Parasites and marine invasions

Parasitology

Volumn 124, Issue SUPPL., 2002, Pages

  Torchin, M E ^a   Lafferty, K D ^a   Kuris, A M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Biological invasion; Disease; Introduced species; Parasite; Pathogen

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; BIOGEOGRAPHY; GROWTH RATE; HABITAT STRUCTURE; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; INFESTATION; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MODEL; NONHUMAN; POPULATION ABUNDANCE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION;

EID: 0036387240     PISSN: 00311820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0031182002001506     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Anderson, R. M. (1982). Epidemiology. In Modern Parasitology. (ed. Cox, F. E. G.), pp. 204-251. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
2. Anderson, R. M. & May, R. M. (1986). The invasion, persistence and spread of infectious diseases within animal and plant communities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 314, 533-570.
3. Andrews, J. D. (1980). A review of introductions of exotic oysters and biological planning for new importations. Marine Fisheries Review 42, 1-11.
4. Arneberg, P., Skorping, A., Grenfell, B. & Read, A. F. (1998). Host densities as determinants of abundance in parasite communities. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265, 1283-1289.
5. Aune, K. & Schladweiler, P. (1992). Wildlife Laboratory Annual Report. Helena, Montana: Montana Department of Fisheries Wildlife and Parks.
6. Bailey, N. T. J. (1957). The Mathematical Theory of Epidemics. New York: Hafner.
7. Baker, H. G. & Stebbins, G. L. (1965). The Genetics of Colonizing Species. New York: Academic Press.
8. Barber, B. J. (1997). Impacts of bivalve introductions on marine ecosystems: a review. Bulletin of the National Research Institute of Aquaculture Suppl. 3, 141-153.
9. Barse, A. M. & Secor, D. H. (1999). An exotic nematode parasite of the American eel. Fisheries 24, 6-10.
10. Bartoli, P. & Boudouresque, C. F. (1997). Transmission failure of parasites (Digenea) in sites colonized by the recently introduced invasive alga Caulerpa taxifolia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 154, 253-260.
11. Baskin, Y. (1996). Curbing undesirable invaders. BioScience 46, 732-736.
12. Bauer, O. N. (1991). Spread of parasites and diseases of aquatic organistas by acclimatization: a short review. Journal of Fish Biology 39, 679-686.
13. Bernard, F. R. (1969). Copepod Mytilicola orientalis in British Columbia bivalves. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26, 190-191.
14. Bird, F. T. & Elgee, D. E. (1957). A virus disease and introduced parasites as factors controlling the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae, in central New Brunswick. Canadian Entomologist 89, 371-378.
15. Black, F. L. (1966). Measles endemicity in insular populations: critical community size and its evolutionary implication. Journal of Theoretical Biology 11, 207-211.
16. Blaustein, A. R., Kuris, A. M. & Alió, J. J. (1983). Pest and parasite species-richness problems. American Naturalist 122, 556-566.
17. Blossey, B. & Notzhold, R. (1995). Evolution of increased competitive ability in invasive nonindigenous plants: a hypothesis. Journal of Ecology 83, 887-889.
18. Bonnot, P. (1935). The California oyster industry. California Fish and Game 21, 65-80.
19. Boschma, H. (1972). On the occurrence of Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus) and its parasite Sacculina carcini Thompson in Burma, with notes on the transport of crabs to new localities. Zoologische Mededelingen 47, 145-155.
20. Bourdon, R. (1963). Epicarides et Rhizocéphales de Roscoff. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 4, 415-434.
21. Bourdon, R. (1964). Epicarides et Rhizocéphales du Bassin D'Arcachon. Procés-Verbaux de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux 101, 1-7.
22. Brattey, J., Elner, R. W., Uhazy, L. S. & Bagnall, A. E. (1985). Metazoan parasites and commensals of five crab (Brachyura) species from eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, 2224-2229.
23. Bumann, D. & Puls, G. (1996). Infestation with larvae of the sea anemone Edwardsia lineata affects nutrition and growth of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Parasitology 113, 123-128.
24. Bustnes, J. O. & Galaktionov, K. (1999). Anthropogenic influences on the infestation of intertidal gastropods by seabird trematode larvae on the southern Barents Sea Coast. Marine Biology (Berlin) 133, 449-453.
25. Buttermore, R. E., Turner, E. & Morrice, M. G. (1994). The introduced northern Pacific seastar, Asterias amurensis in Tasmania. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 36, 21-25.
26. Byers, J. E. (1999). The distribution of an introduced mollusc and its tole in the long-term demise of a native confamilial species. Biological Invasions 1, 339-352.
27. Byres, J. E. (2000). Competition between two estuarine snails: implications for invasions of exotic species. Ecology 81, 1225-1239.
28. Byers, J. E. & Goldwasser, L. (2001). Exposing the mechanism and timing of impact of nonindigenous species on native species. Ecology 82, 1330-1343.
29. Byrne, M., Cerra, A., Nishigaki, T. & Hoshi, M. (1997). Infestation of the restes of the Japanese sea star Asterias amurensis by the ciliate Orchitophyra stellarum: a caution against the use of the ciliate for biological control. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 28, 235-239.
30. Cahoon, L. B., Tronzo, C. R. & Howe, J. C. (1986). Notes on the occurrence of Hyperoche medusarum (Kroyer) (Amphipoda, Hyperiidae) with Ctenopohora off North Carolina, USA. Crustaceana 51, 95-97.
31. Callaway, R. M. & Aschehoug, E. T. (2000). Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors: a mechanism for exotic invasion. Science 290, 521-523.
32. Calvo-Ugarteburu, G. & McQuaid, C. D. (1998a). Parasitism and invasive species: effects of digenetic trematodes on mussels. Marine Ecology Progress Series 169, 149-163.
33. Calvo-Ugarteburu, G. & McQuaid, C. D. (1998b). Parasitism and introduced species: epidemiology of trematodes in the intertidal mussels Perna perna and Mytilus galloprovincialis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 220, 47-65.
34. Carlton, J. T. (1975). Extinct and endangered populations of the endemic mud snail Cerithidea californica in Northern California. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union 41, 65-66.
35. Carlton, J. T. (1987). Patterns of transoceanic marine biological invasions in the Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of Marine Science 41, 452-465.
36. Carlton, J. T. & Gellar, J. B. (1993). Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science 266, 78-82.
37. Carlton, J. T., Thompson, J. K., Schemel, L. E. & Nichols, F. H. (1990). Remarkable invasion of San Francisco Bay (California, USA) by the Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis. I. Introduction and dispersal. Marine Ecology Progress Series 66, 81-94.
38. Castilho, F. & Barandela, T. (1990). Ultrastructural study on the spermatogenesis and spermatozoon of the metacercariae of Microphallus primas (Digenea), a parasite of Carcinus maenas. Molecular Reproduction and Development 25, 140-146.
39. Chew, K. K. (1990). Global bivalve shellfish introductions. World Aquaculture 21, 9-22.
40. Cohene, A. N. & Carlton, J. T. (1998). Accelerating invasion tate in a highly invaded estuary. Science 279, 555-558.
41. Comely, C. A. & Ansell, A. D. (1989). The incidence of Carcinonemertes carcinophila (Kolliker) on some decapod crustaceans from the Scottish South Coast. Ophelia 30, 225-233.
42. Cone, D. K. & Marcogliese, D. J. (1995). Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae on Anguilla rostrata in Nova Scotia: an endemic of an introduction? Journal of Fish Biology 47, 177-178.
43. Crawley, M. J. (1986). The population biology of invaders. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 314, 711-731.
44. Crawley, M. J. (1987). What makes a community invasible? In Colonization, Succession and Stability (ed. Crawley, M. J. C., Gray, A. J. & Edwards, P. J.), pp. 482. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
45. Cribb, T. H., Pichelin, S., Dufour, V., Bray, R. A., Chauvet, C., Faliex, E., Galzin, R., Lo, C. M., Lo-Yat, A., Morand, S., Rigby, M. C. & Sasal, P. (2000). Parasites of recruiting coral reef fish larvae in New Caledonia. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 1445-1451.
46. Culver, C. S. & Kuris, A. M. (2000). The apparent eradication of a locally established introduced marine pest. Biological Invasions 2, 245-253.
47. Curtis, L. A. (1997). llyanassa obsoleta (Gastropoda) as a host for trematodes in Delaware estuaries. Journal of Parasitology 83, 793-803.
48. Curtis, L. A. & Hubbard, K. M. (1990). Trematode infections in a gastropod host misrepresented by observing shed cercariae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 143, 131-137.
49. Curtis, L. A. & Tanner, N. L. (1999). Trematode accumulation by the estuarine gastropod llyanassa obsoleta. Journal of Parasitology 85, 419-425.
50. Debach, P. (1974). Biological Control by Natural Enemies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. Dobson, A. P. (1988). Restoring island ecosystems: the potential of parasites to control introduced mammals. Conservation Biology 2, 31-39.
52. Dobson, A. P. & May, R. M. (1986). Patterns of invasions by pathogens and parasites. In Ecology and Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii (ed. Mooney, H. A. & Drake, J. A.), Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
53. Dogiel, V. A. (1948). Results and perspectives in parasitological research within the Leningrad State University. Vestnik Leningradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 3, 31-39.
54. Dove, A. D. M. (1998). A silent tragedy: parasites and the exotic fishes of Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 107, 109-113.
55. Dove, A. D. M. (2000). Richness patterns in the parasite communities of exotic poeciliid fishes. Parasitology 120, 609-623.
56. Elton, C. S. (1958). The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. London: Methuen and Company.
57. Ernst, I., Fletcher, A. & Hayward, C. (2000). Gyrodactylus anguillae (Monogeneana: Gyrodactylidae) from anguillid eels (Anguilla australis and Anguilla reinhardtii) in Australia: a native of an exotic? Journal of Parasitology 86, 1152-1156.
58. Evans, D. W., Irwin, S. W. B. & Fitzpatrick, S. M. (1997). Metacercarial encystment and in vivo cultivation of Cercaria lebouri Stunkard 1932 (Digenea: Notocotylidae) to adults identified as Paramonostomum chabaudi Van Strydonck 1965. International Journal for Parasitology 27, 1299-1304.
59. Ewel, J. J., O'Dowd, D. J., Bergelson, J., Daehler, C. C., D'Antonio, C. M., Gomez, L. D., Gordon, D. R., Hobbs, R. J., Holt, A., Hopper, K. R., Hughes, C. E., Lahart, M., Leakey, R. R. B., Lee, W. G., Loope, L. L., Lorence, D. H., Louda, S. M., Lugo, A. E., McEvoy, P. B., Richardson, D. M. & Vitousek, P. M. (1999). Deliberate introductions of species: research needs. BioScience 49, 619-630.
60. Ford, S. D. (1996). Range extension by the oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus into the Northeastern United States: response to climate change? Journal of Shellfish Research 15, 45-56.
61. Freeland, W. J. (1993). Parasites, pathogens and the impacts of introduced organistas on the balance of nature in Australia. In Conservation biology in Australia and Oceania (ed. Moritz, C. & Kikkawa, J.), pp. 171-180. Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
62. Friedman, C. S. (1996). Haplosporidian infections of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), in California and Japan. Journal of Shellfish Research 15, 597-600.
63. Furlani, D. M. (1996). A Guide to the Introduced Marine Species in Australian Waters. Centre for Research in Introduced Marine Pests. Technical Report 5. Hobart, Australia.
64. Galil, B. S. & Innocenti, G. (1999). Notes on the population structure of the portunid crab Charybdis longicollis Leene, parasitized by the rhizocephalan Heterosaccus dollfusi Boschma, off the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Bulletin of Marine Science 64, 451-463.
65. Galil, B. S. & Lutzen, J. (1995). Biological observations on Heterosaccus dollfusi Boschma (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala), a parasite of Charybdis longicollis Leene (Decapoda: Brachyura), a Lessepsian migrant to the Mediterranean. Journal of Crustacean Biology 15, 659-670.
66. Gallien, L. & Bloch, F. (1936). Recherches sur Lecithomyzon maenids Bloch & Gallien, copépode parasite de la ponte de Carcinus maenas Pennant. Bulletin Biologique de France et Belgique 70, 36-53.
67. Gayevskaya, A. V. & Mordvinova, T. N. (1994). Occurrence of nematode larvae as parasites of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis maccradyi in the Black Sea. Hydrobiological Journal 30, 108-110.
68. Gelnar, M., Scholz, T., Matejusova, I. & Konecny, R. (1996). Occurrence of Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae (Yin & Sproston, 1948) and P. bini (Kikuchi, 1929), parasites of eel, Anguilla anguilla L., in Austria (Monogeneana: Dactylogyridae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B 98, 1-4.
69. Goggin, C. L. (1998). Options for biological control of Asterias amurensis. Proceedings of a meeting on the biology and management of the introduced seastar Asterias amurensis in Australian waters. Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests. Technical Report 15, 53-58.
70. Goggin, C. L. & Bouland, C. (1997). The ciliate Orchitophrya cf. stellarum and other parasites and commensals of the Northern Pacific seastar Asterias amurensis from Japan. International Journal for Parasitology 27, 1415-1418.
71. Gregory, R. D. & Blackburn, T. M. (1991). Parasite prevalence and host sample size. Parasitology Today 7, 316-318.
72. Grodhaus, G. & Keh, B. (1958). The marine, dermatitis-producing cercaria of Austrobilharzia variglandis in California (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae). Journal of Parasitology 44, 633-638.
73. Harada, M. & Suguri, S. (1989). Surveys on cercariae in brackish water snails in Kagawa Prefecture, Shikoku, Japan. Japanese Journal of Parasitology 38, 388-391.
74. Hastein, T. & Lindstad, T. (1991). Diseases in wild and cultured salmon: possible interaction. Aquaculture 98, 277-288.
75. Hayward, C. J., Iwashita, M., Crane, J. S. & Ogawa, K. (2001). First report of the invasive eel pest Pseudodactylogyrus bini in North America and in wild American eels. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 44, 53-60.
76. Hayward, C. J., Iwashita, M., Ogawa, K. & Ernst, I. (in press). New evidence that Gyrodactylus anguillae (Monogeneana) is another invading pest of anguillid eels. Biological Invasions.
77. Hines, A. H., Alvarez, F. & Reed, S. A. (1997). Introduced and native populations of a marine parasitic castrator: variation in prevalence of the rhizocephalan Loxothylacus panopaei in xanthid crabs. Bulletin of Marine Science 61, 197-214.
78. His, E. (1977). Observations préliminaires sur la présence de Mytilicola orientalis Mori (1935) chez Crassostrea gigas Thunberg dans le Bassin D'Arcachon. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de Normandie et des amis du musdum du Havre 64, 7-8.
79. Hoff, C. C. (1941). A case of correlation between infection of snail hosts with Cryptocotyle lingua and the habits of gulls. Journal of Parasitology 27, 539.
80. Hoffman, G. L. (1999). Parasites of North American Freshwater Fishes. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.
81. Holmes, J. C. & Bethel, W. M. (1972). Modification of intermediate host behaviour by parasites. In Behavioural Aspects of Parasite Transmission (ed. Canning, E. U. & Wright, C. A.), New York: Academic Press.
82. Holmes, J. M. C. & Minchin, D. (1995). Two exotic copepods imported into Ireland with Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). Irish Naturalists Journal 25, 17-20.
83. Huffaker, C. B., Messenger, P. S. & Debach, P. (1971). The natural enemy component in natural control and the theory of biological control. In Biological Control (ed. Huffaker, C. B.), pp. 16-62. New York: Plenum Press.
84. Hughes, R. N. & Answer, P. (1982). Growth, spawning and trematode infection of Littorina littorea (L.) from an exposed shore in North Wales. Journal of Molluscan Studies 2, 321-336.
85. Irwin, S. W. B. (1983). Incidence of trematode parasites in two populations of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) from the North Shore of Belfast Lough. Irish Naturalists Journal 21, 26-29.
86. James, B. L. (1965). The effects of parasitism by larval Digenea on the digestive gland of intertidal prosobranch, Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) subsp. tenebrosa (Montagu). Parasitology 55, 93-115.
87. James, B. L. (1968). The distribution and keys of species in the family Littorinidae and of their Digenean parasites, in the region of Dale, Pembrokeshire. Field Studies 2, 615-650.
88. Johnsen, B. O. & Jensen, A. J. (1991). The Gyrodactylus story in Norway. Aquaculture 98, 289-302.
89. Johnson, M. W. (1957). The copepod Choniosphaera cancrorum parasitizing a new host, the green crab Carcinides maenas. Journal of Parasitology 43, 470-473.
90. Kennedy, C. R. (1993). Introductions spread and colonization of new localities by fish helminth and crustacean parasites in the British Isles: a perspective and appraisal. Journal of Fish Biology 43, 287-301.
91. Kermack, W. O. & McKendrick, A. G. (1927). Contributions to the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A 115, 700-721.
92. Kinzelbach, R. (1965). Die blaue Schwimmkrabbe (Callinectes sapidus) ein Neuburger im Mittelmeer. Natur und Museum 95, 293-296.
93. Kuris, A. M. & Culver, C. S. (1999). An introduced sabellid polychaete pest infesting cultured abalones and its potential spread to other California gastropods. Invertebrate Biology 118, 391-403.
94. Kuris, A. M. & Gurney, R. (1997). Survey of Tasmanian Crabs for Parasites: A Progress Report. Proceedings of the first international workshop on the demography, impacts and management of the introduced populations of the European crab, Carcinus maenas. Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests. Technical Report 11, 92-94.
95. Kuris, A. M. & Lafferty, K. D. (1992). Modelling crustacean fisheries: effects of parasites on management strategies. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, 327-336.
96. Kuris, A. M., Lafferty, K. D. & Grygier, M. J. (1996). Detection and preliminary evaluation of natural enemies for possible biological control of the Northern Pacific seastar, Asterias amurensis. Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests. Technical Report 3, 1-17.
97. Lafferty, K. D. (1992). Foraging on prey that are modified by parasites. The American Naturalist 140, 854-867.
98. Lafferty, K. D. (1997). Environmental parasitology: what can parasites tell us about human impacts on the environment? In Parasitology Today 13, 251-255.
99. Lafferty, K. D. (1999). The evolution of trophic transmission. Parasitology Today 15, 111-115.
100. Lafferty, K. D. & Kuris, A. M. (1996). Biological control of marine pests. Ecology 77, 1989-2000.
101. Lafferty, K. D. & Morris, A. M. (1996). Altered behavior of parasitized killifish increases susceptibility to predation by final bird hosts. Ecology 77, 1390-1397.
102. Lampo, M. & Bayliss, P. (1996a). The impact of ticks on Bufo marinus from native habitats. Parasitology 113, 199-206.
103. Lampo, M. & Bayliss, P. (1996b). Density estimates of cane toads from native populations based on mark-recapture data. Wildlife Research 23, 305-315.
104. Lauckner, G. (1987). Ecological effects of larval trematode infestation on littoral marine invertebrate populations. International Journal for Parasitology 17, 391-398.
105. Lawton, J. H. & Brown, K. C. (1986). The population and community ecology of invading insects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 314, 607-617.
106. Leech, J. H. (1992). Impacts of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) on water quality and fish spawning reefs in western Lake Erie. In Zebra Mussels: Biology, Impacts, and Control (ed. Nalepa, T. F. & Schlosser, D. S.), Florida: Lewis Publishers.
107. Martin, W. E. (1972). An annotated key to the cercariae that develop in the snail, Cerithidea californica. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 71, 39-43.
108. Martorelli, S. R. (1996). First record of encysted metacercariae in hydrozoan jellyfishes and ctenophores of the Southern Atlantic. Journal of Parasitology 82, 352-353.
109. Mathieson, S., Berry, A. J. & Kennedy, S. (1998). The parasitic rhizocephalan barnacle Sacculìna carcini in crabs of Forth Estuary, Scotland, Journal of the Marine Biological Associatìon of the United Kìngdom 78, 665-667.
110. Matthews, P. M., Montgomery, W. I. & Hanna, R. E. B. (1985). Infestation of littorinids by larval Digenea around a small fishing port. Parasitology 90, 277-287.
111. McCarthy, H. O., Fitzpatrick, S. & Irwin, S. W. B. (2000). A transmissible trematode affects the direction and rhythm of movement in a marine gastropod. Animal Behaviour 59, 1161-1166.
112. McCurdy, D. G., Boates, J. S. & Forbes, M. R. (2000). Spatial distribution of the intertidal snail llyanassa obsoleta in relation to parasitism by two species of trematodes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, 1137-1143.
113. McDermott, J. J. (1998). The western Pacific brachyuran (Hemigrapsus sanguineus: Grapsidae), in its new habitat along the Atlantic Coast of the United States: a geographic distribution and ecology. ICES Journal of Marine Science 55, 289-298.
114. McDermott, S. P. (1996). Parasites, density, and disturbance: factors influencing coexistence of Cerithidea californica and Batillaria attrementaria. M.S. Thesis, California State University, Fresno, California.
115. McKendrick, A. (1940). The dynamics of crowd infections. Edinburgh Medical Journal (N. Ser.) 47, 117-136.
116. Meyer, J. Y. (1996). Status of Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae), a dominant invasive tree in the Society Islands (French Polynesia). Pacific Science 50, 66-76.
117. Minchin, D. (1996). Management of the introduction and transfer of marine molluscs. Aquatic Conservation 6, 229-244.
118. Minchin, D. (1997). The influence of the parasitic cirripede Sacculina carcini on its brachyuran host Carcinus maenas within its home range. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on the Demography, Impacts and Management of the Introduced Populations of the European Crab, Carcinus maenas. Technical Report Number 11, 76-79.
119. Naeem, S., Knops, J. M. H., Tilman, D., Howe, K. M., Kennedy, T. & Gale, S. (2000). Plant diversity increases resistance to invasion in the absence of covarying extrinsic factors. Oikos 91, 97-108.
120. Newell, C. R. (1986). The marine fauna and flora of the Isles of Scilly (United Kingdom): some marine digeneans from invertebrate hosts. Journal of Natural History 20, 71-78.
121. Ogawa, K., Bondad-Reantaso, M. G., Fukudome, M. & Wakabayashi, H. (1995). Neobenedenia girellae (Hargis, 1955) Yamaguti, 1963 (Monogeneana: Capsalidae) from cultured marine fishes of Japan. Journal of Parasitology 81, 223-227.
122. Osmanov, S. O. (1971). Parasites of Fishes of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, USSR: FAN.
123. Pechenik, J. A., Fried, B. & Simpkins, H. L. (2001). Crepidula fornicata is not a first intermediate host for trematodes: Who is? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 261, 211-224.
124. Plotz, J. (1982). Uber den Lebenszyklus von Paracuaria tridentata and Cosmocephalus obvelatus (Nematoda, Acuariidae) von Seevogeln, Seevogel 1982, 125-126.
125. Pohley, W. J. (1976). Relationships among three species of Littorina and their larval digenea. Marine Biology 37, 179-186.
126. Polyanski, Y. I. (1961). Ecology of parasites of marine fishes. In Parasitology of Fishes (ed. Dogiel, V. A., Petrushevski, G. K. & Polyanski, Y. I.), pp. 384. London: Oliver and Boyd Ltd.
127. Price, P. W., Westoby, M., Rice, B., Atstatt, P. R., Fritz, R. S., Thompson, J. N. & Mobley, K. (1986). Parasite mediation in ecological interactions. Annual Review of Ecological and Systematics 17, 487-505.
128. Rasmussen, E. (1973). Systematics and the ecology of the Isefjord marine fauna (Denmark). Ophelia 11, 142-165.
129. Rigby, M. C. & Dufour, V. (1996). Parasites of coral reef fish recruits, Epinephelus merra (Serranidae), in French Polynesia. Journal of Parasitology 82, 405-408.
130. Robson, E. M. & Williams, I. C. (1970). Relationships of some species of Digenea with the marine prosobranch Littorina littorea (L.) I. The occurrence of larval Digenea in L. littorea on the North Yorkshire Coast. Journal of Helminthology 44, 153-168.
131. Rollinson, D. & Southgate, V. R. (1987). The genus Schistosoma: a taxonomic appraisal. In The Biology of Schistosomes from Genes to Latrines (ed. Rollinson, D. & Simpson, A. J. G.), pp. 472. London: Academic Press.
132. Ruiz, G. M., Carlton, J. T., Grosholz, E. D. & Hines, A. H. (1997). Global invasions of marine and estuarine habitats by non-indigenous species: mechanisms, extent, and consequences. American Zoologist 37, 621-632.
133. Rybakov, A. V. & Lukomskaya, O. G. (1988). On the life cycle of Acanthoparyphium macracanthum sp.n. (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae). Parazitologiya 22, 224-229.
134. Scheibling, R. E. & Hennigar, A. W. (1997). Recurrent outbreaks of disease in sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in Nova Scotia: evidence for a link with large-scale meteorologic and oceanographic events. Marine Ecology Progress Series 152, 155-165.
135. Schoener, T. W. & Spiller, D. A. (1995). Effect of predators and area on invasion: an experiment with island spiders. Science 267, 1811-1813.
136. Scott, M. E. (1987). Regulation of mouse colony abundance by Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda). Parasitology 95, 111-129.
137. Settle, W. H. & Wilson, L. T. (1990). Invasion by the variegated leafhopper and biotic interactions: parasitism, competition, and apparent competition. Ecology 71, 1461-1470.
138. Shimura, S. & Ito, J. (1980). Two new species of marine cercariae from the Japanese intertidal gastropod, Batillaria cumingii (Crosse). Japanese Journal of Parasitology 29, 369-375.
139. Stambaugh, J. E. & McDermott, J. J. (1969). The effects of trematode larvae on the locomotion of naturally infected Nassarius obsoletus (Gastropoda). Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 43, 226-231.
140. Stiven, A. E. (1964). Experimental studies on the host parasite system hydra and Hydramoeba hydroxena (Entz.). II. The components of a single epidemic. Ecological Monographs 34, 119-142.
141. Stiven, A. E. (1968). The components of a threshold in experimental epizootics of Hydramoeba hydroxena in populations of Chlorohydra viridissima. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 11, 348-357.
142. Stock, J. H. (1993). Copepoda (Crustacea) associated with commercial and non-commercial Bivalvia in the East Scheldt, The Netherlands. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 63, 61-64.
143. Stunkard, H. W. (1956). Studies on the parasites of the green crab, Carcinides maenas. Biological Bulletin 111, 295.
144. Thompson, A. B. (1985). Analysis of Profilicollis botulus (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) burdens in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. Journal of Animal Ecology 54, 595-604.
145. Threlfall, W. & Goudie, R. I. (1977). Trematodes in the rough periwinkle, Littorina saxatilis (Olivi), from Newfoundland. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 44, 229-232.
146. Torchin, M. E., Lafferty, K. D. & Kuris, A. M. (1996). Infestation of an introduced host, the European green crab, Carcinus maenas, by a symbiotic nemertean egg predator, Carcinonemertes epialti. Journal of Parasitology 82, 449-453.
147. Torchin, M. E., Lafferty, K. D. & Kuris, A. M. (2001). Release from parasites as natural enemies: increased performance of a globally introduced marine crab. Biological Invasions. 3 (4) in press.
148. Van Engel, W. A., Dillon, W. A., Zwerner, D. & Eldridge, D. (1965). Loxothylacus panopaei (Cirripedia, Sacculinidae) an introduced parasite on the xanthid crab in Chesapeake Bay, U.S.A. Crustaceana 10, 111-112.
149. Van Riper III, C., Van Riper, M. L., Goff, M. L. & Laird, M. (1986). The epizootiology and ecological significance of malaria in Hawaiian land birds. Ecological Monographs 56, 327-344.
150. Vitousek, P. M. (1990). Biological invasions and ecosystem processes: towards an integration of population biology and ecosystem studies. Oikos 57, 7-13.
151. Warner, R. E. (1969). The role of introduced diseases in the extinction of the endemic Hawaiian avifauna. Condor 70, 101-120.
152. Whitlach, R. B. & Obrebski, S. (1980). Feeding selectivity and coexistence in two deposit feeding gastropods. Marine Biology 58, 219-225.
153. Wilcove, D. S., Rothstein, D., Dubow, J., Phillips, A. & Losos, E. (1998). Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States. Bioscience 48, 607-615.
154. Williams, I. C. & Ellis, C. (1975). Movements of the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea (L.), on the Yorkshire Coast in winter and the influence of infection with larval digenea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 17, 47-58.
155. Wootton, J. T. (1994). The nature and consequences of indirect effects in ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25, 443-466.
156. Yamaguchi, T, Tokunaga, S & Aratake, H. (1994). Contagious infection by the rhizocephalan parasite Sacculina sp. In the grapsid crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (De Haan). Crustacean Research 23, 89-101.
157. Zholdasova, I. (1997). Sturgeons and the Aral Sea ecological catastrophe. Environmental Biology of Fishes 48, 373-380.
158. Zibrowius, H. (1991). Ongoing modification of the Mediterranean marine fauna and flora by the establishment of exotic species. Mesogee 51, 83-107.