The Non-Aligned Movement and the Reform of International Relations

Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law

Volumn 11, Issue , 2007, Pages 1-46

  Strydom, Hennie ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 85115497216     PISSN: 13894633     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1163/18757413-90000002     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. P. Willetts, The Non-Aligned Movement: The Origins of a Third World Alliance, 1978.
2. E. Agaev/ S. Krylov, "Non-Aligned Movement: 116 Nations", Int'l Aff. 52 (2006) 46
3. A. Orlov, "The Non-Aligned Movement: 40 Years After", Int'l Aff. 48 (2002), 49
4. K. Tassin, "Lift Up Your Head My Brother: Nationalism and the Genesis of the Non-Aligned Movement", Journal of Third World Studies 23 (2006), 147 et seq.
5. See also J. Graham, "The Non-Aligned Movement after the Havana Summit", Journal of International Affairs 34 (1980), 152 et seq.
6. In September 2006, when the 14th Non-Aligned Summit took place in Havana, Cuba, the Russian President, Vladimir Putin, with immoderate aspirations, stated that Russia and NAM were "united in responsibility for the world's destination" and the "desire to counteract confrontations and support cooperation", Statement accessible at .
7. During the 2006 Havana Summit, UN Secretary- General Kofi Annan also described the movement's collective mission as more relevant than ever in view of the growing divide between rich and poor countries, Doc. SG/SM/10636 of 15 September 2006.
8. H.J. van Eikema Hommes, Major Trends in the History of Legal Philosophy, 1979, 276.
9. Department of Foreign Affairs South Africa, Basic Documents of the XII. Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement, Durban, 1998, 6, 7.
10. Cf. for instance the Political Declaration adopted during the 6th Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries in Havana, Cuba, 3-9 September 1979, reprinted in: P Willets, The Non-Aligned in Havana, 1981, 78-86.
11. Final Document of the Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 27-30 May 2006, para. 15.
12. Cf. Final Document of the XIII. Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement, Kuala Lumpur, 24-25 February 2003, para. 20.
13. Final Document of the Kuala Lumpur Summit, see note 9, para. 1.
14. Declaration accessible at .
15. See Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, 2001.
16. Final Document of the XIV. Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement, Durban, South Africa 17-19 August 2004, paras 6, 8.
17. H. Strydom, "Peace and Security under the African Union", South African Yearbook of International Law 28 (2003), 59 et seq. (70)
18. High-level Panel Report on Threats, Challenges and Change, 2004, Doc. A/59/565 para.
19. See Executive Council, 7th Extraordinary Session, 7-8 March 2005, Doc. Ext/Ex.CL/2 (VII) 6.
20. Final Document of the 14th Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement, Havana, Cuba, 11-16 September 2006, Nam 2006/Doc.1/Rev. 3, para. 22.3.
21. D. Rauschning, "Das Ende des Treuhandsystems der Vereinten Nationen durch die Staatwerdung der ihm unterstellten Gebiete", Jahrbuch für internationals Recht 12 (1965), 158 et seq. (176 et seq.).
22. C. Clapham, "The Challenge of the State in a Globalised World, " Development and Change 5 (2002), 775
23. R.H. Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World, 1993, 17.
24. Cf. F. Fukuyama, State-Building, Governance and World Order in the 21st Century, 2004, 96.
25. See the Final Document of the 11th Summit of the Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-20 October 1995, 6.
26. See for instance M. Pugh/ N. Cooper, War Economies in a Regional Context, 2004, 19.
27. A.D. Rotfeld, "Rethinking the Contemporary Security System", SIPRI Yearbook 30 (1999), 1
28. A. Karp, "The Arms Trade Revolution: The Major Impact of Small Arms", in: B. Roberts (ed.), Weapons Proliferation in the 1990's, 1995, 7.
29. See T.N. Dupuy/ G.M. Hammerman (eds), A Documentary History of Arms Control and Disarmament, 1973, 78, 79.
30. R.F. Gorman, Great Debates at the United Nations: An Encyclopedia of Fifty Key Issues 1945-2000, 2001, 39.
31. On international control and management see inter alia A/RES/1 (I) of 24 January 1946 and S/RES/20 (1947) of 10 March 1947.
32. See "Conference on Disarmament Opens 2007 Session" and "Secretary- General's Message to the 2007 Session of the Conference on Disarmament" at .
33. Basic Documents of the 11th Summit of Heads of State or Government, see note 20, para. 82.
34. Final Document of the XIII. Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement, Cartagena, 8-9 April 2000, para. 72.
35. Basic Documents of the XII. Summit, see note 5, 48 para. 120
36. Final Document of the 14th Conference, see note 16, para. 94.
37. H. Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, 1961, 98.
38. Basic Documents of the 11th Summit, see note 30, para. 102
39. Basic Documents of the XII. Summit, see note 5, para. 130.
40. Basic Documents of the 11th Summit, see note 30, para. 102.
41. Final Document of the 14th Conference, see note 16, para. 107, 108.
42. Basic Documents of the XII. Summit, see note 5, para. 142.
43. Final Document of the 14th Conference, see note 16, para. 75.
44. Cf. N. Florquin, "The Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons", IIAS Newsletter 42 (2006), 10.
45. See UN Press Release Doc. SG/SM/10558 of 10 July 2006.
46. Final Document of the 14th Conference, see note 16, para. 109.
47. Pugh/ Cooper, see above. See also P. Collier/ A. Hoeffler, "On Economic Causes of Civil War", in: T. Sandler/ K. Hartley (eds), The Economics of Conflict, Volume 1, 2003, 529.
48. M. Sollenberg/ P. Wallenstein/ A. Jato, "Major Armed Conflicts", SIPRI Yearbook 30 (1999), 15
49. J.C. Owens, "Government Failure in Sub-Saharan Africa: The International Community's Options", Va. J. Int'l L. J. 44 (2003), 1003 et seq. (1027, 1028).
50. See also S. Lodgaard, "Small Arms and Internal Conflicts: Disarmament in the Framework of UN Peace Operations", in: D Bourantonis/ M. Evriviades (eds), A United Nations for the Twenty-First Century: Peace, Security and Development, 1996, 259
51. N. Cooper, "State Collapse as Business: The Role of Conflict Trade and the Emerging Control Agenda", Development and Change 33 (2002), 941.
52. Final Document of the 14th Conference, see note 16, para. 38.2 51 Ibid., para. 38.3.
53. Basic Documents of the XII. Summit, see note 5, 28.
54. Secretary-General Report Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform Doc. A/51/950 of 14 July 1997.
55. Basic Documents of the XII. Summit, see note 5, 28.
56. Final Document of the 14th Conference, see note 16, paras 40, 42.
57. See A/RES/377 (V) 1950 of 3 November 1950.
58. Final Document of the 14th Conference, see note 16, para. 44-45.8.
59. Doc. A/59/2005 of 21 March 2005, para. 159.
60. Report of the Secretary-General's High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, see note 15, paras 35, 36.
61. For an historical overview see D. Bourantonis, The History and Politics of UN Security Council Reform, 2005, 12 et seq. See also in this respect I.
62. Winkelmann, "Bringing the Security Council into a new Area", in: J.A. Frowein/ R. Wolfrum (eds), Max Planck UNYB 1 (1997), 35 et seq.
63. A/RES/47/62 of 11 December 1992, para. 1.
64. Bourantonis, see note 63, 56.
65. On this debate see also Y.Z. Blum, "Proposals for UN Security Council Reform", AJIL 99 (2005), 632 et seq. (634).
66. Bourantonis, see note 63, 56, 57, 61.
67. B. Fassbender, "All Illusions Shattered? Looking Back on a Decade of Failed Attempts to Reform the UN Security Council", in: A. von Bogdandy/ R. Wolfrum (eds), Max Planck UNYB 7 (2003), 183 et seq. (211).
68. Bourantonis, see note 63, 62; Fassbender, see note 70, 212, 213.
69. Darrow, "Directions in Security Council Reform", Austr. Yb. Int'l L. 16 (1995), 285 et seq. (304 et seq.).
70. A/RES/53/30 of 23 November 1998.
71. Fassbender, see note 70, 216.
72. Doc. A/57/387 of 9 September 2002, paras 2, 20.
73. For a detailed analysis of the models put forward by the Panel, cf. Blum, see note 67, 640 et seq.
74. High-level Panel Report, see note 15, para. 250.
75. Final Document of the 14th Conference, see note 16, paras 49.1-49.2, 49.6 88 Ibid., para. 49.3.
76. Secretary-General of the United Nations, We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century, 2000, 43, Doc. A/60/L.1 of 15 September 2005.
77. High-level Panel Report, see note 15, para. 81.
78. Final Document of the 14th Conference, see note 16, para. 49.6.
79. Certain Expenses of the United Nations, ICJ Reports 1962, 151 et seq.
80. In terms of Article 12 para.1 the General Assembly cannot make any recommendations in respect of a dispute or situation with regard to which the Security Council is exercising its functions assigned to it in terms of the Charter.
81. See for instance K. Hailbronner/ E. Klein, "Functions and Powers", in: B. Simma et al. (eds), The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume 1, 2002, 257 et seq. (292, 293).
82. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, ICJ Reports 2004, 136 et seq.
83. A/RES/ES-10/2 of 5 May 1997.
84. See A/RES/ES-10/13 of 27 October 2003
85. A/RES/ES-10/14 of 12 December 2003.
86. M. Cowling, "The Relationship between the Security Council and the General Assembly with particular reference to the ICJ Advisory Opinion in the 'Israeli Wall' Case", South African Yearbook of International Law 30 (2005), 50 et seq.
87. The opening sentence of A/RES/377 A (V) of 1950, see note 57, reads as follows: "The General Assembly resolves that if the Security Council, because of a lack of unanimity of the permanent members, fails to exercise its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security...".
88. Hailbronner/ Klein, see note 98, 291.
89. Cowling, see note 104, 78.
90. See A/RES/60/251 of 15 March 2006, para. 1.
91. High-level Panel Report, see note 15, 283.
92. See A/RES/60/251, see note 109, preamble para. 6.
93. Doc. A/C.3/61/L.31 Revision 1 adopted on 14 November 2006 during the 61st session of the Third Committee.
94. Doc. A/C.3/61/L.31, 61st session of the Third Commission, 2 November 2006, para. 4.
95. Plan of Action of the Non-Aligned Movement (2006-2009) 14th Conference, see note 16, NAM/2006/Doc.17 para. 235.5.
96. Final Document of the 14th Conference, see note 16, para. 14.13.
97. Doc. A/61/PV.81 of 19 December 2006, 13, 14.
98. See A/RES/61/160 and A/RES/61/166 of 19 December 2006.
99. A/RES/61/175 of 19 December 2006.
100. Article 55 of the UN Charter and Article 3(1).
101. Cf. J. Müller (ed.), Reforming the United Nations, Volume IV (2001), 14.
102. Report reprinted in Müller, see above, Volume I (1997) under III.9/28, 29.
103. M. Bertrand, "A new North/South Dialogue", International Relations 9 (1987/89), 244 et seq. (247, 246).
104. World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) Report of 20 March 1987 reprinted in: Müller, see note 128, Volume II (1997), III.16/1.
105. See also C. Tinker, "Environmental Security: Finding the Balance", in: W.A. Knight (ed.), Adapting the United Nations to a Post-Modern Era, 2001, 202.
106. Final Document of the 11th Summit, see note 20, para. 216.
107. Final Document of the 14th Conference, see note 16, para. 195.
108. Statement adopted by the Special Ministerial Meeting of the Group of 77, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 29 May 2006, paras 1, 3 accessible at .
109. See also Final Document of the 14th Conference, see note 16, paras 195, 197, 199.
110. Doha Plan of Action, South-South Summit, Doha, Qatar 12-16 June 2005, Doc. G-77/SS/2005/2, 3.
111. Cf. Final Document of the 14th Conference, see note 16, para 214.
112. A. Aly (ed.), Economic Cooperation in Africa: In Search of Direction, 1994, 1.
113. I.V. Gruhn, Regionalism Reconsidered: The Economic Commission for Africa, 1979, 5.
114. S. Asante, The Political Economy of Regionalism in Africa, 1985, 28.
115. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ed.), Assessing Regional Integration in Africa II, 2006 at xvi et seq., accessible at .
116. See also G. Sørensen, Changes in Statehood: The Transformation of International Relations, 2001, 105.
117. A/RES/61/39 of 4 December 2006, preamble