Therapy of human rabies

Rabies: Scientific Basis of the Disease and Its Management

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 575-589

  Jackson, Alan C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Amantadine; Human rabies immune globulin; Hypothermia; Interferon; Ketamine; Milwaukee Protocol; Neuroprotection; Rabies vaccine; Ribavirin; Survivors; Therapeutic coma

Indexed keywords

EID: 85135246767     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-396547-9.00016-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (68)

1. Alvarez L., Fajardo R., Lopez E., Pedroza R., Hemachudha T., Kamolvarin N., et al. Partial recovery from rabies in a nine-year-old boy. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1994, 13:1154-1155.
2. Aramburo A., Willoughby R.E., Bollen A.W., Glaser C.A., Hsieh C.J., Davis S.L., et al. Failure of the Milwaukee Protocol in a child with rabies. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011, 53(6):572-574.
3. Badillo R., Mantilla J.C., Pradilla G. Human rabies encephalitis by a vampire bat bite in an urban area of Colombia (Spanish). Biomédica 2009, 29(2):191-203.
4. Bagchi, S. (2005, July 4). Coma therapy. The Telegraph, Calcutta.
5. Basgoz N., Frosch M.P. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: A 32-year-old woman with pharyngeal spasms and paresthesias after a dog bite. New England Journal of Medicine 1998, 339(2):105-112.
6. Bernard S.A., Gray T.W., Buist M.D., Jones B.M., Silvester W., Gutteridge G., et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. New England Journal of Medicine 2002, 346(8):557-563.
7. Bhatt D.R., Hattwick M.A.W., Gerdsen R., Emmons R.W., Johnson H.N. Human rabies: Diagnosis, complications, and management. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1974, 127:862-869.
8. Bisby M.A., Jones D.L. Temperature sensitivity of axonal transport in hibernating and nonhibernating rodents. Experimental Neurology 1978, 61(1):74-83.
9. Branswell, H. (2012, April 19). Testing suggests Toronto rabies case infected in Dominican Republic. The Globe and Mail, Toronto.
10. Busch H.J., Eichwede F., Fodisch M., Taccone F.S., Wobker G., Schwab T., et al. Safety and feasibility of nasopharyngeal evaporative cooling in the emergency department setting in survivors of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2010, 81(8):943-949.
11. Castren M., Nordberg P., Svensson L., Taccone F., Vincent J.L., Desruelles D., et al. Intra-arrest transnasal evaporative cooling: A randomized, prehospital, multicenter study (PRINCE: Pre-ROSC IntraNasal Cooling Effectiveness). Circulation 2010, 122(7):729-736.
12. Christenson J.C., Holm B.M., Lechlitner S., Howell J.F., Wenger M., Roy-Burman A., et al. Human rabies-Indiana and California, 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2007, 56(15):361-365.
13. Christian E., Zada G., Sung G., Giannotta S.L. A review of selective hypothermia in the management of traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgical Focus 2008, 25(4):E9.
14. Darman J., Backovic S., Dike S., Maragakis N.J., Krishnan C., Rothstein J.D., et al. Viral-induced spinal motor neuron death is non-cell-autonomous and involves glutamate excitotoxicity. Journal of Neuroscience 2004, 24(34):7566-7575.
15. Drosten, C. (2007). Rabies - Germany (Hamburg) ex Morocco. ProMED-mail, 20070419.1287. Available at <> Accessed 07.08.12. http://www.promedmail.org/.
16. Emmons R.W., Leonard L.L., DeGenaro F., Protas E.S., Bazeley P.L., Giammona S.T., et al. A case of human rabies with prolonged survival. Intervirology 1973, 1(1):60-72.
17. Ginsberg M.D. Current status of neuroprotection for cerebral ischemia: Synoptic overview. Stroke 2009, 40(Suppl. 3):S111-S114.
18. Gode G.R., Raju A.V., Jayalakshmi T.S., Kaul H.L., Bhide N.K. Intensive care in rabies therapy. Clinical observations. Lancet 1976, 2:6-8.
19. Greer D.M., Robbins G.K., Lijewski V., Gonzales R.G., McGuone D. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 1-2013: a 63-year-old man with paresthesias and difficulty swallowing. New England Journal of Medicine 2013, 368(2):172-180.
20. Hattwick M.A., Corey L., Creech W.B. Clinical use of human globulin immune to rabies virus. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1976, 133(Suppl):A266-A272.
21. Hattwick M.A.W., Weis T.T., Stechschulte C.J., Baer G.M., Gregg M.B. Recovery from rabies: A case report. Annals of Internal Medicine 1972, 76:931-942.
22. Hemachudha T., Sunsaneewitayakul B., Desudchit T., Suankratay C., Sittipunt C., Wacharapluesadee S., et al. Failure of therapeutic coma and ketamine for therapy of human rabies. Journal of Neurovirology 2006, 12:407-409.
23. Hemachudha T., Sunsaneewitayakul B., Mitrabhakdi E., Suankratay C., Laothamathas J., Wacharapluesadee S., et al. Paralytic complications following intravenous rabies immune globulin treatment in a patient with furious rabies (Letter). International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003, 7(1):76-77.
24. Holzmann-Pazgal G., Wanger A., Degaffe G., Rose C., Heresi G., Amaya R., et al. Presumptive abortive human rabies - Texas, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2010, 59(7):185-190.
25. Houston Chronicle. (2006). Rabies, human - USA (Texas). ProMED-mail, 20060513.1360. Available at <> Accessed 07.08.12. http://www.promedmail.org/.
26. Hu W.T., Willoughby R.E., Dhonau H., Mack K.J. Long-term follow-up after treatment of rabies by induction of coma (Letter). New England Journal of Medicine 2007, 357(9):945-946.
27. Hunter M., Johnson N., Hedderwick S., McCaughey C., Lowry K., McConville J., et al. Immunovirological correlates in human rabies treated with therapeutic coma. Journal of Medical Virology 2010, 82(7):1255-1265.
28. IAfrica.com. (2012). Rabies - South Africa (03): (Kwazulu-Natal), human ex Mozambique. ProMED-mail, 20120608.1160328. Available at <> Accessed 07.08.12. http://www.promedmail.org/.
29. Jackson A.C. Recovery from rabies (Editorial). New England Journal of Medicine 2005, 352(24):2549-2550.
30. Jackson A.C., Warrell M.J., Rupprecht C.E., Ertl H.C.J., Dietzschold B., O'Reilly M, et al. Management of rabies in humans. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003, 36(1):60-63.
31. Javaid W., Amzuta I.G., Nat A., Johnson T., Grant D., Rudd R.J., et al. Imported human rabies in a U.S. Army soldier - New York, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2012, 61(17):302-305.
32. Juncosa, B. (2008). Hope for rabies victims: Unorthodox coma therapy shows promise. First a U.S. girl - and now two South American kids survive onset of the deadly virus. Available at <> Accessed 07.08.12. http://www.scientificamerican.com/.
33. Kaul M., Lipton S.A. Neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity in neurobiology of HIV-1 infection and AIDS: Targets for neuroprotection. Interaction between neurons and glia in aging and disease 2007, 281-308. Springer Science, New York. J.O. Malva, A.C. Rego, R.A. Cunha, C.R. Oliveira (Eds.).
34. Kureishi A., Xu L.Z., Wu H., Stiver H.G. Rabies in China: Recommendations for control. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1992, 70:443-450.
35. Lafon M. Bat rabies-the Achilles heel of a viral killer?. Lancet 2005, 366(9489):876-877.
36. Lockhart B.P., Tordo N., Tsiang H. Inhibition of rabies virus transcription in rat cortical neurons with the dissociative anesthetic ketamine. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1992, 36:1750-1755.
37. Lockhart B.P., Tsiang H., Ceccaldi P.E., Guillemer S. Ketamine-mediated inhibition of rabies virus infection in vitro and in rat brain. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 1991, 2:9-15.
38. Lopez M., Neves J., Moreira E.C., Reis R., Tafuri W.L., Pittella J.E., et al. Human rabies. i. intensive treatment. Revista Do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 1975, 17(2):103-110.
39. Luminos M., Barboi G., Draganescu A., Streinu Cercel A., Staniceanu F., Jugulete G., et al. Human rabies in a Romanian boy - an ante mortem case study. Rabies Bulletin Europe 2011, 35(2):5-10.
40. Madhusudana S.N., Nagaraj D., Uday M., Ratnavalli E., Kumar M.V. Partial recovery from rabies in a six-year-old girl (Letter). International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002, 6(1):85-86.
41. Maier T., Schwarting A., Mauer D., Ross R.S., Martens A., Kliem V., et al. Management and outcomes after multiple corneal and solid organ transplantations from a donor infected with rabies virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010, 50(8):1112-1119.
42. Manning S.E., Rupprecht C.E., Fishbein D., Hanlon C.A., Lumlertdacha B., Guerra M., et al. Human rabies prevention-United States, 2008: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2008, 57(RR-3):1-28.
43. McDermid R.C., Saxinger L., Lee B., Johnstone J., Noel Gibney R.T., Johnson M., et al. Human rabies encephalitis following bat exposure: Failure of therapeutic coma. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2008, 178(5):557-561.
44. Merigan T.C., Baer G.M., Winkler W.G., Bernard K.W., Gibert C.G., Chany C., Collaborative Group, et al. Human leukocyte interferon administration to patients with symptomatic and suspected rabies. Annals of Neurology 1984, 16:82-87.
45. Ministerio da Saude in Brazil. (2008). Rabies, human survival, bat - Brazil: (Pernambuco). ProMED-mail, 20081114.3599. Available at <> Accessed 07.08.12. http://www.promedmail.org/.
46. Morimoto K., Patel M., Corisdeo S., Hooper D.C., Fu Z.F., Rupprecht C.E., et al. Characterization of a unique variant of bat rabies virus responsible for newly emerging human cases in North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996, 93(11):5653-5658.
47. Nargi-Aizenman J.L., Griffin D.E. Sindbis virus-induced neuronal death is both necrotic and apoptotic and is ameliorated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. Journal of Virology 2001, 75(15):7114-7121.
48. Nargi-Aizenman J.L., Havert M.B., Zhang M., Irani D.N., Rothstein J.D., Griffin D.E. Glutamate receptor antagonists protect from virus-induced neural degeneration. Annals of Neurology 2004, 55(4):541-549.
49. NE 10. (2012). Rabies, human - Brazil (03): (Ceara). ProMED-mail, 20120314.1070531. Available at <> Accessed 07.08.12. http://www.promedmail.org/.
50. Porras C., Barboza J.J., Fuenzalida E., Adaros H.L., Oviedo A.M., Furst J. Recovery from rabies in man. Annals of Internal Medicine 1976, 85:44-48.
51. Pue H.L., Turabelidze G., Patrick S., Grim A., Bell C., Reese V., et al. Human rabies - Missouri, 2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2009, 58(43):1207-1209.
52. Rubin J., David D., Willoughby R.E., Rupprecht C.E., Garcia C., Guarda D.C., et al. Applying the Milwaukee Protocol to treat canine rabies in Equatorial Guinea. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009, 41(5):372-375.
53. Rubin R.H., Sullivan L., Summers R., Gregg M.B., Sikes R.K. A case of human rabies in Kansas: Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory considerations. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1970, 122:318-322.
54. Santos A., Cale E., Dacheux L., Bourhy H., Gouveia J., Vasconcelos P. Fatal case of imported human rabies in Amadora, Portugal, August 2011. Eurosurveillance 2012, 17(12):20130.
55. Sulkin S.E., Allen R., Sims R., Krutzsch P.H., Kim C. Studies on the pathogenesis of rabies in bats. II. Influence of environmental temperature. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1960, 112:595-617.
56. The Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. New England Journal of Medicine 2002, 346(8):549-556.
57. Tillotson J.R., Axelrod D., Lyman D.O. Follow-up on rabies - New York. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1977, 26:249-250.
58. Tillotson J.R., Axelrod D., Lyman D.O. Rabies in a laboratory worker - New York. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1977, 26:183-184.
59. Times Live. (2012). Rabies - South Africa (02): (Kwazulu-Natal), human ex Mozambique. ProMED-mail, 20120528.1147931. Available at <> Accessed 07.08.12. http://www.promedmail.org/.
60. Troell P., Miller-Zuber B., Ondrush J., Murphy J., Fatteh N., Feldman K., et al. Human rabies-Virginia, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2010, 59(38):1236-1238.
61. Turabelidze G., Pue H., Grim A., Patrick S. First human rabies case in Missouri in 50 years causes death in outdoorsman. Missouri Medicine 2009, 106(6):417-419.
62. Udwadia Z.F., Udwadia F.E., Katrak S.M., Dastur D.K., Sekhar M., Lall A., et al. Human rabies: Clinical features, diagnosis, complications, and management. Critical Care Medicine 1989, 17:834-836.
63. van Thiel P.P., de Bie R.M., Eftimov F., Tepaske R., Zaaijer H.L., van Doornum G.J., et al. Fatal human rabies due to Duvenhage virus from a bat in Kenya: Failure of treatment with coma-induction, ketamine, and antiviral drugs. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2009, 3(7):e428.
64. Wang H., Olivero W., Lanzino G., Elkins W., Rose J., Honings D., et al. Rapid and selective cerebral hypothermia achieved using a cooling helmet. Journal of Neurosurgery 2004, 100(2):272-277.
65. Warrell M.J., White N.J., Looareesuwan S., Phillips R.E., Suntharasamai P., Chanthavanich P., et al. Failure of interferon alfa and tribavirin in rabies encephalitis. British Medical Journal 1989, 299:830-833.
66. Weli S.C., Scott C.A., Ward C.A., Jackson A.C. Rabies virus infection of primary neuronal cultures and adult mice: Failure to demonstrate evidence of excitotoxicity. Journal of Virology 2006, 80(20):10270-10273.
67. Wiedeman J., Plant J., Glaser C., Messenger S., Wadford D., Sheriff H., et al. Recovery of a patient from clinical rabies - California, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2012, 61(4):61-65.
68. Willoughby R.E., Tieves K.S., Hoffman G.M., Ghanayem N.S., Amlie-Lefond C.M., Schwabe M.J., et al. Survival after treatment of rabies with induction of coma. New England Journal of Medicine 2005, 352(24):2508-2514.