Surface Studies of Catalysis by Metals: Nanosize and Alloying Effects

Engineering Materials

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 369-404

  Piccolo, Laurent ^a  

^a INST DE RECHERCHES SUR LA CATALYSE   (France)

Author keywords

Bimetallic Catalyst; Density Functional Theory Calculation; Heterogeneous Catalysis; Selective Hydrogenation; Surface Segregation

Indexed keywords

ALLOYING; CATALYSIS; CATALYST SELECTIVITY; DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY; HYDROGENATION; INDIUM COMPOUNDS; METAL NANOPARTICLES; METALS; SINGLE CRYSTALS;

ALLOYING EFFECT; BIMETALLIC CATALYSTS; CATALYSE; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY CALCULATIONS; METAL ADDITION; METALLIC NANOPARTICLES; NANOSIZE EFFECTS; SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION; SUPPORTED NANOPARTICLES; SURFACE STUDY;

SURFACE SEGREGATION;

EID: 85126659601     PISSN: 16121317     EISSN: 18681212     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4014-6_11     Document Type: Chapter

References (148)

1. Chorkendorff, I., Niemantsverdriet, J.W.: Concepts of Modern Catalysis and Kinetics. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2007)
2. Kluksdahl, H.E.: Reforming a sulfur-free naphtha with a platinum-rhenium catalyst. Patent US 3,415,737, 1968
3. Sinfelt, J.H.: Combination reforming process. Patent US 3,791,961, 1974
4. Day, M.: Supported metal catalysts in reforming. In: Anderson, J.A., Fernandez Garcia, M. (eds.) Supported Metals in Catalysis. Imperial College Press, London (2005)
5. Sinfelt, J.H.: Bimetallic Catalysts: Discoveries, Concepts, and Applications. Wiley, New York (1983)
6. Ponec, V., Bond, G.C.: Catalysis by Metals and Alloys. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1995)
7. Epron, F., Especel, C., Lafaye, G., Marécot, P.: Multimetallic nanoparticles prepared by redox processes applied in catalysis. In: Astruc, D. (ed.) Nanoparticles and Catalysis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2008)
8. Ertl, G., Knozinger, H., Weitkamp, J. (eds.): Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2008)
9. Sinfelt, J.H.: Catalysis by alloys and bimetallic clusters. Acc. Chem. Res. 10, 15–20 (1977)
10. Coq, B., Figueras, F.: Bimetallic palladium catalysts: influence of the co-metal on the catalyst performance. J. Mol. Catal. A. 173, 117–134 (2001)
11. Guczi, L.: Bimetallic nano-particles: featuring structure and reactivity. Catal. Today 101, 53–64 (2005)
12. Ferrando, R., Jellinek, J., Johnston, R.L.: Nanoalloys: from theory to applications of alloy clusters and nanoparticles. Chem. Rev. 108, 845–910 (2008)
13. Hammer, B., Nørskov, J.K.: Theoretical surface science and catalysis—calculations and concepts. Adv. Catal. 45, 71–129 (2000)
14. Nørskov, J.K., Bligaard, T., Rossmeisl, J., Christensen, C.H.: Towards the computational design of solid catalysts. Nat. Chem. 1, 37–46 (2009)
15. Neurock, M.: Perspectives on the first principles elucidation and the design of active sites. J. Catal. 216, 73–88 (2003)
16. Reuter, K., Frenkel, D., Scheffler, M.: The steady state of heterogeneous catalysis studied by first-principles statistical mechanics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 116105-1-4 (2004)
17. Greeley, J., Mavrikakis, M.: Alloy catalysts designed from first principles. Nat. Mater. 3, 810–815 (2004)
18. Digne, M., Sautet, P., Raybaud, P., Euzen, P., Toulhoat, H.: Use of DFT to achieve a rational understanding of acid-basic properties of c-alumina surfaces. J. Catal. 226, 54–68 (2004)
19. Loffreda, D., Delbecq, F., Vigné, F., Sautet, P.: Fast prediction of selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis from extended Bronsted-Evans-Polanyi relations: a theoretical insight. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 8978–8980 (2009)
20. Kresse, G., Furthmüller, J.: Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B. 54, 11169–11186 (1996)
21. Rodriguez, J.A., Goodman, D.W.: The nature of the metal–metal bond in bimetallic surfaces. Science 257, 897–903 (1992)
22. Hammer, B., Morikawa, Y., Nørskov, J.K.: CO chemisorption at metal surfaces and overlayers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2141–2144 (1996)
23. Dahl, S., Logadottir, A., Egeberg, R.C., Larsen, J.H., Chorkendorff, I., Törnqvist, E., Nørskov, J.K.: Role of steps in N2 activation on Ru(0001). Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1814–1817 (1999)
24. Neurock, M., Pallassana, V., van Santen, R.A.: The importance of transient states at higher coverages in catalytic reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 1150–1153 (2000)
25. Cremer, P.S., Su, X., Shen, Y.R., Somorjai, G.A.: Ethylene hydrogenation on Pt(111) monitored in situ at high pressures using sum frequency generation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 2942–2949 (1996)
26. Nørskov, J.K., Bligaard, T., Logadottir, A., Bahn, S., Hansen, L.B., Bollinger, M., Bengaard, H., Hammer, B., Sljivancanin, Z., Mavrikakis, M., Xu, Y., Dahl, S., Jacobsen, C.J.H.: Universality in heterogeneous catalysis. J. Catal. 209, 275–278 (2002)
27. Harris, N.: Modern Vacuum Practice. Nigel Harris, England (2007)
28. Henry, C.R.: Surface studies of supported model catalysts. Surf. Sci. Rep. 31, 231–325 (1998)
29. Somorjai, G.A.: Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Catalysis. Wiley, New York (1994)
30. Piccolo, L.: Réactivité d’agrégats de palladium supportés sur MgO(100): adsorption du NO, réaction CO? NO et CO? O. Thesis, University of Marseille (1999)
31. Baümer, M., Freund, H.J.: Metal deposits on well-ordered oxide films. Prog. Surf. Sci. 61, 127–198 (1999)
32. Santra, A.K., Goodman, D.W.: Oxide-supported metal clusters: models for heterogeneous catalysts. J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 15, R31–R62 (2003)
33. Heiz, U., Schneider, W.D.: Nanoassembled model catalysts. J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 33, R85–R102 (2000)
34. Rousset, J.L., Renouprez, A.J., Cadrot, A.M.: Ion-scattering study and Monte Carlo simulations of surface segregation in Pd–Pt nanoclusters obtained by laser vaporization of bulk alloys. Phys. Rev. B. 58, 2150–2156 (1998)
35. Jürgens, B., Borchert, H., Ahrenstorf, K., Sonström, P., Pretorius, A., Schowalter, M., Gries, K., Zielasek, V., Rosenauer, A., Weller, H., Bäumer, M.: Colloidally prepared nanoparticles for the synthesis of structurally well-defined and highly active heterogeneous catalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 8946–8949 (2008)
36. Uzio, D., Berhault, G.: Factors governing the catalytic reactivity of metallic nanoparticles. Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng. 52, 106–131 (2010)
37. Kolasinski, K.W.: Surface science: foundations of catalysis and nanoscience. Wiley, Chichester (2008)
38. Molenbroek, A.M., Helveg, S., Topsøe, H., Clausen, B.S.: Nano-particles in heterogeneous catalysis. Top. Catal. 52, 1303–1311 (2009)
39. Rodriguez, J.A., Goodman, D.W.: High-pressure catalytic reactions over single-crystal metal surfaces. Surf. Sci. Rep. 14, 1–107 (1991)
40. Piccolo, L., Piednoir, A., Bertolini, J.: Pd–Au single-crystal surfaces: segregation properties and catalytic activity in the selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene. Surf. Sci. 592, 169– 181 (2005)
41. Rucker, T.G., Franck, K., Colomb, D., Logan, M.A., Somorjai, G.A.: Novel high-pressure isolation cell capable of reaching 120 atm mounted in an ultrahigh-vacuum chamber. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 2292–2294 (1987)
42. Wang, L., Tysoe, W.T.: An investigation of ethylene hydrogenation catalyzed by metallic molybdenum using an isolatable high-pressure reactor: Identification of the reaction site and the role of carbonaceous deposits. J. Catal. 128, 320–336 (1991)
43. Zhao, Z., Diemant, T., Häring, T., Rauscher, H., Behm, R.J.: Small-volume, ultrahigh-vacuum-compatible high-pressure reaction cell for combined kinetic and in situ IR spectroscopic measurements on planar model catalysts. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 123903-1-8 (2005)
44. Hendriksen, B.L.M., Frenken, J.W.M.: CO oxidation on Pt(110): scanning tunneling microscopy inside a high-pressure flow reactor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 046101-1-4 (2002)
45. Brongersma, H., Draxler, M., Deridder, M., Bauer, P.: Surface composition analysis by low-energy ion scattering. Surf. Sci. Rep. 62, 63–109 (2007)
46. Endo, M., Matsumoto, T., Kubota, J., Domen, K., Hirose, C.: Oxidation of methanol by molecularly adsorbed oxygen on Pt(111) under vacuum and ambient pressure conditions studied by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy: identification of formate intermediate. Surf. Sci. 441, L931–L937 (1999)
47. Jugnet, Y., Aires, F.J.C.S., Deranlot, C., Piccolo, L., Bertolini, J.C.: CO chemisorption on Au(1 1 0) investigated under elevated pressures by polarized reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. Surf. Sci. 521, L639–L644 (2002)
48. Rupprechter, G.: Sum Frequency generation and polarization-modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy of functioning model catalysts from ultrahigh vacuum to ambient pressure. Adv. Catal. 51, 133–263 (2007)
49. Vang, R.T., Lauritsen, J.V., Lægsgaard, E., Besenbacher, F.: Scanning tunneling microscopy as a tool to study catalytically relevant model systems. Chem. Soc. Rev. 37, 2191–2203 (2008)
50. Tao, F., Dag, S., Wang, L.-W., Liu, Z., Butcher, D.R., Bluhm, H., Salmeron, M., Somorjai, G.A.: Break-up of stepped platinum catalyst surfaces by high CO coverage. Science 327, 850–853 (2010)
51. Ackermann, M., Pedersen, T., Hendriksen, B., Robach, O., Bobaru, S., Popa, I., Quiros, C., Kim, H., Hammer, B., Ferrer, S., Frenken, J.: Structure and reactivity of surface oxides on Pt(110) during catalytic CO oxidation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 255505-1-4 (2005)
52. Saint-Lager, M.C., Jugnet, Y., Dolle, P., Piccolo, L., Baudoing-Savois, R., Bertolini, J.C., Bailly, A., Robach, O., Walker, C., Ferrer, S.: Pd8Ni92(110) surface structure from surface X-ray diffraction. Surface evolution under hydrogen and butadiene reactants at elevated pressure. Surf. Sci. 587, 229–235 (2005)
53. Salmeron, M., Schlögl, R.: Ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy: a new tool for surface science and nanotechnology. Surf. Sci. Rep. 63, 169–199 (2008)
54. Tao, F., Grass, M.E., Zhang, Y., Butcher, D.R., Renzas, J.R., Liu, Z., Chung, J.Y., Mun, B.S., Salmeron, M., Somorjai, G.A.: Reaction-driven restructuring of Rh–Pd and Pt–Pd core-shell nanoparticles. Science 322, 932–934 (2008)
55. Strongin, D.R., Carrazza, J., Bare, S.R., Somorjai, G.A.: The importance of C7 sites and surface roughness in the ammonia synthesis reaction over iron. J. Catal. 103, 213–215 (1987)
56. Freund, H.J., Baümer, M., Kuhlenbeck, H.: Catalysis and surface science: what do we learn from studies of oxide-supported cluster model systems? Adv. Catal. 45, 333–384 (2000)
57. Che, M., Bennett, C.O.: The influence of particle size on the catalytic properties of supported metals. Adv. Catal. 36, 55–172 (1989)
58. Henry, C.R., Chapon, C., Giorgio, S., Goyhenex, C.: Size effect in heterogeneous catalysis: a surface science approach. In: Lambert, R.M., Pacchioni, G. (eds.) Chemisorption and reactivity on supported clusters and thin films. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1997)
59. Van Santen, R.A.: Complementary structure sensitive and insensitive catalytic relationships. Acc. Chem. Res. 42, 57–66 (2009)
60. Heiz, U., Sanchez, A., Abbet, S., Schneider, W.D.: Catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide on monodispersed platinum clusters: each atom counts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 3214–3217 (1999)
61. Van Hardeveld, R., Hartog, F.: The statistics of surface atoms and surface sites on metal crystals. Surf. Sci. 15, 189–230 (1969)
62. Piccolo, L., Henry, C.R.: NO-CO reaction kinetics on Pd/MgO model catalysts: morphology and support effects. J. Mol. Catal. A. 167, 181–190 (2001)
63. Freund, H.J., Libuda, J., Baümer, M., Risse, T., Carlsson, A.: Cluster, facets, and edges: Site-dependent selective chemistry on model catalysts. Chem. Rec. 3, 181–200 (2003)
64. 3. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 10, 5504–5506 (2008)
65. Li, Y., Liu, Q., Shen, W.: Morphology-dependent nanocatalysis: metal particles. Dalton Trans. 40, 5811 (2011)
66. Kitakami, O., Sato, H., Shimada, Y., Sato, F., Tanaka, M.: Size effect on the crystal phase of cobalt fine particles. Phys. Rev. B. 56, 13849–13854 (1997)
67. Nørskov, J.K., Bligaard, T., Hvolbæk, B., Abild-Pedersen, F., Chorkendorff, I., Christensen, C.H.: The nature of the active site in heterogeneous metal catalysis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 37, 2163–2171 (2008)
68. Ertl, G.: Reactions at surfaces: from atoms to complexity (Nobel lecture). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 3524–3535 (2008)
69. Ertl, G.: Surface science and catalysis—studies on the mechanism of ammonia synthesis: the P. H. Emmett Award address. Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng. 21, 201–223 (1980)
70. Stoltze, P., Nørskov, J.K.: Bridging the ‘‘pressure gap’’ between ultrahigh-vacuum surface physics and high-pressure catalysis. Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2502–2505 (1985)
71. Honkala, K., Hellman, A., Remediakis, I.N., Logadottir, A., Carlsson, A., Dahl, S., Christensen, C.H., Nørskov, J.K.: Ammonia synthesis from first-principles calculations. Science 307, 555–558 (2005)
72. Haruta, M., Yamada, N., Kobayashi, T., Iijima, S.: Gold catalysts prepared by coprecipitation for low-temperature oxidation of hydrogen and of carbon monoxide. J. Catal. 115, 301–309 (1989)
73. Haruta, M.: Gold as a novel catalyst in the 21st century: preparation, working mechanism and applications. Gold. Bull. 37, 27–36 (2004)
74. Bond, G.C., Louis, C., Thompson, D.T.: Catalysis by Gold. Imperial College Press, London (2006)
75. Cho, A.: Connecting the dots to custom catalysts. Science 299, 1684–1685 (2003)
76. Hvolbæk, B., Janssens, T.V.W., Clausen, B.S., Falsig, H., Christensen, C.H., Nørskov, J.K.: Catalytic activity of Au nanoparticles. Nano Today 2, 14–18 (2007)
77. Chen, M.S., Goodman, D.W.: The Structure of catalytically active gold on titania. Science 306, 252–255 (2004)
78. Arrii, S., Morfin, F., Renouprez, A.J., Rousset, J.L.: Oxidation of CO on gold supported catalysts prepared by laser vaporization: direct evidence of support contribution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 1199–1205 (2004)
79. Molina, L.M., Hammer, B.: Some recent theoretical advances in the understanding of the catalytic activity of Au. Appl. Catal. A 291, 21–31 (2005)
80. Yoon, B., Häkkinen, H., Landman, U., Wörz, A.S., Antonietti, J.-M., Abbet, S., Judai, K., Heiz, U.: Charging effects on bonding and catalyzed oxidation of CO on Au8 clusters on MgO. Science 307, 403–407 (2005)
81. Lin, X., Yang, B., Benia, H.-M., Myrach, P., Yulikov, M., Aumer, A., Brown, M.A., Sterrer, M., Bondarchuk, O., Kieseritzky, E., Rocker, J., Risse, T., Gao, H.-J., Nilius, N., Freund, H.-J.: Charge-mediated adsorption behavior of CO on MgO-supported Au clusters. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 7745–7749 (2010)
82. Nassreddine, S., Massin, L., Aouine, M., Geantet, C., Piccolo, L.: Thiotolerant Ir/SiO2-Al2O3 bifunctional catalysts: Effect of metal-acid site balance on tetralin hydroconversion. J. Catal. 278, 253–265 (2011)
83. Pajonk, G.M.: Contribution of spillover effects to heterogeneous catalysis. Appl. Catal. A 202, 157–169 (2000)
84. Henry, C.R., Chapon, C., Duriez, C.: Precursor state in the chemisorption of CO on supported palladium clusters. J. Chem. Phys. 95, 700–705 (1991)
85. Libuda, J., Freund, H.J.: Molecular beam experiments on model catalysts. Surf. Sci. Rep. 57, 157–298 (2005)
86. Röttgen, M.A., Abbet, S., Judai, K., Antonietti, J.-M., Wörz, A.S., Arenz, M., Henry, C.R., Heiz, U.: Cluster chemistry: size-dependent reactivity induced by reverse spill-over. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 9635–9639 (2007)
87. Benkhaled, M., Descorme, C., Duprez, D., Morin, S., Thomazeau, C., Uzio, D.: Study of hydrogen surface mobility and hydrogenation reactions over alumina-supported palladium catalysts. Appl. Catal. A 346, 36–43 (2008)
88. Tauster, S.J., Fung, S.C., Garten, R.L.: Strong metal-support interactions. Group 8 noble metals supported on titanium dioxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 170–175 (1978)
89. 2(110): evidence for encapsulation. Surf. Sci. 339, 83–95 (1995)
90. 2(110). Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3646 (2000)
91. Haller, G.: New catalytic concepts from new materials: understanding catalysis from a fundamental perspective, past, present, and future. J. Catal. 216, 12–22 (2003)
92. Fu, Q., Wagner, T.: Interaction of nanostructured metal overlayers with oxide surfaces. Surf. Sci. Rep. 62, 431–498 (2007)
93. 4 (111). J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 10209–10213 (2008)
94. Graoui, H., Giorgio, S., Henry, C.R.: Shape variations of Pd particles under oxygen adsorption. Surf. Sci. 417, 350–360 (1998)
95. 2(110) during CO oxidation. J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 254–260 (2009)
96. Tao, F., Dag, S., Wang, L.-W., Liu, Z., Butcher, D.R., Salmeron, M., Somorjai, G.A.: Restructuring of hex-Pt(100) under CO gas environments: formation of 2-D nanoclusters. Nano Lett. 9, 2167–2171 (2009)
97. Peters, K.F., Steadman, P., Isern, H., Alvarez, J., Ferrer, S.: Elevated-pressure chemical reactivity of carbon monoxide over Au(111). Surf. Sci. 467, 10–22 (2000)
98. Loffreda, D., Piccolo, L., Sautet, P.: Surface restructuring under gas pressure from first principles: a mechanism for CO-induced removal of the Au(110)-(192) reconstruction. Phys. Rev. B. 71, 113414-1-4 (2005)
99. Madey, T.E., Chen, W., Wang, H., Kaghazchi, P., Jacob, T.: Nanoscale surface chemistry over faceted substrates: structure, reactivity and nanotemplates. Chem. Soc. Rev. 37, 2310– 2327 (2008)
100. Teschner, D., Borsodi, J., Wootsch, A., Revay, Z., Havecker, M., Knop-Gericke, A., Jackson, S.D., Schlogl, R.: The roles of subsurface carbon and hydrogen in palladium-catalyzed alkyne hydrogenation. Science 320, 86–89 (2008)
101. Sachtler, W.M.H., Dorgelo, G.J.H., Jongepier, R.: Phase composition and work function of vacuum-deposited copper-nickel alloy films. J. Catal. 4, 100–102 (1965)
102. Sachtler, W.M.H., Van Der Plank, P.: The role of individual surface atoms in chemisorption and catalysis by nickel-copper alloys. Surf. Sci. 18, 62–79 (1969)
103. Campbell, C.T.: Bimetallic surface chemistry. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 41, 775–837 (1990)
104. Rodriguez, J.A.: Physical and chemical properties of bimetallic surfaces. Surf. Sci. Rep. 24, 223–287 (1996)
105. Chen, J.G., Menning, C.A., Zellner, M.B.: Monolayer bimetallic surfaces: Experimental and theoretical studies of trends in electronic and chemical properties. Surf. Sci. Rep. 63, 201– 254 (2008)
106. Bertolini, J.-C.: Model catalysis by metals and alloys: from single-crystal surfaces to well-defined nano-particles. Catal. Today 138, 84–96 (2008)
107. 3-supported Pt, Pd, and Pd–Pt model catalysts obtained by laser vaporization of bulk metals. J. Catal. 197, 335–343 (2001)
108. Ormerod, R.M., Baddeley, C.J., Lambert, R.M.: Geometrical and electronic effects in the conversion of acetylene to benzene on Au(111)/Pd and Au/Pd surface alloys. Surf. Sci. 259, L709–L713 (1991)
109. Ponec, V.: Alloy catalysts: the concepts. Appl. Catal. A 222, 31–45 (2001)
110. Maroun, F., Ozanam, F., Magnussen, O.M., Behm, R.J.: The role of atomic ensembles in the reactivity of bimetallic electrocatalysts. Science 293, 1811–1814 (2001)
111. Chen, M., Kumar, D., Yi, C.W., Goodman, D.W.: The promotional effect of gold in catalysis by palladium-gold. Science 310, 291–293 (2005)
112. Vang, R.T., Honkala, K., Dahl, S., Vestergaard, E.K., Schnadt, J., Laegsgaard, E., Clausen, B.S., Nørskov, J.K., Besenbacher, F.: Controlling the catalytic bond-breaking selectivity of Ni surfaces by step blocking. Nat. Mater. 4, 160–162 (2005)
113. Stroppa, A., Mittendorfer, F., Andersen, J.N., Parteder, G., Allegretti, F., Surnev, S., Netzer, F.P.: Adsorption and dissociation of CO on bare and Ni-decorated stepped Rh(553) surfaces. J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 942–949 (2009)
114. Besenbacher, F., Chorkendorff, I., Clausen, B.S., Hammer, B., Molenbroek, A.M., Nørskov, J.K., Stensgaard, I.: Design of a surface alloy catalyst for steam reforming. Science 279, 1913–1915 (1998)
115. Weigand, P., Jelinek, B., Hofer, W., Varga, P.: Preferential sputtering and segregation reversal: (100) and (110) surfaces of Pt25Ni75 single crystal alloys. Surf. Sci. 301, 306–312 (1994)
116. Yudanov, I.V., Neyman, K.M.: Stabilization of Au at edges of bimetallic PdAu nanocrystallites. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 5094–5100 (2010)
117. Abbott, H.L., Aumer, A., Lei, Y., Asokan, C., Meyer, R.J., Sterrer, M., Shaikhutdinov, S., Freund, H.-J.: CO adsorption on monometallic and bimetallic Au-Pd nanoparticles supported on oxide thin films. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 17099–17104 (2010)
118. Stamenkovic, V.R., Fowler, B., Mun, B.S., Wang, G., Ross, P.N., Lucas, C.A., Marković, N.M.: Improved oxygen reduction activity on Pt3Ni(111) via increased surface site availability. Science 315, 493–497 (2007)
119. Stamenkovic, V.R., Mun, B.S., Arenz, M., Mayrhofer, K.J.J., Lucas, C.A., Wang, G., Ross, P.N., Markovic, N.M.: Trends in electrocatalysis on extended and nanoscale Pt-bimetallic alloy surfaces. Nat. Mater. 6, 241–247 (2007)
120. Wu, J., Zhang, J., Peng, Z., Yang, S., Wagner, F.T., Yang, H.: Truncated octahedral Pt3Ni oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 4984–4985 (2010)
121. Strasser, P., Koh, S., Anniyev, T., Greeley, J., More, K., Yu, C., Liu, Z., Kaya, S., Nordlund, D., Ogasawara, H., Toney, M.F., Nilsson, A.: Lattice-strain control of the activity in dealloyed core–shell fuel cell catalysts. Nat. Chem. 2, 454–460 (2010)
122. Kitchin, J.R., Nrskov, J.K., Barteau, M.A., Chen, J.G.: Role of strain and ligand effects in the modification of the electronic and chemical properties of bimetallic surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 156801-1-4 (2004)
123. Schlapka, A., Lischka, M., Groß, A., Käsberger, U., Jakob, P.: Surface strain versus substrate interaction in heteroepitaxial metal layers: Pt on Ru(0001). Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 016101-1-4 (2003)
124. Kibler, L.A., El-Aziz, A.M., Hoyer, R., Kolb, D.M.: Tuning reaction rates by lateral strain in a palladium monolayer. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 2080–2084 (2005)
125. Wang, J.X., Inada, H., Wu, L., Zhu, Y., Choi, Y., Liu, P., Zhou, W.-P., Adzic, R.R.: Oxygen reduction on well-defined core-shell nanocatalysts: particle size, facet, and Pt shell thickness effects. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 17298–17302 (2009)
126. Chen, S., Ferreira, P.J., Sheng, W., Yabuuchi, N., Allard, L.F., Shao-Horn, Y.: Enhanced activity for oxygen reduction reaction on ‘‘Pt3Co’’ nanoparticles: direct evidence of percolated and sandwich-segregation structures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 13818–13819 (2008)
127. Miura, H.: Preparation of supported bimetallic catalysts by means of selective deposition using mobile metal compounds as precursors. Catal. Today 28, 215–221 (1996)
128. Hugon, A., Delannoy, L., Krafft, J.-M., Louis, C.: Selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene in the presence of an excess of alkenes over supported bimetallic gold-palladium catalysts. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 10823–10835 (2010)
129. Jugnet, Y., Sedrati, R., Bertolini, J.: Selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene on Pt3Sn(111) alloys: comparison to Pt(111). J. Catal. 229, 252–258 (2005)
130. Zhao, H., Koel, B.E.: Hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene on two ordered Sn/Pt(111) surface alloys. J. Catal. 234, 24–32 (2005)
131. Vigné, F., Haubrich, J., Loffreda, D., Sautet, P., Delbecq, F.: Highly selective hydrogenation of butadiene on Pt/Sn alloy elucidated by first-principles calculations. J. Catal. 275, 129– 139 (2010)
132. Gonzalez, S., Neyman, K.M., Shaikhutdinov, S., Freund, H.-J., Illas, F.: On the promoting role of Ag in selective hydrogenation reactions over Pd–Ag bimetallic catalysts: a theoretical study. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 6852–6856 (2007)
133. Piccolo, L., Piednoir, A., Bertolini, J.: Absorption and oxidation of hydrogen at Pd and Pd– Au (111) surfaces. Surf. Sci. 600, 4211–4215 (2006)
134. Valcarcel, A., Morfin, F., Piccolo, L.: Alkene hydrogenation on metal surfaces: Why and when are Pd overlayers more efficient catalysts than bulk Pd? J. Catal. 263, 315–320 (2009)
135. Filhol, J.-S., Simon, D., Sautet, P.: Understanding the high activity of a nanostructured catalyst obtained by a deposit of Pd on Ni: first principle calculations. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 3228–3233 (2004)
136. Valcarcel, A., Loffreda, D., Delbecq, F., Piccolo, L.: Structure of the Pd8Ni92(110) catalytic surface from first principles. Phys. Rev. B. 76, 125406-1-7 (2007)
137. Andersson, K.J., Calle-Vallejo, F., Rossmeisl, J., Chorkendorff, I.: Adsorption-driven surface segregation of the less reactive alloy component. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 2404– 2407 (2009)
138. Mayrhofer, K.J.J., Juhart, V., Hartl, K., Hanzlik, M., Arenz, M.: Adsorbate-induced surface segregation for core-shell nanocatalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 3529–3531 (2009)
139. Mayrhofer, K.J.J., Hartl, K., Juhart, V., Arenz, M.: Degradation of carbon-supported Pt bimetallic nanoparticles by surface segregation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 16348–16349 (2009)
140. Papaefthimiou, V., Dintzer, T., Dupuis, V., Tamion, A., Tournus, F., Teschner, D., Hävecker, M., Knop-Gericke, A., Schlögl, R., Zafeiratos, S.: When a metastable oxide stabilizes at the nanoscale: wurtzite CoO formation upon dealloying of PtCo nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 900–904 (2011)
141. Zhou, S., Yin, H., Schwartz, V., Wu, Z., Mullins, D., Eichhorn, B., Overbury, S.H., Dai, S.: In situ phase separation of NiAu alloy nanoparticles for preparing highly active Au/NiO CO oxidation catalysts. ChemPhysChem 9, 2475–2479 (2008)
142. Hansgen, D.A., Vlachos, D.G., Chen, J.G.: Using first principles to predict bimetallic catalysts for the ammonia decomposition reaction. Nat. Chem. 2, 484–489 (2010)
143. Studt, F., Abild-Pedersen, F., Bligaard, T., Sorensen, R.Z., Christensen, C.H., Nørskov, J.K.: Identification of non-precious metal alloy catalysts for selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Science 320, 1320–1322 (2008)
144. Linic, S., Jankowiak, J., Barteau, M.A.: Selectivity driven design of bimetallic ethylene epoxidation catalysts from first principles. J. Catal. 224, 489–493 (2004)
145. Piccinin, S., Zafeiratos, S., Stampfl, C., Hansen, T.W., Hävecker, M., Teschner, D., Bukhtiyarov, V.I., Girgsdies, F., Knop-Gericke, A., Schlögl, R., Scheffler, M.: Alloy catalyst in a reactive environment: the example of Ag–Cu particles for ethylene epoxidation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 035503 (2010)
146. Nilekar, A.U., Alayoglu, S., Eichhorn, B., Mavrikakis, M.: Preferential CO oxidation in hydrogen: reactivity of core-shell nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 7418–7428 (2010)
147. Quinet, E., Piccolo, L., Morfin, F., Avenier, P., Diehl, F., Caps, V., Rousset, J.L.: On the mechanism of hydrogen-promoted gold-catalyzed CO oxidation. J. Catal. 268, 384–389 (2009)
148. Alayoglu, S., Nilekar, A.U., Mavrikakis, M., Eichhorn, B.: Ru–Pt core-shell nanoparticles for preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide in hydrogen. Nat. Mater. 7, 333–338 (2008)