Environmental and Genetic Influences on Stock Identification Characters

Stock Identification Methods: Applications in Fishery Science

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 45-85

  Swain, Douglas P ^a   Hutchings, Jeffrey A ^b   Foote, Chris J ^c  

^a GULF FISHERIES CENTRE   (Canada)

^b DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c VANCOUVER ISLAND UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85134910743     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012154351-8/50005-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (285)

1. Adkison M.D. Population differentiation in Pacific salmon: local adaptation, genetic drift, or the environment?. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1995, 52:2762-2777.
2. Ali M.Y., Lindsey C.C. Heritable and temperature-induced meristic variation in the medaka, Oryzias latipes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1974, 52:959-976.
3. Allendorf F.W. Genetics: defining the units of conservation. American Fisheries Society Symposium 1995, 17:247-248.
4. Allendorf F.W., Phelps S.R. Use of allelic frequencies to describe population structure. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1981, 38:1507-1514.
5. Alm G. Connection between maturity, size, and age in fishes. Report of the Institute for Freshwater Research, Drottningholm 1959, 40:1-145.
6. Arendt J.D., Wilson D.S. Countergradient selection for rapid growth in pumpkinseed sunfish: disentangling ecological and evolutionary effects. Ecology 1999, 80:2793-2798.
7. Arendt J.D., Wilson D.S. Population differences in the onset of cranial ossification in pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), a potential cost of rapid growth. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2000, 57:351-356.
8. Barlow G.W. Causes and significance of morphological variation in fishes. Systematic Zoology 1961, 10:105-117.
9. Beacham T.D. Age and morphology of chum salmon in southern British Columbia. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 1984, 113:727-736.
10. Beacham T.D. A genetic analysis of meristic and morphometric variation in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) at three different temperatures. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1990, 68:225-229.
11. Beacham T.D., Withler R.E., Murray C.B., Barner L.W. Variation in body size, morphology, egg size, and biochemical genetics of pink salmon in British Columbia. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 1988, 117:109-126.
12. Begg, G. A., this volume, Chapter 6.
13. Begg G.A., Waldman J.R. An holistic approach to fish stock identification. Fisheries Research 1999, 43:35-44.
14. Begg G.A., Hare J.A., Sheehan D.D. The role of life history parameters as indicators of stock structure. Fisheries Research 1999, 43:141-163.
15. Belk M.C. Variation in growth and age at maturity in bluegill sunfish-genetic or environmental effects. Journal of Fish Biology 1995, 47:237-247.
16. Bentzen P., McPhail J.D. Ecology and evolution of sympatric sticklebacks (Gasterosteus): specialization for alternative trophic niches in the Enos Lake species pair. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1984, 62:2280-2286.
17. Bervan K.A., Gill D.E. Interpreting geographic variation in life-history traits. American Zoologist 1983, 23:85-97.
18. Bervan K.A., Gill D.E., Smith-Gill S.J. Countergradient selection in the green frog, Rana clamitans. Evolution 1979, 33:609-623.
19. Beverton R.J.H., Holt S.J. A review of the lifespans and mortality rates of fish in nature, and their relation to growth and other physiological characteristics. CIBA Foundation Coloquia on Ageing 1959, 54:142-180.
20. Billerbeck J.M., Orti G., Conover D.O. Latitudinal variation in vertebral number has a genetic basis in the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1997, 54:1796-1801.
21. Billerbeck J.M., Lankford T.E., Conover D.O. Evolution of intrinsic growth and energy acquisition rates: I. Trade-offs with swimming performance in Menidia menidia. Evolution 2001, 55:1863-1872.
22. Blankenship H.L., Leber K.M. A responsible approach to marine stock assessment. American Fisheries Society Symposium 1995, 15:167-175.
23. Blouw D.M., Hagen D.W. The adaptive significance of dorsal spine variation in the fourspine stickleback, Apeltes quadracus. II. Phenotype-environment correlations. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1984, 62:1340-1350.
24. Blouw D.M., Hagen D.W. The adaptive significance of dorsal spine variation in the four-spine stickleback, Apeltes quadracus. III. Correlated traits and experimental evidence on predation. Heredity 1984, 53:371-382.
25. Bohlin T., Dellefors C., Faremo U. Large or small at maturity-theories on the choice of alternative male strategies in anadromous salmonids. Annales Zoologici Fennici 1990, 27:139-147.
26. Booke H.E. The conundrum of the stock concept-are nature and nurture definable in fisheries science?. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1981, 38:1479-1480.
27. Bowering W.R. An analysis of morphometric characters of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) in the Northwest Atlantic using multivariate analysis of covariance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1988, 45:580-585.
28. Bowering W.R., Misra R.K., Brodie W.B. Application of a newly developed statistical procedure to morphometric data from American plaice (biHippoglossoides platessoides) in the Canadian Northwest Atlantic. Fisheries Research 1998, 34:191-203.
29. Bradshaw A.D. Evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Advances in Genetics 1965, 13:115-155.
30. Brander K. The relationship between vertebral number and water temperature in cod. Journal du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 1979, 38:286-292.
31. Brander K.M. Patterns of distribution, spawning, and growth in North Atlantic cod: the utility of inter-regional comparisons. ICES Marine Science Symposium 1994, 198:406-413.
32. Brönmark C., Miner J.G. Predator-induced phenotypical change in body morphology in crucian carp. Science 1992, 258:1348-1350.
33. Brönmark C., Pettersson L.B. Chemical cues from piscivores induce a change in morphology in crucian carp. Oikos 1994, 70:396-402.
34. Cadrin S.X. Advances in morphometric identification of fishery stocks. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 2000, 10:91-112.
35. Cadrin S.X., Friedland K.D. The utility of image processing techniques for morphometric analysis and stock identification. Fisheries Research 1999, 43:129-139.
36. Campana S.E., Chouinard G.A., Hanson J.M., Fréchet A., Brattey J. Otolith elemental fingerprints as biological tracers of fish stocks. Fisheries Research 2000, 46:343-357.
37. Carl L.M., Healey M.C. Differences in enzyme frequency and body morphology among three juvenile life history types of chinook salmon (biOncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Nanaimo River, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1984, 41:1070-1077.
38. Carvalho G.R. Evolutionary aspects of fish distribution: genetic variability and adaptation. Journal of Fish Biology 1993, 43(suppl. A):53-73.
39. Carvalho G.R., Hauser L. Molecular genetics and the stock concept in fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 1994, 4:326-350.
40. Chambers R.C., Waiwood K.G. Maternal and seasonal differences in egg sizes and spawning characteristics of captive Atlantic cod, biGadus morhua. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1996, 53:1986-2003.
41. Chambers R.C., Leggett W.C., Brown J.A. Egg size, female effects, and the correlations between early life history traits of capelin (biMallotus villosus): an appraisal at the individual level. Fishery Bulletin 1989, 87:515-523.
42. Charnov E.L. Life History Invariants: Some Explorations of Symmetry in Evolutionary Ecology 1993, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
43. Clayton J.W. The stock concept and the uncoupling of organismal and molecular evolution. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1981, 38:1515-1522.
44. Cole L.C. The population consequences of life history phenomena. Quarterly Review of Biology 1954, 29:103-137.
45. Conover D.O. Local adaptation in marine fishes: evidence and implications for stock enhancement. Bulletin of Marine Science 1998, 62:477-493.
46. Conover D.O., Brown J.J., Ehtisham A. Countergradient variation in growth of young striped bass (biMorone saxatilis) from different latitudes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1997, 54:2401-2409.
47. Conover D.O., Munch S.B. Sustaining fisheries yields over evolutionary time scales. Science 2002, 297:94-96.
48. Conover D.O., Present T.M.C. Countergradient variation in growth rate: compensation for length of the growing season among Atlantic silversides from different latitudes. Oecologia 1990, 83:316-324.
49. Conover D.O., Schultz E.T. Phenotypic similarity and the evolutionary significance of countergradient variation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1995, 10:248-252.
50. Conover D.O., Schultz E.T. Natural selection and the evolution of growth rate in the early life history: what are the trade-offs?. Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations 1997, 305-332. Chapman and Hall, New York. R.C. Chambers, E.A. Trippel (Eds.).
51. Craig J.K., Foote C.J. Countergradient variation and secondary sexual color: phenotypic convergence promotes genetic divergence in carotenoid use between sympatic anadromous and nonanadromous morphs of sockeye salmon (). Evolution 2001, 55:380-391.
52. Currens K.P., Sharpe C.S., Hjort R., Schreck C.B., Li H.W. Effects of different feeding regimes on the morphometrics of chinook salmon (biOncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout O. mykiss). Copeia 1989, 1989:689-695.
53. Danzmann R.G., Ferguson M.M., Skúlason S., Snorrason S.S., Noakes D.L.G. Mitochondrial DNA diversity among four sympatric morphs of Arctic charr, biSalvelinus alpinus L, from Thingvallavatn, Iceland. Journal of Fish Biology 1991, 39:649-659.
54. Day T., McPhail J.D. The effect of behavioural and morphological plasticity on foraging efficiency in the threespine stickleback (biGasterosteus sp.). Oecologia 1996, 108:380-388.
55. Day T., Pritchard J., Schluter D. A comparison of two sticklebacks. Evolution 1994, 48:1723-1734.
56. Debat V., David P. Mapping phenotypes: canalization, plasticity and developmental stability. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2001, 16:555-561.
57. Dentry W., Lindsey C.C. Vertebral variation in zebrafish (biBrachydanio rerio) related to the prefertilization temperature history of their parents. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1978, 56:280-283.
58. Einum S., Fleming I.A. Maternal effects of egg size in brown trout (biSalmo trutta): norms of reaction to environmental quality. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 1999, 266:2095-2100.
59. Endler J.A. Natural Selection in the Wild 1986, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
60. Falconer D.S. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics 1981, 340 pp, Longman, London. 2nd ed.
61. Ferguson M.M., Danzman R.G., Hutchings J.A. Incongruent estimates of population differentiation among brook, charr biSalvelinus fontinalis from Cape Race, Newfoundland, Canada, based upon allozyme and mitochondrial DNA variation. Journal of Fish Biology 1991, 35(suppl. A):79-85.
62. Fisher R.A. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection 1930, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
63. Fleming I.A., Gross M.R. Evolution of adult female life history and morphology in a Pacific salmon (coho: biOncorhynchus, kisutch). Evolution 1989, 43:141-157.
64. Foote C.J., Brown G.S., Wood C.C. Spawning success of males using alternative mating tactics in sockeye salmon, . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1997, 54:1785-1795.
65. Foote C.J., Moore K., Stenberg K., Craig K.J., Wenburg J.K., Wood C.C. Genetic differentiation in gill raker number and length in sympatric anadromous and nonanadromous morphs of sockeye salmon, . Environmental Biology of Fishes 1999, 54:263-274.
66. Fowler J.A. Control of vertebral number in teleosts-an embryological problem. The Quarterly Review of Biology 1970, 45:148-167.
67. Fox M.G. Growth, density, and interspecific influences on pumpkinseed sunfish life-histories. Ecology 1994, 75:1157-1171.
68. Fox M.G., Keast A. Effect of overwinter mortality on reproductive life history characteristics of pumpkinseed () populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1991, 48:1791-1799.
69. Gadgil M., Bossert W. Life historical consequences of natural selection. American Naturalist 1970, 104:1-24.
70. Gilbert J.J. Female polymorphism and sexual reproduction in the rotifer : evolution of their relationship and control by dietary tocopherol. American Naturalist 1980, 116:409-431.
71. Gjedrem T. Genetic variation in quantitative traits and selective breeding in fish and shellfish. Aquaculture 1983, 33:51-72.
72. Gjerde B. Response to individual selection for age at maturity in Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 1984, 38:229-240.
73. Gjerde B. Growth and reproduction in fish and shellfish. Aquaculture 1986, 57:37-55.
74. Gjoen H.M., Bentsen H.B. Past, present, and future of genetic improvement in salmon aquaculture. ICES Journal of Marine Science 1997, 54:1009-1014.
75. Glebe B.D., Saunders R.L. Genetic factors in sexual maturity of cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and adults reared in sea cages. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1986, 89:24-29. D.J. Meerburg (Ed.).
76. Godø O.R., Haug T. Growth rate and sexual maturity in cod () and Atlantic halibut (). Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 1999, 25:115-123.
77. Gould S.J. Allometry and size in ontogeny and phylogeny. Biological Review 1966, 41:587-640.
78. Grudzien T.A., Turner B.J. Direct evidence that the morphs are a single biological species. Evolution 1984, 38:402-407.
79. Gyllensten U. The genetic structure of fish: differences in the intraspecific distribution of biochemical genetic variation between marine, anadromous, and freshwater species. Journal of Fish Biology 1985, 26:691-699.
80. Haddon M., Willis T.J. Morphometric and meristic comparison of orange roughy (: Trachichthyidae) from the Puysegur Bank and Lord Howe Rise, New Zealand, and its implications for stock structure. Marine Biology 1995, 123:19-27.
81. Hagen D.W. Inheritance of numbers of lateral plates and gill rakers in . Heredity 1973, 30:303-312.
82. Hagen D.W., Blouw D.M. Heritability of dorsal spines in the fourspine stickleback (). Heredity 1983, 50:275-281.
83. Hagen D.W., Gilbertson L.G. Geographic variation and environmental selection in L. in the Pacific Northwest, America. Evolution 1972, 26:32-51.
84. Hagen D.W., Gilbertson L.G. Selective predation and the intensity of selection acting upon the lateral plates of threespine sticklebacks. Heredity 1973, 30:273-287.
85. Hamon T.R., Foote C.J., Hilborn R., Rogers D. Selection on morphology of spawning wild sockeye salmon by a gill-net fishery. Transactions American Fisheries Society 2000, 129:1300-1315.
86. Hard J.J. A quantitative genetic perspective on the conservation of intraspecific diversity. American Fisheries Society Symposium 1995, 17:304-326.
87. Hatfield T. Genetic divergence in adaptive characters between sympatric species of sticklebacks. American Naturalist 1997, 149:1009-1029.
88. Haugen T.O. Early survival and growth in populations of grayling with recent common ancestors-field experiments. Journal of Fish Biology 2000, 56:1173-1191.
89. Haugen T.O. Growth and survival effects on maturation pattern in populations of grayling with recent common ancestors. Oikos 2000, 90:107-118.
90. Haugen T.O. Life-history evolution in grayling: evidence for adaptive phenotypic divergence during 8-28 generations. Ph.D. Thesis 2000, 146 pp., University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
91. Haugen T.O., Vøllestad L.A. Population differences in early life-history traits in grayling. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2000, 13:897-905.
92. Haugen T.O., Vøllestad L.A. A century of life-history evolution in grayling. Genetica 2001, 112-113:475-491.
93. Hazel W.N., Smock R., Johnson M.D. A polygenic model for the evolution of and maintenance of conditional strategies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 1990, 242:181-187.
94. Heath D.D., Devlin R.H., Heath J.W., Iwama G.K. Genetic, environmental and interaction effects on the incidence of jacking in Oncorhynchus tshawytchsha (chinook salmon). Heredity 1994, 72:146-154.
95. Heino M. Management of evolving fish stocks. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1998, 55:1971-1982.
96. Helfman G.S., Collette B.B., Facey D.E. The Diversity of Fishes 1997, Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
97. Hempel G., Blaxter G.H.S. Egg weight in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.). Journal du Conseil, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 1967, 31:170-195.
98. Hendry A.P., Hensleigh J.E., Reisenbichler R.R. Incubation temperature, developmental biology, and the divergence of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) within Lake Washington. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1998, 55:1387-1394.
99. Hendry A.P., Kinnison M.T. The pace of modern life: measuring rates of contemporary microevolution. Evolution 1999, 53:1637-1653.
100. Herbinger C.M. A study of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) maturation using individually identified fish. Ph.D. Thesis 1987, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
101. Hershberger W.K., Myers J.M., Iwamoto R.N., McCauley W.E., Saxton A.M. Genetic changes in the growth of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in marine net-pens, produced by ten years of selection. Aquaculture 1990, 85:187-197.
102. Heuts M.J. Racial divergence in fin ray variation patterns in Gasterosteus aculeatus. Journal of Genetics 1949, 49:183-191.
103. Hindar K., Ryman N., Utter F. Genetic effects of cultured fish on natural fish populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1991, 48:945-957.
104. Hirshfield M.F., Tinkle D.W. Natural selection and the evolution of reproductive effort. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 1975, 72:2227-2231.
105. Holtby L.B., Healey M.C. Sex-specific life history tactics and risk-taking in coho salmon. Ecology 1990, 71:678-690.
106. Holtby L.B., Swain D.P., Allan G.M. Mirror-elicited agonistic behaviour and body morphology as predictors of dominance status in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1993, 50:676-684.
107. Hutchings J.A. Fitness consequences of variation in egg size and food abundance in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Evolution 1991, 45:1162-1168.
108. Hutchings J.A. Adaptive life histories effected by age-specific survival and growth rate. Ecology 1993, 74:673-684.
109. Hutchings J.A. Reaction norms for reproductive traits in brook trout and their influence on life history evolution effected by size-selective harvesting. The Exploitation of Evolving Resources 1993, 107-125. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. T.K. Stokes, J.M. McGlade, R. Law (Eds.).
110. Hutchings J.A. Age- and size-specific costs of reproduction within populations of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Oikos 1994, 70:12-20.
111. Hutchings J.A. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, life histories. Ecoscience 1996, 3:25-32.
112. Hutchings J.A. Life history responses to environmental variability in early life. Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations 1997, 139-168. Chapman & Hall, London. R.C. Chambers, E.A. Trippel (Eds.).
113. Hutchings J.A. Influence of growth and survival costs of reproduction on Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, population growth rate. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1999, 56:1612-1623.
114. Hutchings J.A. Life histories of fish. Handbook of Fish and Fisheries. Vol. 1. Fish Biology 2002, 149-174. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. P.J.B. Hart, J.D. Reynolds (Eds.).
115. Hutchings J.A., Myers R.A. The evolution of alternative mating strategies in variable environments. Evolutionary Ecology 1994, 8:256-268.
116. Hutchings J.A., Jones M.E.B. Life history variation and growth rate thresholds for maturity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1998, 55(suppl. 1):22-47.
117. Imre I., McLaughlin R.L., Noakes D.L.G. Phenotypic plasticity in brook charr: changes in caudal fin induced by water flow. Journal of Fish Biology 2002, 61:1171-1181.
118. Jansen W.A. Plasticity in maturity and fecundity of yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill): comparisons of stunted and normal-growing populations. Annales Zoologici Fennici 1996, 33:403-415.
119. Jerry D.R., Cairns S.C. Morphological variation in the catadromous Australian bass, from seven geographically distinct riverine drainages. Journal of Fish Biology 1998, 52:829-843.
120. Jonsson N., Jonsson B., Fleming I.A. Does early growth cause a phenotypically plastic response in egg production of Atlantic salmon?. Functional Ecology 1996, 10:89-96.
121. Jordan D.S. Relations of temperature to vertebrae among fishes. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 1892, 14:107-120.
122. Kalish J.M. Otolith microchemistry: validation of the effects of physiology, age and environment on otolith composition. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 1989, 132:151-178.
123. Kamler E. Early Life History of Fish: An Energetics Approach 1992, Chapman & Hall, Lonon.
124. Kaplan R.H., Cooper W.S. The evolution of developmental plasticity in reproductive characteristics: an application of the "adaptive coin flipping" principle. American Naturalist 1984, 123:393-410.
125. Karhu A., Hurme P., Karjalainen M., Karvonen P., Kärkkäinen K., Neale D., Savolainen O. Do molecular markers reflect patterns of differentiation in adaptive traits of conifers?. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 1996, 93:215-221.
126. Karl S.A., Avise J.C. Balancing selection at allozyme loci in oysters: implications from nuclear RFLPs. Science 1992, 256:100-102.
127. Kinnison M.T., Unwin M.J., Hendry A.P., Quinn T.P. Migratory costs and the evolution of egg size and number in introduced and indigenous salmon populations. Evolution 2001, 55:1656-1667.
128. Kirpichnikov V.S. Genetic Bases of Fish Selection 1981, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
129. Koops M.A., Hutchings J.A., Adams B.K. Environmental predictability and the cost of imperfect information: influences on offspring size variability. Evolutionary Ecology Research 2003, 5:29-42.
130. Koskinen M.T., Haugen T.O., Primmer C.R. Contemporary fisherian life-history evolution in small salmonid populations. nature 2002, 419:826-830.
131. Koslow J.A., Bell J., Virtue P., Smith D.C. Fecundity and its variability in orange roughy: effects of population density, condition, egg size, and senescence. Journal of Fish Biology 1995, 47:1063-1080.
132. Lankford T.E., Billerbeck J.M., Conover D.O. Evolution of intrinsic growth and energy acquisition rates. II. Trade-offs with vulnerability to predation in Menidia menidia. Evolution 2001, 55:1873-1881.
133. Lanyon L.E. Functional strain as a determinant for bone remodeling. Calcified Tissue International 1984, 36:S56-S61.
134. Lanyon L.E., Rubin C.T. Functional adaptation in skeletal structures. Functional Vertebrate Morphology 1985, 1-25. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA. M. Hildebrand, D.M. Bramble, K.F. Liem, D.B. Wake (Eds.).
135. Lavin P.A., McPhail J.D. Adaptive divergence of trophic phenotype among freshwater populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1986, 43:2455-2463.
136. Lavin P.A., McPhail J.D. Morphological divergence and the organization of trophic characters among lacustrine populations of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1987, 44:1820-1829.
137. Law R. Optimal life histories under age-specific predation. American Naturalist 1979, 114:399-417.
138. Leary R.F., Allendort F.W., Knudsen K.L. Major morphological effects of a regulatory gene: Pgm1-t in rainbow trout. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1984, 1:183-194.
139. Leary R.F., Allendorf F.W., Knudsen K.L. Inheritance of meristic variation and the evolution of developmental stability in rainbow trout. Evolution 1985, 39:308-314.
140. Leggett W.C., Carscadden J.E. Latitudinal variation in reproductive characteristics of American shad (Alosa sapidissima): evidence for population specific life history strategies in fish. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 1978, 35:1469-1478.
141. Leonardsson K., Lundberg P. The choice of reproductive tactics as mixed evolutionarily stable strategy: the case of male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Reports of the Institute of Freshwater Research Drottningholm 1986, 63:69-76.
142. Levins R. Theory of fitness in a heterogeneous environment. II. Developmental flexibility and niche selection. American Naturalist 1963, 98:75-90.
143. Levins R. Evolution in Changing Environments 1968, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
144. Lilly G.R., Shelton P.A., Brattey J., Cadigan N.G., Healey B.P., Murphy E.F., Stansbury D.E. An assessment of the cod stock in NAFO Divisions 2J+3KL. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat Research Document 2001/044 2001, 148 pp.
145. Lindsey C.C. Experimental study of meristic variation in a population of threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1962, 40:271-312.
146. Lindsey C.C. Pleomerism, the widespread tendency among related fish species for vertebral number to be correlated with maximum body length. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 1975, 32:2453-2469.
147. Lindsey C.C. Stocks are chameleons: plasticity in gill rakers of coregonid fishes. Canadian. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1981, 38:1497-1506.
148. Lindsey C.C. Factors controlling meristic variation. Fish Physiology 1988, 197-274. Academic Press, New York. W.S. Hoar, D.J. Randall (Eds.).
149. Lindsey C.C., Brett A.M., Swain D.P., Arnason A.N. Responses of vertebral numbers in rainbow trout to temperature changes during development. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1984, 62:391-396.
150. Lindsey C.C., Harrington R.W. Extreme vertebral variation induced by temperature in a homozygous clone of the self-fertilizing cyprinodontid fish Rivulus marmoratus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1972, 50:733-744.
151. Lively C.M. Predator-induced shell dimorphism in the acorn barnacle Chthamalus anisopoma. Evolution 1986, 40:232-242.
152. Lowe S.A., Van Doornik D.M., Winans G.A. Geographic variation in genetic and growth pattern of Atka mackerel, Pleurogrammus monopterygius (Hexagrammidae), in the Aleutian archipelago. Fishery Bulletin 1998, 96:502-515.
153. MacLean J.A., Evans D.O. The stock concept, discreteness of fish stocks, and fisheries management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1981, 38:1889-1898.
154. Magnusson K.P., Ferguson M.M. Genetic analyses of four sympatric morphs of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, from Thingvallevatn, Iceland. Environmental Biology of Fishes 1987, 20:67-73.
155. Martin W.R. The mechanics of environmental control of body form in fishes. University of Toronto Studies, Biological Series, No. 58, Publications of the Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory, No. 78 1949, 91 pp.
156. Marteinsdottir G., Begg G.A. Essential relationships incorporating the influence of age, size and condition on variables required for estimation of reproductive potential in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2002, 235:235-256.
157. McIntyre T.M., Hutchings J.A. Small-scale temporal and spatial variation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) life history. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2003, 60:1111-1121.
158. McKay J.K., Latta R.G. Adaptive population divergence markers, QTLs and traits. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2002, 17:285-291.
159. McPhail J.D. Ecology and evolution of sympatric sticklebacks (Gasterosteus): morphological and genetic evidence for a species pair in Enos Lake, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1984, 62:1402-1408.
160. McPhail J.D. Ecology and evolution of sympatric sticklebacks (Gasterosteus): evidence for a species-pair in Paxton Lake, Texada Island, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1992, 70:361-369.
161. Merila J., Crnokrak P. Comparison of genetic differentiation at marker loci and quantitative traits. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2001, 14:892-903.
162. Metcalfe N.B. The interaction between behaviour and physiology in determining life history patterns in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1998, 55(suppl. 1):93-103.
163. Metcalfe N.B., Monaghan P. Compensation for a bad start: grow now, pay later?. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2001, 16:254-260.
164. Meyer A. Phenotypic plasticity and heterochrony in Cichlasoma managuense (Pisces, Cichlidae) and their implications for speciation in cichlid fishes. Evolution 1987, 41:1357-1369.
165. Meyer A. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of trophic polymorphism in Cichlasoma citrinellum (Pisces: Cichlidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1990, 39:279-299.
166. Milano D., Cussac V.E., Macchi P.J., Ruzzante D.E., Alonso M.F., Vigliano P.H., Denegri M.A. Predator associated morphology in Galaxias platei in Patagonian lakes. Journal of Fish Biology 2002, 61:138-156.
167. Morita K., Yamamoto S., Takashima Y., Matsuishi T., Kanno Y., Nishimura K. Effect of maternal growth history on egg number and size in wild white-spotted char (Salvelinus leucomaenis). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1999, 56:1585-1589.
168. Morris C.J., Green J.M. Biological characteristics of a resident population of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in southern Labrador. ICES Journal of Marine Science 2002, 59:666-678.
169. Mousseau T.A., Roff D.A. Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components. Heredity 1987, 59:181-198.
170. Myers R.A., Hutchings J.A., Gibson R.J. Variation in male parr maturation within and among populations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1986, 43:1242-1248.
171. Nicieza A.G., Reiriz L., Braña F. Variation in digestive performance between geographically disjunct populations of Atlantic salmon: countergradient in passage time and digestive rate. Oecologia 1994, 99:243-251.
172. Nilsson P.A., Brönmark C., Pettersson L.B. Benefits of a predator-induced morphology in crucian carp. Oecologia 1995, 104:291-296.
173. Patriquin D.G. Biology of Gadus morhua in Ogac Lake, a landlocked fiord on Baffin Island. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 1967, 24:2573-2594.
174. Pawson M.G., Jennings S. A critique of methods for stock identification in marine capture fisheries. Fisheries Research 1996, 25:203-217.
175. Pepin P., Carr S.M. Morphological, meristic and genetic analysis of stock structure in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the Newfoundland shelf. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1993, 50:1924-1933.
176. Pigliucci M. Phenotypic Plasticity: Beyond Nature and Nurture 2001, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
177. Pogson G.H., Mesa K.A., Boutilier R.G. Genetic population structure and gene flow in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua: a comparison of allozyme and nuclear RFLP loci. Genetics 1995, 139:375-385.
178. Post J.R., Parkinson E.A. Energy allocation strategy in young fish: allometry and survival. Ecology 2001, 82:1040-1051.
179. Present T.M.C., Conover D.O. Physiological basis of latitudinal growth differences in Menidia menidia: variation in consumption or efficiency?. Functional Ecology 1992, 6:23-31.
180. Purchase C.F., Brown J.A. Interpopulation differences in growth rates and food conversion efficiencies of young Grand Banks and Gulf of Maine Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2000, 57:2223-2229.
181. Puvanendran V., Brown J.A. Effect of light intensity on the foraging and growth of Atlantic cod larvae: interpopulation difference?. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1998, 167:207-214.
182. Quinn T.P., Hendry A.P., Wetzel L.A. The influence of life history trade-offs and the size of incubation gravels on egg size variation in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Oikos 1995, 74:425-438.
183. Quinn T.P., Wetzel L., Bishop S., Overberg K., Rogers D.E. Influence of breeding habitat on bear predation and age at maturity and sexual dimorphism of sockeye salmon populations. Canadian Journal of Zoology 2001, 79:1782-1793.
184. Reed D.H., Frankham R. How closely correlated are molecular and quantitative measures of genetic variations? A meta-analysis. Evolution 2001, 55:1095-1103.
185. Reimchen T.E. Spine deficiency and polymorphism in a population of Gasterosteus aculeatus: an adaptation to predators?. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1980, 58:1232-1244.
186. Reimchen T.E., Nosil P. Temporal variation in divergent selection on spine number in threespine stickleback. Evolution 2002, 56:2472-2483.
187. Reznick D.N. Norms of reaction in fishes. The Exploitation of Evolving Resources 1993, 72-90. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. T.K. Stokes, J.M. McGlade, R. Law (Eds.).
188. Reznick D.N., Bryga H., Endler J.A. Experimentally induced life history evolution in a natural population. Nature 1990, 346:357-359.
189. Reznick D.N., Shaw F.H., Rodd F.H., Shaw R.G. Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Science 1997, 275:1934-1937.
190. Reznick D.N., Yang T. The influence of fluctuating resources on life history: patterns of allocation and plasticity in female guppies. Ecology 1993, 74:1011-1029.
191. Riddell B.E., Leggett W.C. Evidence of an adaptive basis for geographic variation in body morphology and time of downstream migration of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1981, 38:308-320.
192. Riddell B.E., Leggett W.C., Saunders R.L. Evidence of adaptive polygenic variation between two populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) native to tributaries of the S.W. Miramichi River, N.B. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1981, 38:321-333.
193. Rijnsdorp A.D. Fisheries as a large-scale experiment on life-history evolution: disentangling phenotypic and genetic effects in changes in maturation and of North Sea plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Oecologia 1993, 96:391-401.
194. Rijnsdorp A.D., Vingerhoed B. The ecological significance of geographical and seasonal differences in egg size in sole, Solea solea (L). Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 1994, 32:255-270.
195. Robinson B.W., Parsons K.J. Changing times, spaces, and faces: tests and implications of adaptive morphological plasticity in the fishes of northern postglacial lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2002, 59:1819-1833.
196. Robinson B.W., Wilson D.S. Character release and displacement in fishes: a neglected literature. American Naturalist 1994, 144:596-627.
197. Robinson B.W., Wilson D.S. Experimentally induced morphological diversity in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Copeia 1995, 294-305.
198. Robinson B.W., Wilson D.S. Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in a trophically polymorphic population of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Evolutionary Ecology 1996, 10:631-652.
199. Robison O.W., Luempert L.G. Genetic variation in weight and survival of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Aquaculture 1984, 38:155-170.
200. Rochet M.-J. Short-term effects of fishing on life history traits of fishes. ICES Journal of Marine Science 1998, 55:371-391.
201. Roff D.A. The maintenance of phenotypic and genetic variation in threshold traits by frequency dependent selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 1998, 11:513-529.
202. Roff D.A. Life History Evolution 2002, Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
203. Rohlf F.J., Bookstein F.L. A comment on shearing as a method for "size correction". Systematic Zoology 1987, 36:356-367.
204. Sargent R.C., Taylor P.D., Gross M.R. Parental care and the evolution of egg size in fishes. American Naturalist 1987, 129:32-46.
205. Saunders M.W., McFarlane G.A. Age and length at maturity of the female spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Biology of Fishes 1993, 38:49-58.
206. Schaffer W.M. Selection for optimal life histories: the effects of age structure. Ecology 1974, 55:291-303.
207. Schaffer W.M. Optimal reproductive effort in fluctuating environments. American Naturalist 1974, 108:783-790.
208. Schlichting C.D., Pigliucci M. Phenotypic Evolution: A Reaction Norm Perspective 1998, 387 pp, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA.
209. Schluter D. Adaptive radiation in sticklebacks: size, shape and habitat use efficiency. Ecology 1993, 74:699-709.
210. Schluter D. Adaptive radiation in sticklebacks: trade-offs in feeding performance and growth. Ecology 1995, 76:82-90.
211. Schmalhausen I.I. Factors of Evolution: The Theory of Stabilizing Selection 1949, Blakiston, Philadelphia, PA.
212. Schultz E.T., Conover D.O. Latitudinal differences in somatic energy storage: adaptive responses to seasonality in an estuarine fish (Atherinidae: Menidia menidia). Oecologia 1997, 109:516-529.
213. Schultz E.T., Conover D.O., Ehtisham A. The dead of winter: size-dependent variation and genetic differences in seasonal mortality among Atlantic silverside (Atherinidae: Menidia menidia) from different latitudes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1998, 55:1149-1157.
214. Schultz E.T., Reynolds K.E., Conover D.O. Countergradient variation in growth among newly hatched Fundulus heteroclitus: geographic differences revealed by common-environment experiments. Functional Ecology 1996, 10:366-374.
215. Scott D.P. Effect of food quantity on fecundity of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 1962, 19:715-731.
216. Scott W.B., Crossman E.J. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin 1973, 184.
217. Shepherd G. Meristic and morphometric variation in black sea bass north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 1991, 11:139-148.
218. Simpson B.R.C. The phenology of annual killifishes. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 1979, 44:243-261.
219. Sinclair A.F., Swain D.P., Hanson J.M. Measuring changes in the direction and magnitude of size-selective mortality in a commercial fish population. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2002, 59:361-371.
220. Sinervo B., Svensson E. Correlational selection and the evolution of genomic architecture. Heredity 2002, 89:329-338.
221. Skúlason S., Noakes D.L.G., Snorrason S.S. Ontogeny of trophic morphology in four sympatric morphs of arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus in Thingvallavatn, Iceland. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1989, 38:281-301.
222. Skúlason S., Snorrason S.S., Jónsson B. Sympatric morphs, populations and speciations in freshwater fish with emphasis on Artic charr. Evolution of Biological Diversity 1999, 71-92. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. A.E. Magurran, R.M. Roberts (Eds.).
223. Skúlason S., Snorrason S.S., Noakes D.L.G., Ferguson M.M. Genetic basis of life history variations among sympatric morphs of arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1996, 53:1807-1813.
224. Skúlason S., Snorrason S.S., Ota D., Noakes D.L.G. Genetically based differences in foraging behaviour among sympatric morphs of arctic charr (Pisces: Salmonidae). Animal Behaviour 1993, 45:1179-1192.
225. Smith-Gill S.J. Developmental plasticity: developmental conversion versus phenotypic modulation. American Zoologist 1983, 23:47-55.
226. Snorrason S.S., Skúlason S., Jonsson B., Malmquist H.J., Jónasson P.M.aiSandlund^O.T., Lindem T. Trophic specialization in arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (Pisces: Salmonidae): morphological divergence and ontogenetic niche shifts. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1994, 52:1-18.
227. Stearns S.C. The evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity. BioScience 1989, 39:436-445.
228. Stearns S.C. The Evolution of Life Histories 1992, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
229. Streelman J.T., Zardoya R., Meyer A., Karl S.A. Multilocus phylogeny of cichlid fishes (Pisces: Perciformes): evolutionary comparison of microsatellite and single-copy nuclear loci. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1998, 15:798-808.
230. Su G.S., Liljedahl L.E., Gall G.A.E. Genetic correlations between body weight at different ages and with reproductive traits in rainbow trout. Aquaculture 2002, 213:85-94.
231. Svärdson G. Speciation of Scandnavian Coregonus. Reports of Institute of Freshwater Research Drottingholm 1979, 57:1-95.
232. Svsand T., Jørstad K.E., Otter H., Kjesbu O.S. Differences in growth performance between Arcto-Norwegian and Norwegian coastal cod reared under identical conditions. Journal of Fish Biology 1996, 49:108-119.
233. Swain D.P. Evidence of selection for vertebral number of fry in peamouth, Mylocheilus caurinus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1988, 45:1279-1290.
234. Swain D.P. The functional basis of natural selection for vertebral traits of larvae in the stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus. Evolution 1992, 46:987-997.
235. Swain D.P. Selective predation for vertebral phenotype in Gasterosteus aculeatus: reversal in the direction of selection at different larval sizes. Evolution 1992, 46:998-1013.
236. Swain D.P., Foote C.J. Stocks and chameleons: the use of phenotypic variation in stock identification. Fisheries Research 1999, 43:113-128.
237. Swain D.P., Holtby L.B. Differences in morphology and behavior between juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) rearing in a lake or in its tributary stream. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1989, 46:1406-1414.
238. Swain D.P., Lindsey C.C. Influence of reproductive history of parents on meristic variation in offspring in the cyprinodont fish Rivulus marmoratus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1986, 64:1456-1459.
239. Swain D.P., Lindsey C.C. Meristic variation in a clone of the cyprinodont fish Rivulus marmoratus related to temperature history of the parents and of the embryos. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1986, 64:1444-1455.
240. Swain D.P., Riddell B.E., Murray C.B. Morphological differences between hatchery and wild populations of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): environmental versus genetic origin. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1991, 48:1783-1791.
241. Taborsky M. Sneakers, satellites, and helpers: parasitic and cooperative behavior in fish reproduction. Advances in the Study of Behavior 1994, 23:1-100.
242. Tallman R.F. Genetic differentiation among seasonally distinct spawning populations of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. Aquaculture 1986, 57:211-217.
243. Tallman R.F., Healey M.C. Phenotypic differentiation in seasonal ecotypes of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1991, 48:661-671.
244. Tallman R.F., Healey M.C. Homing, straying and gene flow among seasonally separated populations of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 1994, 51:577-588.
245. Tning A. Experiments on meristic and other characters in fishes. 1. On the influence of temperature on some meristic characters in sea-trout and the fixation period of these characters. Meddelelser fra Danmarks Fiskeri og Havundersøgelser. Serie Fiskerier 1944, 11:1-66.
246. Tning A.V. Experimental study of meristic characters in fishes. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 1952, 27:169-193.
247. Tave D. Quantitative genetics of vertebrae number and position of dorsal fin spines in the velvet belly shark, Etmopterus spinax. Copeia 1984, 794-797.
248. Taylor E.B. Differences in morphology between wild and hatchery populations of juvenile coho salmon. Progressive Fish-Culturalist 1986, 48:171-176.
249. Taylor E.B. A review of local adaptation in salmonidae, with particular reference to Pacific and Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 1991, 98:185-208.
250. Taylor E.B., Foote C.J. Critical swimming velocities of juvenile sockeye salmon and kokanee, the anadromous and non-anadromous forms of Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Biology 1991, 38:407-419.
251. Taylor E.B., McPhail J.D. Variation in body morphology among British Columbia populations of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1985, 42:2020-2028.
252. Taylor E.B., McPhail J.D. Variation in burst and prolonged swimming performance among British Columbia populations of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1985, 42:2029-2033.
253. Templeman W.T. Vertebral numbers in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, of the Newfoundland and adjacent areas, 1947-1971, and their use in delineating cod stocks. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Science 1981, 2:21-45.
254. Thompson J.D. Phenotypic plasticity as a component of evolutionary change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1991, 6:246-249.
255. Thorpe J.E. Age at first maturity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar: freshwater period influences and conflicts with smolting. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1986, 89:7-14. D.J. Meerburg (Ed.).
256. Thorpe J.E., Morgan R.I.G., Talbot C., Miles M.S. Inheritance of developmental rates in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquaculture 1983, 33:119-128.
257. Thresher R.E. Elemental composition of otoliths as a stock delineator in fishes. Fisheries Research 1999, 43:165-204.
258. Thresher R.E., Proctor C.H., Gunn J.S., Harrowfield I.R. An evaluation of electroprobe microanalysis of otoliths for stock delineation and identification of nursery areas in a southern temperate groundfish, Nemadactylus macropterus (Cheilodactylidae). Fishery Bulletin 1994, 92:817-840.
259. Todd T.N., Smith G.R., Cable L.E. Environmental and genetic contributions to morphological differentiation in ciscoes (Coregoninae) of the Great Lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1981, 38:59-67.
260. Trippel E.A. Egg size and viability and seasonal offspring production of young Atlantic cod. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 1998, 127:339-359.
261. Trippel E.A., Buzeta M.L., Hunt J.J. Evaluation of the cost of reproduction in Georges Bank Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): utility of otolith back-calculation. Recent Developments in Fish Otolith Research 1995, 599-610. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC. D.H. Secor, J.M. Dean, S.E. Campana (Eds.).
262. Trippel E.A., Morgan M.J., Fréchet A., Rollet C., Sinclair A., Annand C., Beanlands D., Brown L. Changes in age and length at sexual maturity of northwest Atlantic cod, haddock and pollock stocks, 1972-1995. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2157 1997.
263. Tyler C.R., Sumpter J.P. Oocyte growth and development in teleosts. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 1996, 6:287-318.
264. Via S., Lande R. Genotype-environment interaction and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Evolution 1985, 39:505-522.
265. Via S., Gomulkiewicz R., De Jong G., Scheiner S.M., Schlichting C.D., Van Tienderen P.H. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: consensus and controversy. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1995, 10:212-217.
266. Volpe J.P., Ferguson M.M. Molecular genetic examination of the polymorphic Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus to Thingvallavatn, Iceland. Molecular Ecology 1996, 5:763-772.
267. Vuorinen J., N?sje T.F., Sandlund O.T. Genetic changes in a vendace Coregonus albula (L.) population, 92 years after introduction. Journal of Fish Biology 1991, 39(suppl. A):193-201.
268. Waddington C.H. The Strategy of the Genes 1957, 262 pp, Allen and Unwin, London, UK.
269. Waldman, J. R. this volume, Chapter 10.
270. Wainwright P.C., Osenberg C.W., Mittelbach G.G. Trophic polymorphism in the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus Linnaeus): effects of environment on ontogeny. Functional Ecology 1991, 5:40-55.
271. Ward R.D., Woodward M., Skibinski D.O.F. A comparison of genetic diversity levels in marine, freshwater, and anadromous fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 1994, 44:213-232.
272. Webb P.W. Fast-start performance and boyd form in seven species of teleost fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 1978, 74:211-226.
273. Webb P.W. Form and function in fish swimming. Scientific American 1984, 251:72-82.
274. Werner P.W., Anholt B.R. Ecological consequences of the trade-off between growth and mortality rates mediated by foraging activity. American Naturalist 1993, 142:242-272.
275. Wilson A.C., Carlson S.S., White T.J. Biochemical evolution. Annual Review of Biochemistry 1977, 46:573-639.
276. Wilson A.J., Hutchings J.A., Ferguson M.M. Selective and genetic constraints on the evolution of body size in a stream-dwelling fish. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2003, 16:584-594.
277. Wimberger P.H. Plasticity of jaw and skull morphology in the neotropical cichlids Geophagus brasiliensis and G. steindachneri. Evolution 1991, 45:1545-1563.
278. Wimberger P.H. Plasticity of fish body shape. The effects of diet, development, family and age in two species of Geophagus (Pisces: Cichlidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1992, 45:197-218.
279. Winterbottom R., Emery A.R. A new genus and two new species of gobiid fishes (Perciformes) from the Chagos Archipelago, central Indian Ocean. Enviornmental Biology of Fishes 1981, 6:139-149.
280. Witte F., Barel C.D.N., Hoogerhoud R.J.C. Phenotypic plasticity of anatomical structures and its ecomorphological significance. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 1990, 40:278-298.
281. Wood C.C., Foote C.J. Genetic differences in the early development and growth of sympatric sockeye salmon and kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka), and their hybrids. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1990, 47:2250-2260.
282. Wood C.C., Foote C.J. Evidence for sympatric genetic divergence of anadromous and nonanadromous morphs of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Evolution 1996, 50:1265-1279.
283. Wootton R.J. Ecology of Teleost Fishes 1998, Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
284. Wright S. Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics 1931, 16:97-159.
285. Zastrow C.E., Houde E.D., Saunders E.H. Quality of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) eggs in relation to river source and female weight. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 1989, 191.