Review of rat invasion biology

Science for Conservation

Volumn 2019-December, Issue , 2019, Pages

  Russell, J C ^a   Towns, D R ^b   Clout, M N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

^b DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Bait; Island biosecurity; New Zealand; Poison; R. norvegicus; R. rattus; Rattus exulans; Rodents; Swimming; Traps

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL INVASION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); RODENT; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SWIMMING; TOXIN;

NEW ZEALAND;

RATTUS; RATTUS EXULANS; RATTUS NORVEGICUS; RATTUS RATTUS; RODENTIA;

EID: 85118896779     PISSN: 11732946     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (228)

1. Abdelkrim, J.; Pascal, M.; Samadi, S. 2007: Establishing causes of eradication failure based on genetics: case study of ship rat eradication in Ste. Anne archipelago. Conservation Biology 21: 719–730.
2. Airey, A.T.; O’Connor, C.E. 2003: Consumption and efficacy of rodent baits to Norway rats. DOC Science Internal Series 148. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 9 p.
3. Alley, P. 2002: Mokoia rodent response—debrief notes. Department of Conservation, Rotorua, New Zealand (unpublished). 2 p.
4. Andersen, M.C.; Adams, H.; Hope, B.; Powell, M. 2004: Risk assessment for invasive species. Risk Analysis 24: 787–793.
5. Asquith, P. 2004: Moturoa Island predator status report 2004. Unpublished report. 4 p.
6. Atkinson, I.A.E. 1977: A reassessment of factors, particularly Rattus rattus L., that influenced the decline of endemic forest birds in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 31: 109–133.
7. Atkinson, I.A.E. 1985: The spread of commensal species of Rattus to oceanic islands and their effects on island avifaunas. Pp. 35–81 in Moors, P.J. (Ed): Conservation of island birds. International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication No. 3. ICBP, Cambridge, UK.
8. Atkinson, I.A.E. 1986: Rodents on New Zealand’s northern offshore islands: distribution, effects and precautions against further spread. Pp. 13–40 in Wright, A.E.; Beever, R.E. (Eds): The offshore islands of northern New Zealand. Department of Lands and Survey Information Series No. 16. Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington, New Zealand.
9. Atkinson, I.A.E.; Bell, B.D. 1973: Offshore and outlying islands. Pp. 372–392 in Williams, G.R. (Ed): The natural history of New Zealand: an ecological survey. Whitcoulls Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand.
10. Atkinson, I.A.E.; Taylor, R.H. 1991: Distribution of alien mammals on New Zealand islands. Contract report 91/50. DSIR Land Resources, Lower Hutt and Nelson, New Zealand.
11. Austin, O.L. 1948: Predation by the common rat (Rattus norvegicus) in the Cape Cod colonies of nesting terns. Bird-banding 19: 60–65.
12. Aviss, M. 2006: Mouse incident on Maud Island, bottom house compost bin. Department of Conservation, Picton, New Zealand (unpublished). 7 p.
13. Baker, M.A.; Horvath, S.M. 1964: Influence of water temperature on oxygen uptake by swimming rats. Journal of Applied Physiology 19: 1215–1218.
14. Baker, R.; Bodman, G.; Timm, R. 1994: Rodent-proof construction and exclusion methods. Pp. B-137– B-150 in Hygnstrom, S.; Timm, R.; Larson G. (Eds): Prevention and control of wildlife damage. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA.
15. Barnett, S.A. 1958: Experiments on neophobia in wild and laboratory rats. British Journal of Psychology 49: 195–201.
16. Bartell, S.M.; Nair, S.K. 2004: Establishment risk for invasive species. Risk Analysis 24: 833–845.
17. Bell, B.D. 1978: The Big South Cape Islands rat irruption. Pp. 33–45 in Dingwall, P.R.; Atkinson, I.A.E.; Hay, C. (Comps): The ecology and control of rodents in New Zealand nature reserves. Department of Lands and Survey Information Series No. 4. Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington, New Zealand.
18. Bell, B.D. 1989: The removal of problem animals from islands. Pp. 97–100 in Burbidge, A. (Ed): Australian and New Zealand islands: nature conservation values and management. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia.
19. Bester, M.N.; Bloomer, J.P.; van Aarde, R.J.; Erasmus, B.H.; van Rensburg, P.J.J.; Skinner, J.D.; Howell, P.G.; Naude, T.W. 2002: A review of the successful eradication of feral cats from sub-Antarctic Marion Island, Southern Indian Ocean. South African Journal of Wildlife Management 32: 65–73.
20. Beveridge, A.E.; Daniel, M.J. 1966: A field trial of a new rat poison, compound S-6999, on brown rats. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society 13: 40–42.
21. Blackburn, T.M.; Cassey, P.; Duncan, R.P.; Evans, K.L.; Gaston, K.J. 2004: Avian extinction and mammalian introductions on oceanic islands. Science 305: 1955–1958.
22. Blair, W.F. 1939: A swimming and diving meadow vole. Journal of Mammalogy 20: 375.
23. Booth, L.H.; Eason, C.T.; Spurr, E.B. 2001: Literature review of the acute toxicity and persistence of brodifacoum to invertebrates. Pp. 1–9 in: Literature review of the acute toxicity and persistence of brodifacoum to invertebrates and studies of residue risks to wildlife and people. Science for Conservation 177. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. vi + 23 p.
24. Boyle, C.M. 1960: Case of apparent resistance of Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout to anticoagulant poisons. Nature 188: 517.
25. Brakes, C.R.; Smith, R.H. 2005: Exposure of non-target small mammals to rodenticides: short-term effects, recovery and implications for secondary poisoning. Journal of Applied Ecology 42: 118–128.
26. Bramley, G.N.; Waas, J.R.; Henderson, H.V. 2000: Responses of wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) to predator odors. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26: 705–719.
27. Brigham, A.J.; Sibley, R.M. 1999: A review of the phenomenon of neophobia. Pp. 67–84 in Cowan, D.P.; Feare, C.J. (Eds): Advances in vertebrate pest management. Filander Verlag, Furth, Germany.
28. Brown, D. 1992: A rodent contingency plan in action—Maud Island. P. 37 in Veitch, C.R.; Fitzgerald, M.; Innes, J.; Murphy, E. (Comps): Proceedings of the national predator management workshop. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
29. Brown, J. 2005: Sniffing with precision: detection dogs push the limits of field-monitoring techniques. Conservation in Practice 6: 35–36.
30. Brown, K.P.; Moller, H.; Innes, J.; Alterio, N. 1996: Calibration of tunnel tracking rates to estimate relative abundance of ship rats (Rattus rattus) and mice (Mus musculus) in a New Zealand forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 20: 271–275.
31. Bruner, C.A.; Vargas, I. 1994: The activity of rats in a swimming situation as a function of water temperature. Physiology & Behavior 55: 21–28.
32. Burbidge, A.A. 2004: Montebello Renewal: Western Shield review—February 2003. Conservation Science Western Australia 5: 194–201.
33. Cacho, O.J.; Spring, D.; Pheloung, P.; Hester, S. 2006: Evaluating the feasibility of eradicating an invasion. Biological Invasions 8: 903–917.
34. Cameron, E.K. 1998: Bot Soc trips to the Noises (Hauraki Gulf) and an updated species list. Auckland Botanical Society Journal 53: 25–35.
35. Carter, J.L.; Merritt, J.F. 1981: Evaluation of swimming ability as a means of island invasion by small mammals in coastal Virginia, USA. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 50: 31–46.
36. Chappell, R. 2004: Motutapere Island rodent invasion 2004. Department of Conservation, Coromandel, New Zealand (unpublished). 3 p.
37. Chitty, D. 1942: A relative census method for brown rats (Rattus norvegicus). Nature 150: 59–60.
38. Chitty, D.; Southern, H.N. 1954: Control of rats and mice. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK. 305 p.
39. Clapperton, B.K. 2006: A review of the current knowledge of rodent behaviour in relation to control devices. Science for Conservation 263. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 55 p.
40. Clout, M.N.; Russell, J.C. 2006: The eradication of mammals from New Zealand islands. Pp. 127–141 in Koike, F.; Clout, M.N.; Kawamichi, M.; De Poorter, M.; Iwatsuki, K. (Eds): Proceedings of the international conference on assessment and control of biological invasion risks. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
41. Clout, M.N.; Russell, J.C. 2008: The invasion ecology of mammals: a global perspective. Wildlife Research 35: 180–184.
42. Cook, J. 2002: Pest surveillance of the Noises Islands, Hauraki Gulf. New Zealand School of Outdoor Studies, Auckland, New Zealand (unpublished).
43. Cooksley, I. 2002: Rodent droppings investigation report. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand (unpublished). 9 p.
44. Courchamp, F.; Chapuis, J.-L.; Pascal, M. 2003: Mammal invaders on islands: impact, control and control impact. Biological Reviews 78: 347–383.
45. Coutts, S. 2005: A stochastic computer simulation of island group colonisation by Rattus norvegicus in small near shore island systems: specifically Tia Island and the Boat Group. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 158 p.
46. Cowan, D.P.; Quy, R.J.; Lambert, M.S. 2003: Ecological perspectives on the management of commensal rodents. Pp. 433–439 in Singleton, G.R.; Hinds, L.A.; Krebs, C.J.; Spratt, D.M. (Eds): Rats, mice and people: rodent biology and management. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia.
47. Cowan, P.E. 1977: Neophobia and neophilia: new-object and new-place reactions of three Rattus species. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology 91: 63–71.
48. Cowan, P.E. 1983: Exploration in small mammals: ethology and ecology. Pp. 147–175 in Archer, J.; Birke, L.I.A. (Eds): Exploration in animals and humans. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, Berkshire, UK.
49. Cowan, P.E.; Barnett, S.A. 1975: The new-object and new-place reactions of Rattus rattus L. Zooloogical Journal of the Linnaean Society 56: 219–234.
50. Dagg, A.I.; Windsor, D.E. 1972: Swimming in northern terrestrial mammals. Canadian Journal of Zoology 50: 117–130.
51. Dall, S.R.X.; Houston, A.I.; McNamara, J.M. 2004: The behavioural ecology of personality: consistent individual differences from an adaptive perspective. Ecology Letters 7: 734–739.
52. Daniel, M.J. 1978: Population ecology of ship and Norway rats in New Zealand. Pp. 145–152 in Dingwall, P.R.; Atkinson, I.A.E.; Hay, C. (Comps): Ecology and control of rodents in New Zealand nature reserves. Department of Lands and Survey Information Series No 4. Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington, New Zealand.
53. Dawson, C.A.; Nadel, E.R.; Horvath, S.M. 1968: Cardiac output in the cold-stressed swimming rat. American Journal of Physiology 214: 320–325.
54. de Lange, P.J.; McFadden, I. 1995: Additions and comments on the flora and fauna of Motukahakaha Island, Hauraki Gulf, Auckland. Auckland Botanical Society Journal 50: 22–26.
55. Dexter, N.; Dowler R.C.; Flanagan, J.P.; Hart, S.; Revelez, M.A.; Lee Jr., T.E. 1980: The influence of feral cats Felis catus on the distribution and abundance of introduced and endemic Galápagos rodents. Pacific Conservation Biology 10: 210–215.
56. Dilks, P.J.; Dunn, E. 1978: Report on a visit to Campbell Island 1977–78, with recommendations on bird banding. Ecology Division, DSIR (unpublished).
57. Dilks, P.J.; Towns, D.R. 2002: Developing tools to detect and respond to rodent invasions of islands: workshop report and recommendations. DOC Science Internal Series 59. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 19 p.
58. DOC (Department of Conservation) 2006: Island biosecurity best practice manual. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand (unpublished). 40 p.
59. Donlan, C.J.; Howald, G.R.; Tershy, B.R.; Croll, D.A. 2003: Evaluating alternative rodenticides for island conservation: roof rat eradication from the San Jorge Islands, Mexico. Biological Conservation 114: 29–34.
60. Drake, J.M. 2004: Allee effects and the risk of biological invasion. Risk Analysis 24: 795–802.
61. Drever, M.C. 2004: Capture rates of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) in a seabird colony: a caveat for investigators. Northwestern Naturalist 85: 111–117.
62. Dumbell, G.S. 1998: Mokoia Island ecological management strategy—revised draft. Applied Ecology Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand (unpublished). 73 p.
63. Dumm, M.E.; Ralli, E.P. 1950: Influence of panethonic acid on the response of adrenalectomised and intact rats to stress. Federation (of American Societies for Experimental Biology) Proceedings 9: 34–35.
64. Eason, C.T.; Murphy, E.C.; Wright, G.R.G.; Spurr, E.B. 2002: Assessment of risks of brodifacoum to non-target birds and mammals in New Zealand. Ecotoxicology 11: 35–48.
65. Eason, C.T.; Spurr, E.B. 1995: Review of the toxicity and impacts of brodifacoum on non-target wildlife in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 22: 371–379.
66. Ecke, D.H. 1954: An invasion of Norway rats in southwest Georgia. Journal of Mammalogy 35: 521–525.
67. Efford, M.G.; Karl B.J.; Moller, H. 1988: Population ecology of Mus musculus on Mana Island, New Zealand. Journal of Zoology, London 216: 539–563.
68. Erickson, W.A.; Marsh, R.E.; Halvorson, W.L. 1990: A roof rat bait station that excludes deer mice. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18: 319–325.
69. Erickson, W.; Urban, D. 2004: Potential risks of nine rodenticides to birds and nontarget mammals: a comparative approach. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, USA. 225 p.
70. Erschoff, B.H. 1951: Beneficial effect of liver feeding on swimming capacity of rats in cold water. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 77: 488–491.
71. Esher, R.J.; Wolfe, J.L.; Layne, J.N. 1978: Swimming behavior of rice rats (Oryzomys palustris) and cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Journal of Mammalogy 59: 551–558.
72. Fisher, P. 2005: Review of house mouse (Mus musculus) susceptibility to anticoagulant poisons. DOC Science Internal Series 198. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 19 p.
73. Fisher, P.; O’Connor, C.; Wright, G.; Eason, C.T. 2003: Persistence of four anticoagulant rodenticides in the livers of laboratory rats. DOC Science Internal Series 139. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 19 p.
74. Forys, E.A.; Dueser, R.D. 1993: Inter-island movements of rice-rats (Oryzomys palustris). American Midland Naturalist 130: 408–412.
75. Galef Jr., B.G.; Buckley, L.L. 1993: Individual differences in responses of Norway rats to social induction of food preferences. Behavioural Processes 30: 309–316.
76. Galef Jr., B.G.; Buckley, L.L. 1996: Use of foraging trails by Norway rats. Animal Behaviour 51: 765–771.
77. Giannoni, S.M.; Borghi, C.E.; Martínez-Rica, J.P. 1994: Swimming ability of the Mediterranean pine vole Microtus (Terricola) duodecimcostatus. Acta Theriologica 39: 257–265.
78. Gliwicz, J. 1980: Island populations of rodents: their organisation and functioning. Biological Reviews 55: 109–138.
79. Granjon, L.; Cheylan, G. 1989: Le sort des rats noirs (Rattus rattus) introduits sur une île, tévélé par radio-tracking. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, série III 309: 571–575.
80. Gray, S.W. 1951: Respiratory movements of rat during drowning and influence of water temperature upon survival after submersion. American Journal of Physiology 167: 95–102.
81. Griffith, W.J. 1960: Responses of wild and domestic rats to forced swimming. Pschological Reports 6: 39–49.
82. Griffiths, R. 2006: Hauturu kiore eradication: post eradication target species monitoring and assessment of operational success. Department of Conservation, Warkworth, New Zealand (unpublished). 6 p.
83. Hamilton, B. 2004: Using colour to increase stoat (Mustela erminea) trap catch. DOC Science Internal Series 187. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 15 p.
84. Harper, G.A. 2005: Heavy rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) mast seeding and rat (Rattus spp.) population eruptions on Stewart Island/Rakiura. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 35: 155–162.
85. Harper, G.A. 2006: Habitat use by three rat species (Rattus spp.) on an island without other mammalian predators. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 30: 321–333.
86. Hindwood, K.A. 1940: The birds of Lord Howe Island. Emu 40: 1–86.
87. Hoare, J.M.; Hare, K.M. 2006: The impact of brodifacoum on non-target wildlife: gaps in knowledge. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 30: 157–167.
88. Hollands, N. 2002: Mokoia rat diary. Department of Conservation, Rotorua, New Zealand (unpublished). 3 p.
89. Howald, G.R; Donlan, C.J.; Galván, J.P.; Russell, J.C.; Parkes, J.; Samaniego, A.; Wang, Y.; Veitch, C.R.; Genovesi, P.; Pascal M.; Saunders, A.; Tershy B. 2007: Invasive rodent eradication on islands. Conservation Biology 21: 1258–1268.
90. Howald, G.R.; Faulkner, K.R.; Tershy, B.; Keitt, B.; Gellerman, H.; Creel, E.M.; Grinnell, M.; Ortega, S.T.; Croll, D.A. 2005: Eradication of black rats from Anacapa Island: biological and social considerations. Pp. 299–312 in Garcelon, D.K.; Schwemm, C.A. (Eds): Proceedings of the sixth California Islands symposium. Institute for Wildlife Studies, Arcata, USA.
91. Howald, G.R.; Mineau, P.; Elliott, J.E.; Cheng, K.M. 1999: Brodifacoum poisoning of avian scavengers during rat control on a seabird colony. Ecotoxicology 8: 431–447.
92. Howard, W.E. 1987: Rodent-free using permanent bait stations. Pp. 147–154 in Richards, C.G.J.; Ku, T.Y. (Eds): Control of mammal pests. Taylor & Francis, London, UK.
93. Hudson, L.W.; Davis, R.A. 1980: Discriminate functions to aid identification of faecal pellets of Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus. Journal of Stored Products Research 16: 103–104.
94. Inglis, I.R.; Shepherd, D.S.; Smith, P.; Haynes, P.J.; Bull, D.S.; Cowan, D.P.; Whitehead, D. 1996: Foraging behaviour of wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) towards new food and bait containers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 47: 175–190.
95. Innes, J. 1992: An introduction to rodents in New Zealand. Pp. 27–29 in Veitch, C.R.; Fitzgerald, M.; Innes, J.; Murphy, E. (Comps): Proceedings of the national predator management workshop. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
96. Innes, J.G. 2005: Norway rat. Pp. 174–187 in King, C.M. (Ed): The handbook of New Zealand mammals. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia.
97. Innes, J.G.; King, C.M.; Flux, M.; Kimberley, M.O. 2001: Population biology of the ship rat and Norway rat in Pureora Forest Park, 1983–1987. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27: 57–78.
98. Innes, J.G.; Skipworth, J.P. 1983: Home ranges of ship rats in a small New Zealand forest as revealed by trapping and tracking. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 10: 99–110.
99. Jackson, T.P.; van Aarde, R.J. 2003: Advances in vertebrate pest control: implications for the control of feral house mice on Marion Island. South African Journal of Science 99: 130–136.
100. Jackson, W.B. 1972: Biological and behavioural studies of rodents as a basis for control. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 47: 281–286.
101. Jackson, W.B.; Strecker, R.L. 1962: Ecological distribution and relative numbers. Pp. 45–63 in Storer, I.E. (Ed): Pacific Island rat ecology: report of a study made on Ponape and adjacent islands 1955–1958. Bulletin 225. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, USA.
102. Jansen, P. 1989: Rodent invasion plan. Miscellaneous Report No. 3. Department of Conservation, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. 14 p.
103. Johnson, D.H. 1962: Rodents and other micronesian mammals collected. Pp. 21–38 in Storer, I.E. (Ed): Pacific Island rat ecology: report of a study made on Ponape and adjacent islands 1955– 1958. Bulletin 225. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, USA.
104. Jones, H.P.; Tershy, B.R.; Zavaleta, E.S.; Croll, D.A.; Keitt, B.S.; Finkelstein, M.E.; Howald, G.R. 2008: Severity of the effects of invasive rat on seabirds: a global review. Conservation Biology 22: 16–26.
105. Kaukeinen, D.E. 1987: Evaluation of rodent bait station use under controlled conditions. Pp. 103–114 in Shumake, S.A.; Bullard, R.W. (Eds): Vertebrate pest control and management materials, 5th volume. ASTM STP 974. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, USA.
106. Kaukeinen, D.E. 1989: Rodent bait stations. Journal of Food Protection 52: 756–757.
107. King, C.M.; Edgar, R.L. 1977: Techniques for trapping and tracking stoats (Mustela erminea); a review, and a new system. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 4: 193–212.
108. King, C.M.; Martin, R.D.; McDonald, R.M.; Tempero, G.; Dekrout, A.; Holmes, S.; Stirnemann, M. 2005: Automated monitoring for detection of small mammal pests. Pp. 106–107 in Parkes, J; Statham, M; Edwards, G. (Comps): Proceedings of the 13th Australasian vertebrate pest conference. Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.
109. King, E. 2005: Results summary of the second rodent survey in the Eastern Bay of Islands. Department of Conservation, Kerikeri, New Zealand (unpublished). 7 p.
110. Koopman, B.O. 1957: The theory of search III: the optimum distribution of searching effort. The Journal of the Operations Research Society of America 5: 613–626.
111. Lander, R. 2004: Norway rat found on Mokoia Island. Department of Conservation, Rotorua, New Zealand (unpublished). 2 p.
112. Le Blanc, J.A. 1958: Effect of chlorpromazine on swimming time of rats at different temperatures. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 98: 648–650.
113. Lee, L.L. 1997: Effectiveness of live traps and snap traps in trapping small mammals in Kinmen. Acta Zoologica Taiwanica 8: 79–85.
114. Lee, M. 1997: Rat eradication programme Rotoroa Island—report. Auckland, New Zealand (unpublished). 3 p.
115. Lee, M. 1999: Biota of seven islets off Waiheke Island, Inner Hauraki Gulf. Tane 37: 99–136.
116. Leung, B.; Lodge, D.M.; Finnoff, D.; Shogren, J.F.; Lewis, M.A.; Lamberti, G. 2002: An ounce of prevention or a pound of cure: bioeconomic risk analysis of invasive species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269: 2407–2413.
117. Lindenmayer, D.B.; Incoll, R.D.; Cunningham, R.B.; Pope, M.L.; Donnelly, C.F.; MacGregor, C.I.; Tribolet, C.; Triggs, B.E. 1999: Comparison of hairtube types for the detection of mammals. Wildlife Research 26: 745–753.
118. Lord, R.D.; Vilches, A.M.; Maiztegui, J.I.; Soldini, C.A. 1970: The tracking board: a relative census technique for studying rodents. Journal of Mammalogy 51: 828–829.
119. Loukmas, J.J.; Mayack, D.T.; Richmond, M.E. 2003: Track plate enclosures: box designs affecting attractiveness to riparian mammals. American Midland Naturalist 149: 219–224.
120. Lund, M. 1988: Selection of baits and their distribution. Pp. 261–268 in Prakash, I. (Ed): Rodent pest management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
121. MacKay, J.W.B.; Russell, J.C. 2005a: Eradication of ship rats from Goat Island. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (unpublished). 13 p.
122. MacKay, J.W.B.; Russell, J.C. 2005b: Ship rat Rattus rattus eradication by trapping and poison-baiting on Goat Island, New Zealand. Conservation Evidence 2: 142–144.
123. Martin, J.L.; Thibault, J.C.; Bretagnolle, V. 2000: Black rats, island characteristics, colonial nesting birds in the Mediterranean: consequences of an ancient introduction. Conservation Biology 14: 1452–1466.
124. McArdle, W.D. 1967: Metabolic stress of endurance swimming in the laboratory rat. Journal of Applied Physiology 22: 50–54.
125. McArdle, W.D.; Montoye, H.J. 1966: Reliability of exhaustive swimming in the laboratory rat. Journal of Applied Physiology 21: 1431–1434.
126. McFadden, I. 1991: Rat invasion—Noises Islands. Department of Conservation, Auckland, New Zealand (unpublished). 3 p.
127. McMurtrie, P. 2006a: Rats on Resolution. Department of Conservation, Te Anau, New Zealand (unpublished). 3 p.
128. McMurtrie, P. 2006b: Resolution rat trip report. Department of Conservation, Te Anau, New Zealand (unpublished). 5 p.
129. McSweeney, G. 1984: Snares Islands need greater protection. Forest and Bird 15(2): 38.
130. Merton, D.; Climo, G.; Laboudallon, V.; Robert, S.; Mander, C. 2002: Alien mammal eradication and quarantine on inhabited islands in the Seychelles. Pp. 182–198 in Veitch, C.R.; Clout, M.N. (Eds): Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
131. Miskelly, C.M.; Fraser, J.R. 2006: Campbell Island snipe (Coenocorypha undescribed sp.) recolonise subantarctic Campbell Island following rat eradication. Notornis 53: 353–359.
132. Mitchell, D. 1976: Experiments on neophobia in wild and laboratory rats: a reevaluation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 90: 190–197.
133. Mitchell, D.; Beatty, E.T.; Cox, P.K. 1977: Behavioral differences between two populations of wild rats: implications for domestication research. Behavioral Biology 19: 206–216.
134. Møller, A.P. 1983: Damage by rats Rattus norvegicus to breeding birds on Danish islands. Biological Conservation 25: 5–18.
135. Moller, H.; Tilley, J.A.V. 1986: Rodents and their predators in the eastern Bay of Islands. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 13: 563–572.
136. Moors, P.J. 1981: Norway rat studies on the Noises Islands, and proposals for future rat research. New Zealand Wildlife Service, Auckland, New Zealand (unpublished). 7 p.
137. Moors, P.J. 1985: Eradication campaigns against Rattus norvegicus on the Noises Islands, New Zealand, using brodifacoum and 1080. Pp. 143–155 in Moors, P.J. (Ed): Conservation of island birds. International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication No. 3. ICBP, Cambridge, UK.
138. Moors, P.J. 1987: Norway rats on Motuhoropapa Island, Noises group, Hauraki Gulf. New Zealand Wildlife Service, Auckland, New Zealand (unpublished). 2 p.
139. Moors, P.J.; Atkinson, I.A.E.; Sherley, G.H. 1989: Prohibited immigrants: the rat threat to island conservation. World Wide Fund for Nature, Wellington, New Zealand. 32 p.
140. Moors, P.J.; Atkinson, I.A.E.; Sherley, G.H. 1992: Reducing the rat threat to island birds. Bird Conservation International 2: 93–114.
141. Morris, K.D. 2002: The eradication of the black rat (Rattus rattus) on Barrow and adjacent islands off the north-west coast of Western Australia. Pp. 219–225 in Veitch, C.R.; Clout, M.N. (Eds): Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
142. Morriss, G.A.; O’Connor, C.E.; Airey, A.T.; Fisher, P. 2008: Factors influencing acceptance and efficacy of toxic baits in ship rats, Norway rats and house mice. Science for Conservation 282. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 26 p.
143. Myers, J.H.; Simberloff, D.; Kuris, A.M.; Carey, J.R. 2000: Eradication revisited: dealing with exotic species. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15: 316–320.
144. Natynczuk, S.E.; Macdonald, D.W. 1994: Analysis of rat haunch odor using dynamic solvent effect and principal component analysis. Journal of Chemical Ecology 20: 1859–1866.
145. Navarrete, S.A.; Castilla, J.C. 1993: Predation by Norway rats in the intertidal zone of central Chile. Marine Ecology Progress Series 92: 187–199.
146. O’Connor, C.E.; Eason, C.T. 2000: Rodent baits and delivery systems for island protection. Science for Conservation 150. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 25 p.
147. O’Farrell, M.J.; Clark, W.A.; Emmerson, F.H.; Juarez, S.M.; Kay, F.R.; O’Farrell, T.M.; Goodlett, T.Y. 1994: Use of a mesh live trap for small mammals: are results from Sherman live traps deceptive? Journal of Mammalogy 75: 692–699.
148. Orueta, J.F.; Aranda, Y.; Gómez, T.; Tapia, G.G.; Sanchez-Mármol, L. 2005: Successful eradication of invasive rodents from a small island through pulsed baiting inside covered stations. Biological Invasions 7: 141–147.
149. Owen, K. 1992: Mokoia Island—rat sighting. Department of Conservation, Rotorua, New Zealand (unpublished). 1 p.
150. Owen, K. 1996: Mokoia Island rat sighting. Department of Conservation, Rotorua, New Zealand (unpublished). 1 p.
151. Parkes, J.; Ruscoe, W.; Fisher, P.; Thomas, B. 2004: Benefits, constraints, risks and costs of rodent control options on Lord Howe Island. Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand (unpublished). 46 p.
152. Pascal, M.; Brithmer, R.; Lorvelec, O.; Vénumière, N. 2004: Conséquences sur l’avifaune nicheuse de la réserve naturelle des îlets de Sainte-Anne (Martinique) de la récente invasion du rat noir (Rattus rattus), établies à l’issue d’une tentative d’éradication. Revue Écologie (Terre Vie) 59: 309–318.
153. Pascal, M.; Siorat, F.; Cosson, J.F.; Burin des Roziers, H. 1996: Éradication de populations insulaires de Surmulot Archipel des Sept-Îles-Archipel de Cancale: Bretagne, France. Vie et Milieu—Life and Environment 46: 267–283.
154. Pascal, M.; Siorat, F.; Lorvelec, O.; Yéson, P.; Simberloff, D. 2005: A pleasing consequence of Norway rat eradication: two shrew species recover. Diversity and Distributions 11: 193–198.
155. Pelz, H.-J.; Rost, S.; Hünerberg, M.; Fregin, A.; Heiberg, A.-C.; Baert, K.; MacNicoll, A.D.; Prescott, C.V.; Walker, A.-S.; Oldenburg, J.; Müller, C.R. 2005: The genetic basis of resistance to anticoagulants in rodents. Genetics 170: 1839–1847.
156. Phillips, R.B.; Harris, D.B.; Snell, H.L. 2007: Bait stations for detection and control of alien rats in the Galapagos. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 2736–2742.
157. Pitman, R.L.; Ballance, L.T.; Bost, C. 2005: Clipperton Island: pig sty, rat hole and booby prize. Marine Ornithology 33: 193–194.
158. Poutu, N.; Warburton, B. 2005: Potential killing effectiveness of Sturgeon rat/stoat trap. DOC Research & Development Series 203. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 7 p.
159. Price, E.O. 1977: Urine-marking and the response to fresh vs. aged urine in wild and domestic Norway rats. Journal of Chemical Ecology 3: 9–25.
160. Primus, T.; Wright, G.; Fisher, P. 2005: Accidental discharge of brodifacoum baits in a tidal marine environment: a case study. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 74: 913–919.
161. Puth, L.M.; Post, D.M. 2005: Studying invasion: have we missed the boat? Ecology Letters 8: 715–721.
162. Quy, R.J.; Cowan, D.P.; Prescott, C.V.; Gill, J.E.; Kerins, G.M.; Dunsford, G.; Jones, A.; MacNicoll, A.D. 1995: Control of a population of Norway rats resistant to anticoagulant rodenticides. Pesticide Science 45: 247–256.
163. Quy, R.J.; Cowan, D.P.; Swinney, T. 1993: Tracking as an activity index to measure gross changes in Norway rat populations. Wildlife Society Bulletin 21: 122–127.
164. Ratz, H. 1997: Identification of footprints of some small mammals. Mammalia 61: 431–441.
165. Richter, C.P. 1957: On the phenomenon of sudden death in animals and man. Psychosomatic Medecine 19: 191–198.
166. Roberts, M. 1991: Parasitological evidence for the presence of other rodent species on ‘kiore only’ islands. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 21: 349–356.
167. Robins, J.H.; Hingston, M.; Matisoo-Smith, E.; Ross, H.A. 2007: Identifying Rattus species using mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Ecology Notes 7: 719–729.
168. Roorda, M. 1981: No shore-leave for rats. Forest and Bird 13(12): 39–40.
169. Rulz, G.M.; Carlton, J.T.; Ruiz, G.M. 2003: Invasive species: vectors and management strategies. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA.
170. Russell, J.C. 2005: Introduced mammal survey of Haulashore Island and recommendations. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (unpublished). 4 p.
171. Russell, J.C. 2007: Invasion ecology of rats on New Zealand islands. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. 226 p.
172. Russell, J.C.; Abdelkrim, J.; Fewster, R.M. in press: Early colonisation population structure of a Norway rat invasion. Biological Invasions.
173. Russell, J.C.; Beaven, B.M.; MacKay, J.W.B.; Towns, D.R.; Clout, M.N. 2008: Testing island biosecurity systems for invasive rats. Wildlife Research 35: 215–221.
174. Russell, J.C.; Clout, M.N. 2004: Modelling the distribution and interaction of introduced rodents on New Zealand offshore islands. Global Ecology & Biogeography 13: 497–507.
175. Russell, J.C.; Clout, M.N. 2005: Rodent incursions on New Zealand islands. Pp. 324–330 in Parkes, J.; Statham, M.; Edwards, G. (Comps): Proceedings of the 13th Australasian vertebrate pest conference. Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.
176. Russell, J.C.; Clout, M.N.; Towns, D.R. 2007a: Early detection and eradication of invading rats. Pp. 268–272 in Witmer, G.W.; Pitt, W.C.; Fagerstone, K.A. (Eds): Managing vertebrate invasive species: proceedings of an international symposium. USDA/APHIS/WS, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, USA.
177. Russell, J.C.; MacKay, J.W.B. 2005: Ship rat reinvasion of Tawhitinui Island. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (unpublished). 10 p.
178. Russell, J.C.; McArdle, B.H.; Clout, M.N. 2004: Island biogeography and the species richness of inroduced mammals on New Zealand offshore islands. Journal of Biogeography 31: 653–664.
179. Russell, J.C.; Miller, S.D.; MacInnes, H.E.; Fewster, R.M. 2007b: Genetic fingerprinting of rats from Pearl Island. University of Auckland, Auckland (unpublished). 16 p.
180. Russell, J.C.; Towns, D.R.; Anderson, S.H.; Clout, M.N. 2005: Intercepting the first rat ashore. Nature 437: 1107.
181. Schmidly, D.J.; Packard, R.L. 1967: Swimming ability in pocket mice. Southwest Naturalist 12: 480–482.
182. Selvaraj, R.; Archunan, G. 2002: Chemical identification and bioactivity of rat (Rattus rattus) urinary compounds. Zoological Studies 41: 127–135.
183. Smith, D.A.; Ralls, K.; Davenport, B.; Adams, B.; Maldonado, J.E. 2001: Canine assistants for conservationists. Science 291: 435.
184. Smith, D.A.; Ralls, K.; Hurt, A.; Adams, B.; Parker, M.; Davenport, B.; Smith, M.C.; Maldonado, J.E. 2003: Detection and accuracy rates of dogs trained to find scats of San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica). Animal Conservation 6: 339–346.
185. Smith, D.G.; Shiinoki, E.K.; Vanderwerf, E.A. 2006: Recovery of native species following rat eradication on Mokoli’i Island, O’ahu, Hawai’i. Pacific Science 60: 299–303.
186. Sowls, A.L.; Byrd, G.V. 2002: Preventing rat introductions to the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, USA. P. 413 in Veitch, C.R.; Clout, M.N. (Eds): Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
187. Spennemann, D.H.R. 1997: Distribution of rat species (Rattus spp.) on the atolls of the Marshall Islands: past and present dispersal. Atoll Research Bulletin 446: 1–18.
188. Spennemann, D.H.R.; Rapp, G. 1987: Swimming capabilities of the black rat (Rattus rattus) in tropical lagoonal waters in Tonga. Alafua Agricultural Bulletin (Western Samoa) 12: 17–19.
189. Spennemann, D.H.R.; Rapp, G. 1989: Can rats colonise oceanic islands unaided? An assessment and review of the swimming capabilities of the genus Rattus with particular reference to tropical waters. Zoologische Abhandlungen 45: 81–91.
190. Spurr, E.B.; Morriss, G.A.; Turner, J.; O’Connor, C.E.; Fisher, P. 2007: Bait station preferences of ship rats. DOC Research & Development Series 271. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 21 p.
191. Spurr, E.B.; O’Connor, C.E.; Morriss, G.A.; Turner, J. 2006: Bait station preferences of Norway rats. DOC Research & Development Series 255. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 18 p.
192. Stock, A.D. 1972: Swimming ability in kangaroo rats. Southwest Naturalist 17: 98–99.
193. Stone, L.D. 1975: Theory of optimal search. Academic Press, New York, USA. 260 p.
194. Suckling, G.C. 1978: A hair sampling tube for the detection of small mammals in trees. Australian Wildlife Research 5: 249–252.
195. Sykes, W.R.; West, C.J.; Beever, R.E.; Fife, A.J. 2000: Kermadec Islands flora—special edition. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand. 259 p.
196. Tan, E.M.; Hanson, M.E.; Richter, C.P. 1954: Swimming time of rats with relation to water temperature. Federation (of American Societies for Experimental Biology) Proceedings 13: 151–152.
197. Taylor, D.P. 1984: The identification and detection of the rats in New Zealand and the eradication of ship rats on Tawhitinui Island. Unpublished diploma dissertation thesis, Lincoln College, Lincoln, New Zealand. 73 p.
198. Taylor, G.A. 1986: The ecology of Norway rats on Campbell Island. Ecology Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lower Hutt, New Zealand (unpublished). 169 p.
199. Taylor, G.A.S. 1989: A register of northern offshore islands and a management strategy for island resources. Northern Region Technical Report Series 13. Department of Conservation. 126 p.
200. Taylor, R.H. 1975: What limits kiore (Rattus exulans) distribution in New Zealand? New Zealand Journal of Zoology 2(4): 473–477.
201. Taylor, R.H. 1978: Distribution and interactions of rodent species in New Zealand. Pp. 135–143 in Dingwall, P.R.; Atkinson, I.A.E.; Hay, C. (Comps): The ecology and control of rodents in New Zealand nature reserves. Department of Lands and Survey Information Series No. 4. Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington, New Zealand.
202. Taylor, R.H. 1984: Distribution and interactions of introduced rodents and carnivores in New Zealand. Acta Zoologica Fennica 172: 103–105.
203. Taylor, R.H.; Chadderton, L.; Thomas, B.W. 1999: An eradication campaign against Norway rats on Ulva Island; and trial of the ‘rolling front’ technique. Department of Conservation, Invercargill, New Zealand (unpublished).
204. Taylor, R.H.; Thomas, B.W. 1993: Rats eradicated from rugged Breaksea Island (170 ha), Fiordland, New Zealand. Biological Conservation 65: 191–198.
205. Telle, H.J. 1966: Beitrag zur kenntnis der verhaltensweise von ratten, vergleichend dargestellt bei Rattus norvegicus und Rattus rattus. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Zoologie 53: 129–196. (Available in English as Technical Translation 1608, Translation Section, National Science Library, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.)
206. Thomas, B.W.; Taylor, R.H. 2002: A history of ground-based rodent eradication techniques developed in New Zealand, 1959–1993. Pp. 301–310 in Veitch, C.R.; Clout, M.N. (Eds): Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
207. Thomas, M.D.; Brown, J.A.; Henderson, R.J. 1999: Feasibility of using wax blocks to measure rat and possum abundance in native forest. Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 52: 125–129.
208. Thorsen, M.; Shorten, R.; Lucking, R.; Lucking, V. 2000: Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) on Frégate Island, Seychelles: the invasion; subsequent eradication attempts and implications for the island’s fauna. Biological Conservation 96: 133–138.
209. Towns, D.R.; Atkinson, I.A.E.; Daugherty, C.H. 2006: Have the harmful effects of introduced rats on islands been exaggerated? Biological Invasions 8: 863–891.
210. Towns, D.R.; Broome, K.G. 2003: From small Maria to massive Campbell: forty years of rat eradications from New Zealand islands. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 30: 377–398.
211. Veitch, C.R. 2002: Eradication of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and house mouse (Mus musculus) from Motuihe Island, New Zealand. Pp. 353–356 in Veitch, C.R.; Clout, M.N. (Eds): Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
212. Veitch, C.R.; Bell, B.D. 1990: Eradication of introduced animals from the islands of New Zealand. Pp. 137–146 in Towns, D.R.; Daugherty, C.H.; Atkinson, I.A.E. (Eds): Ecological restoration of New Zealand islands. Conservation Sciences Publication No. 2. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
213. Wace, N.M. 1986: The rat problem on oceanic islands—research is needed. Oryx 20: 79–86.
214. Waite, E.R. 1909: Vertebrata of the subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. In Chilton, C. (Ed): The subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, Wellington, New Zealand.
215. Ward, S. 2000: Mouse report, Comalco Lodge, Maud Island, June/July/August 2000. Department of Conservation, Picton, New Zealand (unpublished). 1 p.
216. Ward, S. 2005: Rats on Tawhitinui Island. Department of Conservation, Picton, New Zealand (unpublished). 2 p.
217. Watson, J.S. 1961: Mammals. Pp. 132–135 in Hamilton, W.S. (Ed): Little Barrier Island (Hauturu). 2nd. ed. Bulletin 137. N.Z Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
218. Weihong, J.; Veitch, C.R.; Craig, J.L. 1999: An evaluation of the efficiency of rodent trapping methods: the effect of trap arrangement, cover type, and bait. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 23: 45–52.
219. Whisson, D.A.; Engeman, R.M.; Collins, K. 2005: Developing relative abundance techniques (RATs) for monitoring rodent populations. Wildlife Research 32: 239–244.
220. Whitaker, A.H. 1974: Report on a visit to the Mokohinau Islands, Hauraki Gulf, 20 November to 4 December 1973. Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington, New Zealand (unpublished).
221. Wiener, J.G.; Smith, M.H. 1972: Relative efficiencies of four small mammal traps. Journal of Mammalogy 53: 868–873.
222. Williams, D. 1997: Rat sighting Mokoia Island. Department of Conservation, Rotorua, New Zealand (unpublished). 2 p.
223. Wilmshurst, J.M.; Higham, T.F.G. 2004: Using rat-gnawed seeds to independently date the arrival of Pacific rats and humans in New Zealand. The Holocene 14: 801–806.
224. Wilson, G. 2003: Unpublished file notes on the eradication of Norway rats from The Noises. Department of Conservation, Auckland, New Zealand (unpublished).
225. Wittenberg, R.; Cock, M.J.W. 2001: Invasive alien species: a toolkit of best prevention and management practices. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 228 p.
226. Woodman, N.; Timm, R.M.; Slade, N.A.; Doonan, T.J. 1996: Comparison of traps and baits for censusing small mammals in neotropical lowlands. Journal of Mammalogy 77: 274–281.
227. Yuan, G.; Russell, J.; Klette, R.; Rosenhahn, B.; Stones-Havas, S. 2005: Understanding tracks of different species of rats. Pp. 493–499 in McCane, B. (Comp.): Proceedings of image and vision computing New Zealand 2005. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
228. Zimmerman, M.L.; Friedman, S.L. 2000: Identification of rodent filth exhibits. Journal of Food Science 65: 1391–1394.