Pathophysiology and clinical assessment

Handbook of Parkinson's Disease, Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 49-67

  Jankovic, Joseph ^a  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85132535510     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (118)

1. Parkinson J. An Essay on the Shaking Palsy. London: Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, 1817.
2. Lang AE, Obeso JA. Challenges in Parkinson's disease: restoration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system is not enough. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3:309-16.
3. Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AH. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:235-45.
4. Ford B, Louis ED, Greene P, Fahn S. Oral and genital pain syndromes in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1996; 11:421-426.
5. Reichert WH, Doolittle J, McDowell FM. Vestibular dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1982; 32:l133-1138.
6. Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, et al. Risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease. A community-based, prospective study. Neurology 2001; 56:730-736.
7. Jankovic J, Lang AE. Movement disorders: Diagnosis and Assessment. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, eds. Neurology in Clinical Practice, 4th ed. Chapter 24. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth-Heinemann (Elsevier), 2004:293-322.
8. Giladi N. Burke RE, Kostic V, et al. Hemiparkinsonism-hemiatrophy syndrome: Clinical and neuroradiology features. Neurology 1990; 40:1731-1734.
9. Bulpitt CJ, Shaw K, Clifton P, Stenn G, Davies JB, Reid IL. The symptoms of patients treated for Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1985; 8:175-183.
10. Gonera EG, van't Hof M, Berger HJC, et al. Symptoms and duration of the prodromal phase in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1997;12:871-876.
11. Jankovic J, Rajput AH, McDermott MP, Perl DP. The evolution of diagnosis in early Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2000; 57:369-372.
12. Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Ben-Shlomo Y, Lees AJ. The accuracy of diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes in a specialist movement disorder service. Brain 2002; 125:861-870.
13. Braak H, Ghebremedhin E, Rub U, Bratzke H, Del Tredici K. Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 318:121-134.
14. Jankovic J. Clinical aspects of Parkinson's disease. In: Marsden CD, Fahn, S, eds. New Trends in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Carnforth, England: Parthenon Publishing, 1991:53-76.
15. Jankovic J, McDermott M, Carter J, et al. Variable expression of Parkinson's disease: A base-line analysis of the DATATOP cohort. Neurology 1990; 40:1529-1534.
16. Jenkyn LR. Reeves AG. Warren T, et al. Neurologic signs in senescence. Arch Neurol 1984; 42:1154-1157.
17. Wagner HN. Probing the chemistry of the mind. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:44-46.
18. Newman RP, LeWitt PA, Jaffe M, Calne DB, Larsen TA. Motor function in the normal aging population: Treatment with levodopa. Neurology 1985; 35:571-573.
19. Jankovic J, Ben-Arie L, Schwartz K, et al. Movement and reaction times and fine coordination tasks following pallidotomy. Mov Disord 1999; 14:57-62.
20. Bagheri H, Damase-Michel C, Lapeyre-Mestre M, et al. A study of salivary secretion in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharm 1999; 22:213-215.
21. Teulings HL, Contreras-Vidal JL, Stelmach GE, Adler CH. Adaptation of handwriting size under distorted visual feedback in patients with Parkinson's disease and elderly and young controls. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72:315-324.
22. Rafal RD, Posner MI, Walker JA, Friedrich FJ. Cognition and the basal ganglia: separating mental and motor components of performance in Parkinson's disease. Brain 1984; 107:1083-1094.
23. Hallett M, Khoshbin S. A physiological mechanism of bradykinesia. Brain 1980; 103: 30l-314.
24. Jankovic J, Frost JD. Quantitative assessment of parkinsonian and essential tremor: clinical application of triaxial accelerometry. Neurology 1981; 31:1235-1240.
25. Baroni A, Benvenuti F, Fantini L, Pantaleo T, Urbani F. Human ballistic arm abduction movements: effects of L-dopa treatment in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1984; 34:868-876.
26. Freed CR, Yamamoto BK. Regional brain dopamine metabolism: A marker for the speed, direction, and posture of moving animals. Science 1985; 229:62-65.
27. Vingerhoets FJ, Schulzer M, Calne DB, Snow BJ. Which clinical sign of Parkinson's disease best reflects the nigrostriatal lesion? Ann Neurol 1997; 41:58-64.
28. Bergman H, Wichmann T, DeLong MR. Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. Science 1990; 249:1436-1438.
29. Dostrovsky JO, Hutchinson WD, Lozano AM. The globus pallidus, deep brain stimulation and Parkinson's disease. Neuroscientist 2002; 8:284-290.
30. Brown P. Muscle sounds in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1997; 349:533-535.
31. Farmer S. Neural rhythms in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2002; 125:1175-1176.
32. Levy R, Ashby P, Hutchison WD, Lang AE, Lozano AM, Dostrovsky JO. Dependence of subthalamic nucleus oscillations on movement and dopamine in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2002; 125:1196-1209.
33. Lakke JP. Axial apraxia in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 1985; 69:37-46.
34. Marsden CD. The mysterious motor function of the basal ganglia. Neurology 1982; 32:514-539
35. Schultz W. Recent physiological and pathophysiological aspects of parkinsonian movement disorders. Life Sci 1984; 34:2213-2223.
36. Dick JPR, Rothwell JC, Day BL, et al. The Bereitschaftpotential is abnormal in Parkinson's disease. Brain 1989; 112:233-244.
37. Tatton WG, Eastovan MJ, Bedingham W, Verrier MC, Bruce IC. Defective utilization of sensory input as the basis for bradykinesia, rigidity and decreased movement repertoire in Parkinson's disease: a hypothesis. Can J Neurol Sci 1984; 11:136-147.
38. Stern Y, Mayeux R, Rosen J, Illson J. Perceptual motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a deficit in sequential and predictive voluntary movement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46:145-151.
39. Evarts EV, Teravainen M, Calne DB. Reaction time in Parkinson's disease. Brain 1981; 104:167-1861.
40. Yokochi F, Nakamura R, Narabayashi H. Reaction time of patients with Parkinson's disease with reference to asymmetry of neurological signs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48:702-705.
41. Pirozzolo FJ, Jankovic J, Mahurin RK. Differentiation of choice reaction time performance in Parkinson's disease on the basis of motor symptoms. Neurology 1985; 35(suppl 1):222.
42. Parr-Brownlie LC, Hyland BI. Bradykinesia induced by dopamine D2 receptor blockade is associated with reduced motor cortex activity in the rat. J Neurosci 2005; 25:5700-5709.
43. Dick PJR, Cantello R, Buruma O, et al. The Bereitschalftspotential, L-dopa and Parkinson's disease. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987; 66:263-274.
44. Ward CD, Sanes JN, Dambrosia JM, Calne DB. Methods for evaluating treatment in Parkinson's disease. In: Fahn S, CaIne DB, Shoulson I, eds. Experimental Therapeutics of Movement Disorders. New York: Raven Press, 1983:1-7.
45. Martin WE, Loewenson RB, Resch JA, Baker AB. Parkinson's disease. Clinical analysis of 100 patients. Neurology 1973; 23:783-790.
46. Jankovic J. Essential tremor: A heterogenous disorder. Mov Disord 2002; 17:638-644.
47. Shahed J, Jankovic J. Exploring the relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2007.
48. Jankovic J, Schwartz KS, Ondo W. Re-emergent tremor of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67:646-650.
49. Findley LJ, Gresty MA. Tremor and rhythmical involuntary movements in Parkinson's disease. In: Findley LJ, Capildeo R, eds. Movement Disorders: Tremors. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984:295-304.
50. Llinas R, Jahnsen H. Electrophysiology of mammalian thalamic neurons in vitro. Nature 1982; 297:406-408.
51. Lamarre Y. Animal models of physiological, essential and parkinsonian-like tremors. In: Findley LJ, Capildeo R, eds. Movement Disorders: Tremor. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984:183-194.
52. Lee RG, Stein RB. Resetting of tremor by mechanical perturbations: A comparison of essential tremor and parkinsonian tremor. Ann Neurol 1981; 10:523-531.
53. Kelly PJ, Ahlskog JE, Goerss SJ, et al. Computer-assisted stereotactic ventralis lateralis thalamotomy with microelectrode recording control in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1987; 62:655-664.
54. Findley LJ, Gresty MA, Halmagyi GM. Tremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981; 44:534-46.
55. Bernheimer H, Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O, Jellinger K, Seitelberger F. Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington: Clinical morphological and neurochemical correlations. J Neurol Sci 1973; 20:415-455.
56. Pechadre JC, Larochelle L, Poirier LJ. Parkinsonian akinesia, rigidity and tremor in the monkey. Histopathological and neuropharmacological study. J Neurol Sci 1976; 28: 147-157.
57. Ballard PA, Tetrud JW, Langston JW. Permanent human parkinsonism due to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyndine (MPTP): Seven cases. Neurology 1985; 35:949-956.
58. Snyder SH, D'Amato RJ. MPTP: Aneurotoxin relevant to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1986; 36:250-258.
59. Holmes G. Clinical symptoms of cerebellar disease and their interpretation. Lancet 1922; 1:1231-1237.
60. Snider SR, Fahn S, Isgreen WP, et al. Primary sensory symptoms in parkinsonism. Neurology 1979; 26:423-429.
61. Koller WC. Sensory symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1984; 34:957-959.
62. Matsumoto K, Rossomann F, Lin TH, Cooper IS. Studies on induced exacerbation of parkinsonian rigidity. The effect of contralateral voluntary activity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1963; 26:27-32.
63. Riley D, Lang AE, Blair RDG, et al. Frozen shoulder and other disturbances in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52:63-66.
64. Jankovic J, Tintner R. Dystonia and parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2001; 8:109-121.
65. Ashour R, Tintner R, Jankovic J. "Striatal" hand and foot deformities in Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4:423-431.
66. Askmark H, Edebol Eeg-Olofsson K, Johnsson A, et al. Parkinsonism and neck extensor myopathy. A new syndrome or coincidental findings. Arch Neurol 2001; 58:232-237.
67. Djaldetti R, Mosberg-Galili R, Sroka H, et al. Camptocormia (bent spine) in patients with Parkinson's disease-Characterization and possible pathogenesis of an unusual phenomenon. Mov Disord 1999; 14:443-447.
68. Azher SN, Jankovic J. Camptocormia: Pathogenesis, classification, and response to therapy. Neurology 2005; 65:355-359.
69. Duvoisin RC, Marsden CD. Note on the scoliosis of parkinsonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975; 38:787-793.
70. Grimes JD, Hassan MN, Trent G, Halle D, Armstrong GW. Clinical and radiographic features of scoliosis in Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 1987; 45:353-355.
71. Burke D. Pathophysiologic aspects of rigidity and dystonia. In: Benecke R, Conrad B, Marsden CD, eds. Motor Disturbances I. London: Academic Press, 1987:87-100.
72. Mortimer JA, Webster D. Evidence for a quantitative association between EMG stretch responses and parkinsonian rigidity. Brain Res 1979; l62:169-173.
73. Berardelli A, Sabra AF, Hallett M. Physiologic mechanisms of rigidity in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46:45-53.
74. Lee RG, Tatton WG. Motor responses to sudden limb displacements in primates with specific CNS lesions and in human patients with motor system disorders. Can J Neurol Sci 1975; 2:285-293.
75. Rothwell JL, Obeso JA, Traub MM, et al. The behavior of the long-latency stretch reflex in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 76:35-44.
76. Meyer M, Adorjani C. Quantification of the effects of muscle relaxant drugs in man by tonic stretch reflex. In: Desmedt JE, ed. Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease. New York: Raven Press, 1983:997-1012.
77. Marsden CD, Schachter M. Assessment of extrapyramidal disorders. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1981;11:129-l5l.
78. Teräväinen H, Calne DB. Quantitative assessment of parkinsonian deficits. In: Rinne UK, Klingler M, Stamm G, eds. Parkinson's Disease. Current Progress, Problems and Management. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland, 1980:145-164.
79. Purdon-Martin J. The Basal Ganglia and Posture. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1967.
80. Traub MM, Rothwell JC, Marsden CD. Anticipatory postural reflexes in Parkinson's disease and other akinetic-rigid syndromes and in cerebellar ataxia. Brain 1980; 103: 393-412.
81. Koller WC, Glatt S, Vetere-Overfield B, Hassanein R. Falls in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1989; 12:98-105.
82. Weiner WJ, Nora LM, Glantz RH. Elderly inpatients: postural reflex impairment. Neurology 1984; 34:945-947.
83. Jankovic J, Nutt JG, Sudarsky L. Classification, diagnosis and etiology of gait disorders. Adv Neurol 2001; 87:119-133.
84. Fisher CM. Hydrocephalus as a cause of disturbance of gait in the elderly. Neurology 1982; 32:1358-1363.
85. Knutsson E, Lying-Tunell M. Gait apraxia in manual-pressure hydrocephalus: problems of movement and muscle activation. Neurology 1985; 35:155-160.
86. Sudarsky L, Ronthal M. Gait disorders among elderly patients. A survey study of 50 patients. Arch Neurol 1983; 40:740-743.
87. Koller WC, Glatt SL, Fox JH. Senile gait. A distinct neurologic entity. Clin Geriatr Med 1985; 1:661-669.
88. FitzGerald PM, Jankovic J. Lower body parkinsonism: Evidence for vascular etiology. Mov Disord 1989; 4(3):249-260.
89. Jankovic J, Friedman D, Pirozzolo FJ, McCrary JA. Progressive supranuclear palsy: Clinical, neurobehavioral, and neuro-ophthalmic findings. Adv Neurol 1990; 53:293-304.
90. Winikates J, Jankovic J. Clinical correlates of vascular parkinsonism. Arch Neurol 1999; 56:98-102.
91. Giladi N, Kao R, Fahn S. Freezing phenomenon in patients with parkinsonian syndromes. Mov Disord 1997; 12:302-305.
92. Giladi N, McDermott MP, Fahn S, et al. Freezing of gait in PD. Prospective assessment of the DATATOP cohort. Neurology 2001; 56:1712-1721.
93. Dietz MA.Goetz CG, Stebbins GT. Evaluation of a modified inverted walking stick as a treatment for parkinsonian freezing episodes. Mov Disord 1990; 5:243-247.
94. Marchese R, Diverio M, Zucchi F, et al. The role of sensory cues in the rehabilitation of parkinsonian patients: A comparison of two physical therapy protocols. Mov Disord 2001; 15:879-883.
95. Elble RJ, Cousins R, Leffler K, Hughes L. Gait initiation by patients with lower-half parkinsonism. Brain 1996; 119:1705-1716.
96. Hunker CJ, Abbs JH, Barlow SM. The relationship between parkinsonian rigidity and hypokinesia in the orofacial system: a quantitative analysis. Neurology 1982; 32: 749-755.
97. Jankovic J. Respiratory dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1986; 36:303-304.
98. Rice JE, Antic R, Thompson PD. Disordered respiration as a levodopa-induced dyski-nesia in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2002; 17:524-527.
99. Leport FE, Duvoisin RC. Apraxia of eyelid opening: An involuntary levator inhibition. Neurology 1985; 35:423-427.
100. Jankovic J. Apraxia of lid opening. Mov Disord 1995; 10:686-687.
101. Guiloff RJ. George RJ. Marsden CD. Reversible supranuclear ophthalmoplegia associated with parkinsonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980; 43:552-554.
102. Brodsky H, Dat Vuong K, Thomas M, Jankovic J. Glabellar and palmomental reflexes in parkinsonian disorders. Neurology 2004; 63:1096-8.
103. Espay AJ, Li JY, Johnston L, Chen R, Lang AE. Mirror movements in parkinsonism: evaluation of a new clinical sign. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76:1355-1358.
104. Zetusky WJ, Jankovic J, Pirozzolo FJ. The heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease: Clinical and prognostic implications. Neurology 1985; 35:522-526.
105. Jankovic J, Kapadia AS. Functional decline in Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 2001; 58:1611-1615.
106. 123I]ß-CIT/SPECT imaging assessment of the rate of Parkinson's disease progression. Neurology 2001; 57:2089-2094.
107. Parkinson Study Group. Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole vs levodopa on Parkinson disease progression. JAMA 2002; 287:1653-1661.
108. Hilker R, Schweitzer K, Coburger S, et al. Progression of Parkinson's disease is nonlinear as determined by serial PET imaging of striatal [18]Fluorodopa activity. Arch Neu-rol 2005; 62:378-382.
109. Jankovic J. Progression of Parkinson's disease: Are we making progress in charting the course? Arch Neurol 2005; 62:351-352.
110. Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: Onset, progression and mortality. Neurology 1967;17:427-442.
111. Fahn S, Elton RL. Members of the UPDRS Development Committee: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD, CaIne DB, Lieberman A, eds. Recent Developments in Parkinson's Disease. Vol. II. Florham Park, New Jersey: Macmillan Health Care Information, 1987:153-163.
112. Goetz CG, Stebbins GT, Shale HM, et al. Utility of an objective dyskinesia rating scale for Parkinson's disease: inter- and intrarater reliability assessment. Mov Disord 1994; 9: 390-394.
113. Goetz CG, Stebbins GT, Chmura TA, et al. Teaching tape for the motor section of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Mov Disord 1995; 10:263-266.
114. Goetz CG, Fahn S, Martinez-Martin P, et al. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale: (MDS-UPDRS): Process, format and clinimetric testing plan. Mov Disord 2007 (in press).
115. Marinus J, Ramaker C, van Hilten JJ, Stiggelbout AM. Health related quality of life in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review of disease specific instruments. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72:241-248.
116. Thomas M, Jankovic J, Suteerawattananon M, et al. Clinical gait and balance scale (GABS): validation and utilization. J Neurol Sci 2004; 217:89-99.
117. Hunt AL, Sethi KD. The pull test: A history. Mov Disord 2006; 21:894-899.
118. Munhoz RP, Li JY, Kurtinecz M, et al. Evaluation of the pull test technique in assessing postural instability in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2004; 62:125-127.