae) metacercariae in elvers of the American eel. journal of Fish Biology 53: 690-692.
355. Olsen, R.E. and J.R. Pierce. 1997. A trematode metacercaria causing fill cartilage proliferation in steelhead trout from Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33: 886-890.
356. Olson, ED., T.H. Cribb, V.V Tkach, R.A. Bray and D.T.J. Littlewood. 2003. Phylogeny and classification of the Digenea (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda). International Journal for Parasitology 33: 733-755.
357. Olson, R.E. 1966. Some experimental fish hosts of the strigeid tematode Bolbophorus confusus and effects of temperature on the cercaria and metacercaria. Journal of Parasitology 52: 327-334.
358. Ondrackova, M, M. Reichard, R Jurajda and M. Gelnar. 2004a. Seasonal dynamics of Posthodiplostomum cuticola (Digenea, Diplostomatidae) metacercariae and parasite-enhanced growth of juvenile host fish. Parasitology Research 93: 131-136.
359. Ondrackova, M., A. Simkova, M. Gelnar and R Jurajda. 2004b. Posthodiplostomum cuticola (Digenea: Diplostomatidae) in intermediate fish hosts: factors contributing to the parasite infection and prey selection by the definitive bird host. Parasitology 129: 761-770.
360. Ooi, H.K., W.S. Wang, C.Y. Tu, H.Y. Chang and C.I. Chenn. 1999. Natural mass infection by heterophyid metacercariae in aquacultured Japanese eel in Taiwan. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 35: 31-36.
361. Orihel, T.C. and L.R. Ash. 1995. Parasites in Human Tissues. ASCP Press, Chicago.
362. Ortlepp, R.J. 1935. On the metacercariae and adult of Clinostomum van der horsti sp. n., a trematode parasite of fishes and herons. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 5: 51-58.
363. Overstreet, R.M. 1969. Digenetic trematodes of marine teleost fishes from Biscayne Bay, Florida. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany 15: 119-176.
364. Overstreet, R.M. 1970. A syncoeliid (Hemiuridea Faust, 1929) metacercaria on a copepod from the Atlantic equatorial current. Journal of Parasitology 56: 834-836.
365. Overstreet, R.M. 1976. A redescription of Crassicutis archosargi, a digenean exhibiting an unusual tegumental attachment. Journal of Parasitology 62: 702-708.
366. Overstreet, R.M. 1978. Marine Maladies? Worms, Germs, and Other Symbionts from the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium. Blossman Printing, Ocean Springs, Mississippi.
367. Overstreet, R.M. 1982. Abiotic factors affecting marine parasitism. In: Parasites: Their World and Ours, D.F. Mettrick and S.S. Desser (eds.). Fifth International Congress of Parasitology Proceedings and Abstracts, 7-14 August 1982, Toronto, Canada, Vol. 2, pp. 36-39.
368. Overstreet, R.M. 1993. Parasitic diseases of fishes and their relationship with toxicants and other environmental factors. In: Pathobiology of Marine and Estuarine Organisms, J.A. Couch and J.W. Fournie (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 111-156.
369. Overstreet, R.M. 1997. Parasitological data as monitors of environmental health. Farassitologia 39: 169-175.
370. Overstreet, R.M. 1998. Introduction to co-evolution of fish and their parasites and diseases. In: ICOPA IX (9th International Congress of Parasitology), I. Tada, S. Kojima and M. Tsuji Monduzzi (eds.). Bologna, Italy, pp. 21-28.
371. Overstreet, R.M. 2003. Flavor buds and other delights, journal of Parasitology 89: 1093-1107.
372. Overstreet, R.M. and S.S. Curran. 2002. Superfamily Bucephaloidea Poche, 1907. In: Keys to the Trematoda, D.I. Gibson, A. Jones and R.A. Bray (eds.). CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., Vol. 1, Chapter 15, pp. 67-110.
373. Overstreet, R.M. and S.S. Curran. 2004. Defeating diplostomoid dangers in USA catfish aquaculture. Folia Parasitológica 51: 153-165.
374. Overstreet, R.M. and S.S. Curran. 2005. Family Haploporidae Nicoll, 1914. In: Keys to the Trematoda, A. Jones, R.A. Bray and D.I. Gibson (eds.). CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., Vol. 2, pp. 129-165.
375. Overstreet, R.M., S.S. Curran, L.M. Pote, D.T. King, C.K. Blend and W.D. Grater. 2002. Bolhophorus damnificus n. sp. (Digenea: Bolbophoridae) from the channel catfish Ictolurus punctatus and American white pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos in the USA based on life-cycle and molecular data. Systematic Parasitology 52: 81-96.
376. Overstreet, R.M. and R.H. Edwards. 1976. Mesenchymal tumors of some estuarine fishes of the northern Gulf of Mexico. II. Subcutaneous fibromas in the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, and the sea catfish, Arius felis. Bulletin of Marine Science 26: 41-48.
377. Overstreet, R.M. and J. Thulin. 1989. Response by Plectropomus leopardus and other serranid fishes to Pearsonellum corventum (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae), including melanomacrophage centers in the heart. Australian Journal of Zoology 37: 129-142.
378. Owen, S.E, I. Barber and EJ.B. Hart. 1993. Low level infection by eye fluke, Diplostomum spp., affects the vision of three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Journal of Fish Biology 42: 803-806.
379. Padrós, F., C. Zarza and S. Crespo. 2001. Histopathology of cultured sea bream Sparus aurata infected with sanguinicolid trematodes. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 44: 47-52.
380. Palmer, E.D. 1939. Diplostomiasis, a hatchery disease of freshwater fishes new to North America. Progressive Fish Culturist, Memo 1-31(45): 41-47.
381. Paperna, I. 1964a. The metazoan parasite fauna of Israel inland water fishes. Bamidgeh 16: 3-66.
382. Paperna, I. 1964b. Parasitic helminths from inland water fishes in Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 13: 1-20.
383. Paperna, I. 1975. Parasites and disease of the grey mullet (Mugilidae) with special reference to the seas of the Near East. Aquaculture 5: 65-80.
384. Paperna, I. 1980. Parasites, infections and diseases of fish in Africa. Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, CÍFA Technical Paper No. 7.
385. Paperna, I. 1991. Diseases caused by parasites in the aquaculture of warm water fish. Annual Review of Fish Disease 1: 155-194.
386. Paperna, I. 1995. Digenea (Phylum Platyhelminthes). In: Fish Diseases and Disorders, volume 1, RT.K. Woo (ed.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., pp. 329-389.
387. Paperna, I. 1996. Parasites, Infections and Diseases of Fishes in Africa: An Update. Technical Paper 31, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, Rome.
388. Paperna, I. and R. Dzikowski. 2006. Digenea Phylum Platyhelminthes. In: Fish Diseases and Disorders, RT.K. Woo (ed.). 2nd Edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., Vol. 1, pp. 345-390.
389. Paperna, I. and R.M. Overstreet. 1981. Parasites and diseases of mullets (Mugilidae). In: Aquaculture of Grey Mullets, O.H. Oren (ed.). International Biological Programme 26. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 411-493.
390. Pearson, J.C. 1986. The paranephridial system in the Digenea: Occurrence and possible phylogenetic significance. In: Parasite Lives, M. Cremin, C. Dobson and D.E. Moorhouse (eds.). University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, pp. 56-68.
391. Pearson, J.C. 2002. Protoheterophyes spuriocirrus gen. et sp. Nov. (Trematoda, Heterophyidae) described and the nature of the gonotyl in heterophyids explicated. Acta Parasitológica 47: 205-207.
392. Pennycuick, L. 1971. Quantitative effects of three species of parasites on a population of three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Journal of Zoology 165: 143-162.
393. Perera, G., M. Yong, J.R. Ferrer, C. Arrinda and O. Amador. 1990. Effectiveness of three biological control agents against intermediate hosts of snail-mediated parasites in Cuba. Malacological Review 23: 47-52.
394. Perera, K.L.M. 1992a. Light microscopic study of the pathology of a species of didymozoan, Nematobothriinae gen. sp., from the gills of slimy mackerel Scomber australasicus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 13: 103-109.
395. Perera, K.L.M. 1992b. Ultrastructure of the primary gill lamellae of Scomber australasicus infected by a didymozoid parasite. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 13: 111-121.
396. Petrushevski, G.K. and S.S. Shulman. 1961. The parasitic diseases of fishes in the natural waters of the USSR. In: Parasitology of Fishes, V.A. Dogiel, G.K. Petrushevski and Yu.I. Polyanski (eds.). (Translation Edinburgh; Oliver and Boyd; Reprint, TFH Publications, Jersey City), pp. 299-319.
397. Pieri, O.S. and J.D. Thomas. 1987. Snail host control in the eastern coastal areas of North-East (NE) Brazil. Memorias de Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 82 (Supplement 4): 197-201.
398. Pike, A.W and M.D.B. Burt. 1983. The tissue response of yellow perch, Perca flavescens Mitchill to infections with metacercarial cyst of Apophallus brevis Ransom, 1920. Parasitology 87: 393-404.
399. Pokrovskii, V.V 1961. Basic environmental factors determining the abundance of whitefish. Trudy Soveshchanii 13: 228-234.
400. Poulin, Pv, K. Hecker and F. Thomas. 1998. Hosts manipulated by one parasite incur additional costs from infection by another parasite. Journal of Parasitology 84: 1050-1052.
401. Pozdnyakov, S.E. 1993. The systematics of trematodes of the suborder Didymozoata. Parazitologiya 27: 415-425. (In Russian).
402. Pratt, H.S. 1898. A contribution to the life history and anatomy of the appendiculate distomes. Zoologisches Jahrbuch fur Anatomie 11: 1-40.
403. Pulsford, A. and R.A. Matthews. 1984. An ultrastructural study of the cellular response of the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L., to Rhipidocotyle johnstonei nom. nov. (pro-Gasterostomum sp. Johnstone, 1905) Matthews, 1968 (Digenea: Bucephalidae). Journal of Fish Diseases 7: 3-14.
404. Rabideau, T.R. and J.T Self. 1953. A study of the effects of black and yellow grubs on Lepomis cyanellus and L. humilis in a natural environment. American Midland Naturalist 50: 402-406.
405. Radabaugh, D.C. 1980. Changes in minnow, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, schooling behaviour associated with infections of brain-encysted larvae of the fluke, Omithodiplostomum ptychocheilus. Journal of Fish Biology 16: 621-628.
406. Rahi, A.H.S. and A. Gardner. 1976. Immunopathology of the Eye. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
407. Ratanarat-Brockelman, C. 1974. Migration of Diplstomum spathaceum (Trematoda) in the fish intermediate host. Zeitschrift fiir Parasitenkunde 43: 123-134.
408. Rea, J.G. and S.W.B. Irwin. 1999. Alien invaders: Larval flukes as an aid to teaching. Journal of Biological Education 34: 41-45.
409. Rees, G. 1955. The adult of diplostomulum stage (Diplostomum phoxini (Faust)) of Diplostomum pelatoides Dubois and an experimental demonstration of part of the life cycle. Parasitology 45: 295-312.
410. Rees, G. 1957. Cercaria diplostomi phoxini (Faust), a furcocercaria which develops into Diplostomulum phoxini in the brain of the minnow. Parasitology 47: 126-137.
411. Reighard, J. 1929. A biological examination of Loon Lake, Gogebic County, Michigan, with suggestions for increasing its yield of small mouth bass (Microterus dolomieu). Papers Michigan Academy of Science and Arts Letters 10: 589-612.
412. Richards, D.T, D. Hoole, J.W. Lewis, E. Ewens and C. Arme. 1994a. Changes in the cellular composition of the spleen and pronephros of carp Cyprinus carpio infected with the blood fluke Sanguinicola inermis (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 19: 173-179.
413. Richards, D.T, D. Hoole, J.W. Lewis, E. Ewens and C. Arme. 1994b. Ultrastructural observations on the cellular response of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., to eggs of the blood fluke Sanguinicola inermis Plehn, 1905 (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae). Journal of Fish Diseases 17: 439-446.
414. Richards, D.T, D. Hoole, J.W. Lewis, E. Ewens and C. Arme. 1996a. Stimulation of carp Cyprinus carpio lymphocytes in vitro by the blood fluke Sanguinicola inermis (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 25: 87-93.
415. Richards, D.T., D. Hoole, J.W. Lewis, E. Ewens and C. Arme. 1996b. In vitro polarization of carp leucocytes in response to the blood fluke Sanguinicola inermis Plehn, 1905 (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae). Parasitology 112: 509-513.
416. Richards, D.T., D. Hoole, J.W. Lewis, E. Ewens and C. Arme. 1996c. Adherence of carp leucocytes to adults and cercariae of the blood fluke Sanguinicola inermis. Journal of Helminthology 70: 63-67.
417. Rieger, R.M., S. Tyler, J.ES. Smith III and G.E. Rieger. 1991. Platyhelminathes. Turbellaria. In: Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Wiley-Liss, Inc. New York, Vol. 3, pp. 7-140.
418. Roberts, L.S., J. Janovy, Jr. and E Schmidt. 2004. Foundations of Parasitology. 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill Co Inc., New York.
419. Roberts, R.J. 1975. Melanin-containing cells of teleost fish and their relation to disease. In: The Pathology of Fishes, W.E. Ribelin and G. Migaki (eds.). The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 399-428.
420. Robinette, D.R. and E.J. Noga. 2001. Histone-Like Protein (HLP): A novel method for assessing chronic stress in fish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 44: 97-107.
421. Rohde, K. 1984. Diseases caused by metazoans: helminths. In: Diseases of Marine Animals, O. Kinne (ed.). Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg, Vol. 6, pp. 193-320.
422. Rohde, K. 2005. Marine Parasitology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K.
423. Rothchild, M.A. 1942. Seven-year-old infection of Cryptocotyle lingua Creplin in the winkle Littorina littorea L. Journal of Parasitology 28: 350. Rushton, W. 1938. Blindness in freshwater fishes. Nature (London) 141(3563): 289.
424. Ruus, A., J.U. Skaare and K. Ingebrigtsen. 2001. Accumulation of the lipophilic environmental contaminant lindane in metacercariae of Bucephaloides gracilescens (Trematoda: Bucephalidae) in the central nervous system of bulltrout Myoxocephalus scorpius. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 48: 75-77.
425. Ryder, J.A. 1884. On a skin parasite of the cunner (Ctenolabrus adspersus). Bulletin of the US Fisheries Commission for 1884 4: 37-42.
426. Saladin, K. 1979. Behavioral parasitology and perspectives on miracidial host-finding. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 60: 197-210.
427. Schäperclaus, W. 1954. Fiscrticranlcheiten. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. Schell, S.C. 1970. How to Know the Trematodesl WC. Brown, Dubuque, Iowa.
428. Schell, S.C. 1974. The life history of Sanguinicola idahoensis sp. n. (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae), a blood parasite of steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Parasitology 60: 561-566.
429. Schell, S.C. 1985. Trematodes of North America North of Mexico. University Press of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.
430. Schmahl, G. and H. Mehlhorn. 1985. Treatment of fish parasites. 1. Praziquantel effective against Monogenea (Dactylogyrus vastator, Dactylogyrus extensus, Diplozoon paradoxum). Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 71: 727-737.
431. Scholz, T, L. Euzet and F. Moravec. 1998. Taxonomic status of Pelichnibothrium speciosum Monticelli, 1889 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), a mysterious parasite of Alepisaurus ferox Lowe (Teleostei: Alepisauridae) and Prionace glauca (L.) (Selachii: Carcharinidae). Systematic Parasitology 41: 1-8.
432. Scholz, T, J. Vargas-Vazquez, L. Aguirre-Macedo and V.M. Vidal-Martinez. 1997. Species of Ascocotyle Loos, 1899 (Digenea: Heterophyidae) of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, and notes on their life-cycles. Systematic Parasitology 36: 161-181.
433. Scholz, T., J. Vargas-Vazquez, F. Moravec, C. Vivas-Rodriguez and E. Mendoza-Franco. 1995. Metacercariae of trematodes of fishes from cenotes (= sinkholes) of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Folia Parasitobgica 42: 173-192.
434. Schwartz, F.J. 1956. First record of infestation and death in the ictalurid catfish, Schilbeodes miurus, by the parasite Clinostomum marginatum. Copeia 1954: 250-251.
435. Scott, J.S. 1975. Incidence of trematode parasites of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) of the Scotian Shelf and Gulf of St. Lawrence in relation to fish length and food. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32: 479-483.
436. Self, J.T., L.E. Peters and C.E. Davis. 1963. The egg, miracidium, and adult of Nematobothrium texomensis (Trematoda: Digenea). Journal of Parasitology 49: 731-736.
437. Seppala, O., A. Karvonen and E.T. Valtonen. 2004. Parasite-induced change in host behaviour and susceptibility to predation in an eye fluke: fish interaction. Animal Behavior 68: 257-263.
438. Sepulveda, M.S., M.G. Spaulding, J.M. Kinsella and D.J. Forrester. 1999. Parasites of the great egret (Ardea albus) in Florida and a review of the helminths reported for the species. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 66: 7-13.
439. Shariff, M., R.H. Richards and C. Sommerville. 1980. The histopathology of acture and chronic infections of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson with eye flukes, Diplostomum spp. Journal of Fish Diseases 3: 455-465.
440. Shoop, W.L. 1989. Systematic analysis of the Diplostomidae and Strigeidae (Trematoda). Journal of Parasitology 75: 21-32.
441. Sinclair, N.R. 1972. Studies on the heterophyid trematode Apophailus brevis, the ‘sand-grain grub’ of yellow perch (Perca flavescens). II. The metacercaria: position, structure, and composition of the cyst; hosts; geographical distribution and variation. Canadian Journal of Zoobgy 50: 577-584
442. Sindermann, C.J. and A. Rosenfield. 1954. Diseases of fishes of western North Atlantic III. Mortalities of sea herring (Cittpe harengus). Maine Department of Sea Shore Fisheries Bulletin 21: 1-16.
443. Skirnisson, K., K.V Galaktionov and E.V Kozminsky. 2004. Factors influencing the distribution of digenetic trematode infections in a mudsnail (Hydrobia ventrosa) population inhabiting salt marsh ponds in Iceland. Journal of Parasitology 90: 50-59.
444. Smith, J.W. 1972. The blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae and Spirorchidae) of cold-blooded vertebrates and some comparison with the schistosomes. [Review article] Helminthological Abstracts Series A 41: 161-204.
445. Smith, J.W. 1997a. The blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae and Spirorchidae) of cold-blooded vertebrates: Part 1. A review of the published literature since 1971, and bibliography. Helminthological Abstracts 66: 255-294.
446. Smith, J.W. 1997b. The blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae and Spirorchidae) of cold-blooded vertebrates: Part 2. Appendix I: Comprehensive parasite-host list; Appendix II: Comprehensive host-parasite list. Helminthological Abstracts 66: 329-344.
447. Smith, J.W. 2002. Family Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907. In: Keys to the Trematoda, D.L Gibson, A. Jones and R.A. Bray (eds.). CABI Publishing and The Natural History Museum, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., London, Vol. 1, pp. 433-452.
448. Smitherman, Jr. R.O. 1964. Effects of infections with strigeid trematode, Posthodiplostomum minimum (MacCallum), upon the bluegill, Lepomls macrochirus Rafinesque. Dissertation Abstracts 25: 2115.
449. Smithers, S.R. and R.J. Terry. 1969. The immunology of schistosomiasis. In: Advances in Parasitology, B. Dawes (ed.). Academic Press, London, Vol. 7, pp. 41-93.
450. Smyth, J.D. 1990. Trematoda: basic problems and approaches. In: In vitro Cultivation of Parasitic Helminths, J.D. Smyth (ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 17-43.
451. Smyth, J.D. and J.A. Clegg. 1959. Egg-shell formation in trematodes and cestodes. Experimental Parasitology 8: 286-323.
452. Sommerville, C. 1981. A comparative study of the tissue response to invasion and encystment by Stephanochasmus baccatus (Nicoll, 1907) (Digenea: Acanthocolpidae) in four species of flatfish. Journal of Fish Diseases 4: 53-68.
453. Sommerville, C. 1982. The pathology of Haplorchis pumilio (Looss, 1896) infections in cultured tilapias. Journal of Fish Diseases 5: 243-250.
454. Sommerville, C. and N.A.M. Iqbal. 1991. The process of infection, migration, growth and development of Sanguinicola inermis Plehn, 1905 (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) in carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of Fish Diseases 14: 211-219.
455. Sorensen, R.E., J. Curtis and D.J. Minchella. 1998. Intraspecific variation in the rDNA ITS loci of 37-collar-spined echinostomes from North America: Implications for sequence-based diagnoses and phylogenetics. Journal of Parasitology 84: 992-997.
456. Spall, R.D. and R.C. Summerfelt. 1969. Host-parasite relations of certain endoparasitic helminths of the channel catfish and white crappie in an Oklahoma reservoir. Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association 5: 48-67.
457. Spall, R.D. and R.C. Summerfelt. 1970. Life cycle of the white grub, Posthodiplostomum minimum (Maccallum, 1921: Trematoda, Diplostomatidae), and observations on host-parasite realtionships of the metacercaria in fish. In: A Symposium on Diseases of Fish and Shellfishes, S.F. Snieswzko (ed.). Special Publication No. 5 of the American Fisheries Society, Washington, DC, pp. 218-230.
458. Speed, R and G.B. Pauley. 1985. Feasibility of protecting rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, by immunizing against the eyefluke, Diplostomum spathaceum. Journal of Fish Biology 26: 739-744.
459. Sripa, B., M.R. Haswell-Elkins and R Sinawat. 2003a. Histological analysis of gallbladder diseases in relation to opisthorchiasis in endemic areas of Thailand. Acta Tropica 88: 239-246.
460. Sripa, B., R Sithithaworn and S. Sirisinha. 2003b. Opisthorchis viverrini and opisthorchiasis: the 21st century review. Acta Tropica 88: 169-170.
461. Stables, J.N. and L.H. Chappell. 1986. Diplostomum spathaceum (Rud. 1819): effects of physical factors on the infection of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by cercariae. Parasitology 93: 71-79.
462. Stanford, RK. 1995. For pluralism and against monism about species. Philosophy of Science 62: 70-91.
463. Steedman, R.J. 1991. Occurrence and environmental correlates of black spot disease in stream fishes near Toronto, Ontario. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 120: 494-499.
464. Stein, P.C. and R.D. Lumsden. 1971. An ultrastructural and cytochemical study of metacercarial cyst development in Ascocotyle pachycystis Schoeder and Leigh, 1965. Journal of Parasitology 57: 1231-1246.
465. Steinauer, M.L. and W.F. Font. 2003. Seasonal dynamics of the helminths of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) in a subtropical region. Journal of Parasitology 89: 324-328.
466. Stewart, M.T., N.J. Marks and D.W. Halton. 2003a. Neuroactive substances and associated major muscle systems in Bucephaloides gracilescens (Trematoda: Digenea) metacercaria and adult. Parasitology Research 91: 12-21.
467. Stewart, M.T, A. Mousley, B. Koubkova, S. Sebelova, N.J. Marks and D.W. Halton. 2003b. Development in vitro of the neuromusculature of two strigeid trematodes, Apatemon cobitidis and Cotylurus erraticus. International Journal for Parasitology 33: 413-424.
468. Stunkard, H.W. 1930. The life history of Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin), with notes on the physiology of the metacercariae. Journal of Morphology and Physiology 50: 143-184
469. Stunkard, H.W. 1976. The life cycles, intermediate hosts, and larval stages of Rhipidocotyle transversale Chandler, 1935 and Rhipidocotyle intoni Hopkins, 1954: Life-cycles and systematics of bucephalid trematodes. Biological Bulletin (Woodshole) 150: 294-317.
470. Suomalainen, E. 1950. Parthenogenesis in animals. Advances in Genetics 3: 193-253.
471. Sweeting, R.A. 1974. Investigations into natural and experimental infections of freshwater fish by the common eye-fluke Diplostomum spathaceum Rud. Parasitology 69: 291-300.
472. Székely, C. and K. Molnar. 1991. Praziquantel (Droncit) is effective against diplostomosis of grasscarp (Crenopharyngodon ideila) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichtys molitrix) Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 11: 147-150.
473. Szidat, L. 1927. Bietrâge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Holostomiden. Zoologischer Aneiger 61: 11-12.
474. Szidat, L. and A. Nani. 1951. Diplostomiasis cerebralis del pejerrey. Una grave epizootia que afecta a la economia nacional producida por larvas de trematodes que destruyen el cerebro de los prejerreyes. Revista del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones de las Ciencias Naturales (Argentina) 1: 323-394
475. Szidat, L. and A. Nani. 1952. Nota preliminar sobre una parasitosis grave de los pejerreyes producida por larvas de trematodes de la familia Diplostomidae Poirier 1886 que destruyen el cerebro de los peces. Revista Medicina Veterinaria 34: 9-14
476. Taraschewski, H. and I. Paperna. 1981. Distribution of the snail Pirenella conica in Sinai and Israel and its infection by Heterophyidae and other trematodes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 5: 193-205.
477. Taskinen, J. 1998a. Influence of trematode parasitism on the growth of a bivalve host in the field, international Journal for Parasitology 28: 599-602.
478. Taskinen, J. 1998b. Cercarial production of the trematode Rhipidocotyle fennica in clams kept in the field. Journal of Parasitology 84: 345-349.
479. Taskinen, J. and E.T. Valtonen. 1995. Age-, size-, and sex-specific infection of Anodonta piscinalis (Bivalvia: Unionidae) with Rhipidocotyle fennica (Digenea: Bucephalidae) and its influence on host reproduction. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 887-897.
480. Taskinen, J., E.T Valtonen and T. Makela. 1994. Quantity of sporocysts and seasonality of two Rhipidocotyle species (Digenea: Bucephalidae) in Anodonta piscinalis (Mollusca: Bivalvia). International journal for Parasitology 24: 877-886.
481. Terhune, J.S., D.J. Wise and L.H. Khoo. 2002. Bolbophorus confusus infections in channel catfish in northwestern Mississippi and effects of water temperature on emergence of cercariae from infected snails. North American journal of Aquaculture 64: 70-74.
482. Thatcher, V.E. 1981. Patologia de peixes da Amazonia Brasileira, 1. Aspectos gerais. Acta Amozonica 11: 125-140.
483. Thomas, E, F. Renaud, T. De Meeiis and R. Poulin. 1998. Manipulation of host behavior by parasites: Ecosystem engineering in the intertidal zone? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265: 1091-1096.
484. Thulin, J. 1980. A redescription of the fish blood-fluke Aporocotyle simplex Odhner, 1900 (Digenea, Sanguinicolidae) with comments on its biology. Sarsia 65: 35-48.
485. Torchin, M.E., K.D. Lafferty and A.M. Kuris. 2002. Parasites and marine invasions. Parasitology 124: S137-S151.
486. Tort, L., J.J. Watson and I.G. Priede. 1987. Changes in vitro heart performance in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson, infected with Apatemon gracilis (Digenea). journal of Fish Biology 30: 341-347.
487. Tripp, M.R. 1973. Hermaphroditism in Bucephalus-infected oysters, journal of Invertebrate Pathology 21: 321-322.
488. Urabe, M., K. Ogawa, T. Nakatsugawa, Y. Imanishi, T. Kondo, T. Okunishi, Y. Kaji and H. Tanaka. 2001. Newly recorded gasterostome trematode (Digenea: Bucephalidae) in the Uji River: the life history, distribution and damage to fishes. Bulletin of the Kansai Organization for Nature Conservation 23: 13-21.
489. Van Dobben, WH. 1952. The food of the cormorants in the Netherlands. Ardea 40: 1-63.
490. Van Haitsma, J.R 1930. Studies on the trematode family Strigeidae (Holostomidae). XXI. Life cycle and description of the cercariae of Cotylurus michiganensis (La Rue). journal of Parasitology 16: 224-230.
491. Van Oosten, J. 1944. Factors influencing the growth of fish. Transactions of the Ninth North American Wild Life Conference. 24-26 April, 1944, Chicago, IIIinois, pp. 177-183.
492. Van Valen, L. 1973. A new evolutionary law. Evolution Theory 1: 1-30.
493. Venable, D.L., A.R Gaude III and RL. Klerks. 2000. Control of the trematode Bolbophorus confusus in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus ponds using salinity manipulation and polyculture with black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus. journal of the World Aquaculture Society 31: 158-166.
494. Vernard, C.E. 1940. Studies on the parasites of Reelfoot Lake fish I. Parasites of the large-mouthed black bass, Huro salmoides (Lacepee). Report Reelfoot Lake Biological Station of the Tennessee Academy of Science 4: 43-63.
495. Vogelbein, W.K., J.W. Fournie and R.M. Overstreet. 1987. Sequential development and morphology of experimentally induced hepatic melano-macrophage centres in Rivulus marmoratus. journal of Fish Biology 31 (Supplement A): 145-153.
496. Vogelbein, WK. and R.M. Overstreet. 1988. Life-history and pathology of a heterophyid trematode infecting Florida-reared ornamental fishes. International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine Proceedings 19: 138.
497. Waadu, G.D.B, and L.H. Chappell. 1991. Effect of water temperature on the ability of Diplostomum spathaceum miracidia to establish in lymnaeid snails. Journal of Helminthology 65: 179-185.
498. Wales, J.H. 1958. Two new blood flukes of trout. California Fish and Game 44: 125-136.
499. Wang, G.T., W.J. Yao and P. Nie. 2001. Seasonal occurrence of Dollfustrema vaneyi (Digenea: Bucephalidae) metacercariae in the bullhead catfish Pseudobagrus fulvidraco in a reservoir in China. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 44: 127-131.
500. Wardle, W.J. 1988. Abucephalid larva, Cercariapleuromerae n. sp. (Trematoda: Digenea), parasitizing a deepwater bivalve from the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Parasitology 23: 285-289.
501. Wardle, W.J. 1990. Experimental verification of the metacercarial stage of Rhipidocotyle leisostei (Trematoda: Bucephalidae) with notes on the natural occurrence of its adult stage in gars in Texas and Virginia. Journal of Parasitology 76: 293-295.
502. Warren, B.H. 1953. A new type of metacercarial cyst of the genus Apophallus, from the perch, Perca flavescens, in Minnesota. The American Midland Naturalist 50: 397-401.
503. Watson, J.J., A.W Pike and I.G. Priede. 1992. Cardiac pathology associated with the infection of Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum with Apatemon gracilis Rud. 1819. Journal of Fish Biology 41: 163-167.
504. Watts, M., B.L. Munday and CM. Burke. 2001. Production, characterisation and diagnostic use of antisera to southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii Castelnau) immunoglobin. Aquaculture 199: 245-257.
505. Weeks, S.C. 1996. A re-evaluation of the Red Queen model for the maintenance of sex in a clonal-sexual fish complex (Poeciliopsis: Poeciliopsis). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 1157-1164.
506. Wheeler, Q.D. and R. Meier. 2000. Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory, A Debate. Columbia University Press, New York.
507. Whyte, S.K., L.H. Chappell and C.J. Secombes. 1990. Protection of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Richardson), against Diplostomum spathaceum (Digenea): the role of specific antibody and activated macrophages. Journal of Fish Diseases 13: 281-291.
508. Whyte, S.K., C.J. Secombes and L.H. Chappell. 1991. Studies on the infectivity of Diplstomum spathaceum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Helminthology 65: 169-178.
509. Wierzbicka, J. 1977. Trematodes of Abramis brama, A. ballerus and Blicca bjoercna from the Dabie lake, Poland. Acta Parasitológica Polonica 25: 1-16.
510. Williams, H. and A. Jones. 1994. Parasitic Worms of Fish. Taylor and Francis Inc, Bristol.
511. Williams, H.H. 1959. The anatomy of Köllikeria filicollis (Rudolphi, 1819), Cobbold, 1860 (Trematoda: Digenea) showing that the sexes are not entirely separate as hitherto believed. Parasitology 49: 39-53.
512. Williams, H.H. 1967. Helminth Disease of Fish. Helminthological Abstracts 36: 261-295.
513. Williams, H.H., K. MacKenzie and A.M. McCarthy. 1992. Parasites as biological indicators of the population biology, migrations, diet, and phylogenetics of fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 2: 144-176.
514. Woodhead, A.E. 1929. Life history studies on the trematode family Bucephalidae. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 48: 256-274.
515. Woodhead, A.E. 1930. Life history studies on the trematode family Bucephalidae. No. II. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 49: 1-17.
516. Woodhead, A.E. 1936. A study of the gasterstome cercaria of the Huron River. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 55: 465-476.
517. Yamaguti, S. 1970. Trematodes of Hawaiian Fishes. Keigaku Publishing Company, Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.
518. Yamaguti, S. 1971. Synopsis of Digenetic Trematodes of Vertebrates, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2. Keigaku Publishing Company, Tokyo.
519. Yamaguti, S. 1975. A Synoptical Review of Life Histories of Digenetic Trematodes of Vertebrates With Special Reference to the Morphology of Larval Forms. Keigaku Publishing Company, Tokyo.
520. Yanohara, Y. and N. Kagei. 1983. Studies on metacercaria of Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924)-I. Parasitism of metacercariae in gills of young rearing eels, and abnormal deaths of hosts. Fish Pathology 17: 237-241.
521. Zhatkanbayeva, D. and R.A. Heckmann. 1990. Effectiveness of praziquantel against trematodes of fish. In: Book of Abstracts, VUth International Congress of Parasitology, 20-24 August 1990, Paris, pp. 869 (abstract No. 7046).