Superior Working Memory in Experts

The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2018, Pages 696-713

  Ericsson, K Anders ^a  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85105627640     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/9781316480748.036     Document Type: Chapter

References (112)

1. Allard, F., & Burnett, N. (1985). Skill in sport. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 39, 294-312.
2. Allard, F., Graham, S., & Paarsalu, M. E. (1980). Perception in sport: Basketball. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2, 14-21.
3. Bellezza, F. S., & Buck, D. K. (1988). Expert knowledge as mnemonic cues. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2, 147-162.
4. Binet, A. (1894). Psychologie des grands calculateurs et joueurs d’echecs (The psychology of great calculators and chess players). Paris: Librairie Hachette.
5. Bourgeaud, P., & Abernethy, B. (1987). Skilled perception in volleyball defense. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 400-406.
6. Burgoyne, A. P., Sala, G., Gobet, F., Macnamara, B. N., Campitelli, G., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2016). The relationship between cognitive ability and chess skill: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Intelligence, 59, 72-83.
7. Chabris, C. F., & Hearst, E. S. (2003). Visualization, pattern recognition, and forward search: Effects of playing speed and sight of the position on grandmaster chess errors. Cognitive Science, 27, 637-648.
8. Charness, N. (1976). Memory for chess positions: Resistance to interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 641-653
9. Charness, N. (1979). Components of skill in bridge. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 33, 1-16.
10. Charness, N. (1981). Search in chess: Age and skill differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7, 467-476.
11. Charness, N., Tuffiash, M., Krampe, R., Reingold, E., & Vasyukova, E. (2005). The role of deliberate practice in chess expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 151-165.
12. Chase, W. G., & Ericsson, K. A. (1981). Skilled memory. In J. R. Anderson (ed.), Cognitive skills and their acquisition (pp. 141-189). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Chase, W. G., & Ericsson, K. A. (1982). Skill and working memory. In G. Bower (ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 16, pp. 1-58). New York: Academic Press.
14. Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). The mind’s eye in chess. In W. G. Chase (ed.), Visual information processing (pp. 215-281). New York: Academic Press.
15. Christoffels, I. K., & de Groot, A. M. B. (2005). Simultaneous interpreting: A cognitive perspective. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. de Groot (eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 454-479). Oxford University Press.
16. Cowley, M., & Byrne, R. M. J. (2004). Chess masters’ hypothesis testing. Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 250-255). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. de Groot, A. (1978). Thought and choice in chess (2nd edn.). The Hague: Mouton (Original work published 1946)
18. Dillinger, M. (1994). Comprehension during interpreting: What do interpreters know that bilinguals don’t? In S. Lambert and B. Moser-Mercer (eds.), Bridging the gap: Empirical research in simultaneous interpretation (pp. 155-189). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
19. Djakow, J. N., Petrowski, N.W., & Rudik, P. A. (1927). Psychologie des Schachspiels (The psychology of chess). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
20. Egan, D. E., & Schwartz, B. J. (1979). Chunking in recall of symbolic drawings. Memory & Cognition, 7, 149-158.
21. Engle, R. W., & Bukstel, L. H. (1978). Memory processes among bridge players of differing expertise. American Journal of Psychology, 91, 673-689.
22. Ericsson, K. A. (1985). Memory skill. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 39, 188-231.
23. Ericsson, K. A. (1996). The acquisition of expert performance: An introduction to some of the issues. In K. A. Ericsson (ed.), The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports and games (pp. 1-50). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Ericsson, K. A. (2010). Expertise in interpreting: An expert-performance perspective. In G. M. Shreve and E. Angleone (eds.), Translation and cognition (pp. 231-262). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
25. Ericsson, K. A. (2014). Why expert performance is special and cannot be extrapolated from studies of performance in the general population: A response to criticisms. Intelligence, 45, 81-103.
26. Ericsson, K. A. (2016). Summing up hours of any type of practice versus identifying optimal practice activities: Comments on Macnamara, Moreau, and Hambrick (2016). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11, 351-354.
27. Ericsson, K. A., & Charness, N. (1994). Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition. American Psychologist, 49, 725-747.
28. Ericsson, K. A., Chase, W. G., & Faloon, S. (1980). Acquisition of memory skill. Science, 208, 1181-1182.
29. Ericsson, K. A., & Harris, M. S. (1990). Expert chess memory without chess knowledge: A training study. Poster presented at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans, Louisiana.
30. Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995). Long-term working memory. Psychological Review, 102, 211-245.
31. Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363-406.
32. Ericsson, K. A., & Lehmann, A. C. (1996). Expert and exceptional performance: Evidence on maximal adaptations on task constraints. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 273-305.
33. Ericsson, K. A., & Moxley, J. H. (2012). A critique of Howard’s argument for innate limits of chess performance or why we need an account based on acquired skill and deliberate practice. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, 649-653.
34. Ericsson, K. A., & Oliver, W. (1989). A methodology for assessing the detailed structure of memory skills. In A. Colley and J. Beech (eds.), The acquisition and performance of cognitive skills (pp. 193-215). London: John Wiley.
35. Ericsson, K. A., Patel, V. L., & Kintsch, W. (2000). How experts’ adaptations to representative task demands account for the expertise effect in memory recall: Comment on Vicente and Wang (1998). Psychological Review, 107, 578-592.
36. Ericsson, K. A., & Smith, J. (1991). Prospects and limits in the empirical study of expertise: An introduction. In K. A. Ericsson & J. Smith (eds.), Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits (pp. 1-38). Cambridge University Press.
37. Ericsson, K. A., & Staszewski, J. J. (1989). Skilled memory and expertise: Mechanisms of exceptional performance. In D. Klahr & K. Kotovsky (eds.), Complex information processing: The impact of Herbert A. Simon (pp. 235-267). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
38. Ericsson, K. A., & Ward, P. (2007). Capturing the naturally occurring superior performance of experts in the laboratory: Toward a science of expert and exceptional performance. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 346-350.
39. Ericsson, K. A., & Williams, A. M. (2007). Capturing naturally-occurring superior performance in the laboratory: Translational research on expert performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 13, 115-123.
40. Furley, P., & Memmert, D. (2015). Creativity and working memory capacity in sports: Working memory capacity is not a limiting factor in creative decision making amongst skilled performers. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 115.
41. Gerver, D., Longley, P., Long, J., & Lambert, S. (1984). Selecting trainee conference interpreters: A preliminary study. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 57, 17-31.
42. Gibson, E. J., & Levin, H. (1975). The psychology of reading. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
43. Gilhooly, K. J., Wood, M., Kinnear, P. R., & Green, C. (1988). Skill in map reading and memory for maps. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 40, 87-107.
44. Gobet, F., & Jackson, S. (2002). In search of templates. Cognitive Systems Research, 3, 35-44.
45. Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (1996). Templates in chess memory: A mechanism for recalling several boards. Cognitive Psychology, 31, 1-40.
46. Hatano, G., Amaiwa, S., & Shimizu, K. (1987). Formation of a mental abacus for computation and its use as a memory device for digits: A developmental study. Developmental Psychology, 23, 832-838.
47. Hatano, G., Miyake, Y., & Binks, M. G. (1977). Performance of expert abacus operators. Cognition, 5, 47-55.
48. Hatano, G., & Osawa, K. (1983). Digit memory of grand experts in abacus-derived mental calculation. Cognition, 15, 95-110.
49. Helsen, W., & Pauwels, J. M. (1993). The relationship between expertise and visual information processing in sport. In J. Starkes & F. Allard (eds.), Cognitive issues in motor expertise (pp. 109-134). Amsterdam: North-Holland/ Elsevier Science.
50. Helsen, W. F., & Starkes, J. L. (1999). A multidimensional approach to skilled perception and performance in sport. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, 1-27.
51. Hiltunen, S., Pääkkönen, R., Vik, G.-V., & Krause, C. M. (2016). On interpreters’ working memory and executive control. International Journal of Bilingualism, 20, 297-314.
52. Hiltunen, S., &Vik, G.-V. (2017). Interpreters -experts in careful listening and efficient encoding? Findings of a prose recall test. International Journal of Bilingualism, 21, 194-212.
53. Holding, D. H. (1985). The psychology of chess skill. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
54. Holding, D. H., & Pfau, H. D. (1985). Thinking ahead in chess. American Journal of Psychology, 98, 271-282.
55. Intons-Peterson, M. J., & Smyth, M. M. (1987). The anatomy of repertory memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 490-500.
56. Jensen, A. R. (1990). Speed of information processing in a calculating prodigy. Intelligence, 14, 259-274.
57. Jeremic, V., Vukmirovic, D., & Radojicic, Z. (2010). Does playing blindfold chess reduce the quality of game: Comments on Chabris and Hearst (2003). Cognitive Science, 34, 1-9.
58. Johnson, J. G., & Raab, M. (2003). Take the first: Option-generation and resulting choices. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 91, 215-229.
59. Karpov, A. (1995). Grandmaster musings. Chess Life, November, 32-33.
60. Koltanowski, G. (1985). In the dark. Coraopolis, PA: Chess Enterprises.
61. Kopiez, R., & Lee, J. L. (2006). Towards a dynamic model of skills involved in sight reading music. Music Education Research, 8, 97-120.
62. Kopiez, R., & Lee, J. L. (2008). Towards a general model of skills involved in sight reading music. Music Education Research, 10, 41-62.
63. Köpke, B., & Nespoulous, J.-L. (2006). Working memory performance in expert and novice interpreters. Interpreting, 8, 1-23.
64. Köpke, B., & Signorelli, T. M. (2012). Methodological aspects of working memory assessment in simultaneous interpreters. International Journal of Bilingualism, 16, 183-197.
65. Lehmann, A. C., & Ericsson, K. A. (1993). Sight-reading ability of expert pianists in the context of piano accompanying, Psychomusicology, 12, 182-195.
66. Liu, M. (2008). How do experts interpret? Implications from research in interpreting studies and cognitive science. In G. Hansen, A. Chesterman, & H. Gerzymisch-Arbogast (eds.), Efforts and models interpreting and translation research (pp. 159-177). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
67. Macnamara, B. N., Hambrick, D. Z., & Oswald, F. L. (2014). Deliberate practice and performance in music, games, sports, education, and professions: A meta-analysis. Psychological Science, 25, 1608-1618.
68. Macnamara, B. N., Moreau, D., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2016). The relationship between deliberate practice and performance in sports: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11, 333-350.
69. Martin, P. R., &Fernberger, S.W. (1929). Improvement in memory span. American Journal of Psychology, 41, 91-94.
70. McKeithen, K. B., Reitman, J. S., Rueter, H. H., & Hirtle, S. C. (1981). Knowledge organization and skill differences in computer programmers. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 307-325.
71. Meinz, E. J., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2010). Deliberate practice is necessary but not sufficient to explain individual differences in piano sight-reading skill: The role of working memory capacity. Psychological Science, 21, 914-919.
72. Memory and Mental Calculation World Records (2015). www.recordholders.org/en/list/memory. html#numbers-spoken-1.
73. Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 343-355.
74. Moser-Mercer, B. (2000). Simultaneous interpreting: Cognitive potential and limitations. Interpreting, 5, 83-94.
75. Moxley, J. H., Ericsson, K. A., Charness, N., & Krampe, R. T. (2012). The role of intuition and deliberative thinking in experts’ superior tactical decision making. Cognition, 124, 72-78.
76. Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1972). Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
77. Noice, T., & Noice, H. (1997). The nature of expertise in professional acting: A cognitive view. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
78. Norman, G. R., Brooks, L. R., & Allen, S. W. (1989). Recall by expert medical practitioners and novices as a record of processing attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 1166-1174.
79. North, J., Williams, A. M., Ward, P., & Ericsson, A. (2011). Identifying the critical information sources to skilled anticipation and recognition using retrospective verbal reports. Memory, 2, 155-168.
80. Patel, V. L., Arocha, J. F., & Kaufmann, D. R. (1994). Diagnostic reasoning and medical expertise. In D. Medin (ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 30, pp. 187-251). New York: Academic Press.
81. Patel, V. L., & Groen, G. J. (1991). The general and specific nature of medical expertise: A critical look. In K. A. Ericsson & J. Smith (eds.), Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits (pp. 93-125). Cambridge University Press.
82. Pesenti, M., Seron, X., Samson, D., & Duroux, B. (1999). Basic and exceptional calculation abilities in a calculating prodigy: A case study. Mathematical Cognition, 5, 97-148.
83. Raab, M., & Johnson, J. G. (2007). Expertise-based differences in search and option-generation strategies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 13, 158-170.
84. Reitman, J. (1976). Skilled perception in Go: Deducing memory structures from inter-response times. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 336-356.
85. Saariluoma, P. (1991). Aspects of skilled imagery in blindfold chess. Acta Psychologica, 77, 65-89.
86. Saariluoma, P. (1992). Error in chess: The apperception-restructuring view. Psychological Research, 54, 17-26.
87. Saariluoma, P. (1995). Chess players’ thinking: A cognitive psychological approach. London: Routledge.
88. Saariluoma, P., & Kalakoski, V. (1998). Apperception and imagery in blindfold chess. Memory, 6, 67-80.
89. Salthouse, T. A. (1984). Effects of age and skill in typing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 345-371.
90. Signorelli, T. M. (2008). Working memory in simultaneous interpretation. Dissertation Abstracts International, B 69/05.
91. Simon, H. (1974). How big is a chunk? Science, 183, 482-488.
92. Simon, H. A., & Chase, W. G. (1973). Skill in chess. American Scientist, 61, 394-403.
93. Simon, H. A., & Simon, P. A. (1962). Trial and error search in solving difficult problems: Evidence from the game of chess. Behavioral Science, 7, 425-429.
94. Sloboda, J. A. (1974). The eye-hand span: An approach to the study of sight reading. Psychology of Music, 2, 4-10.
95. Sloboda, J. A., & Parker, H. H. (1985). Immediate recall of melodies. In I. Cross, P. Howell, & R. West (eds.), Musical structure and cognition (pp. 143-167). New York: Academic Press.
96. Smith, S. B. (1983). The great mental calculators. New York: Columbia University Press.
97. Spearritt, D. (2013). The impact of field vision on performance within an English Premier League academy soccer team: A case study. Master’s Dissertation, University of Chester. http://creati vecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
98. Starkes, J. L. (1987). Skill in field hockey: The nature of the cognitive advantage. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 146-160.
99. Starkes J. L., & Deakin, J. (1984). Perception in sport: A cognitive approach to skilled performance. InW. F. Straub & J. M.Williams (eds.), Cognitive sport psychology (pp. 115-128). Lansing, NY: Sport Science Associates.
100. Starkes, J. L., Deakin, J. M., Lindley, S., & Crisp, F. (1987). Motor versus verbal recall of ballet sequences by young expert dancers. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 222-230.
101. Staszewski, J. J. (1988). Skilled memory and expert mental calculation. In M. T. H. Chi, R. Glaser, & M. J. Farr (eds.), The nature of expertise (pp. 71-128). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
102. Stigler, J. W. (1984). “Mental abacus”: The effect of abacus training on Chinese children’s mental calculation. Cognitive Psychology, 16, 145-176.
103. Strobach, T., Becker, M., Schubert, T., & Kühn, S. (2015). Better dual-task processing in simultaneous interpreters. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1590.
104. Thompson, W. B. (1987). Music sight-reading skill in flute players. Journal of General Psychology, 114, 345-352.
105. Van der Maas, H. L. J., & Wagenmakers, E. J. (2005). A psychometric analysis of chess expertise. American Journal of Psychology, 118, 29-60.
106. Van Overschelde, J. P., & Healy, A. F. (2001). Learning of nondomain facts in high-and low-knowledge domains. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 1160-1171.
107. Vicente, K. J., & Wang, J. H. (1998). An ecological theory of expertise effects in memory recall. Psychological Review, 105, 33-57.
108. Ward, P., Ericsson, K. A., & Williams, A. M. (2013). Complex perceptual-cognitive expertise in a simulated task environment. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 7, 231-254.
109. Ward, P., & Williams, A. M. (2003). Perceptual and cognitive skill development in soccer: The multidimensional nature of expert performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25, 93-111.
110. Wilding, J., & Valentine, E. (2006). Exceptional memory. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, R. R. Hoffman, & P. J. Feltovich (eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 539-552). Cambridge University Press.
111. Wimmers, P. F., Schmidt, H. G., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., & van de Wiel, M. W. J. (2005). Inducing expertise effects in clinical case recall. Medical Education, 39, 949-957.
112. Wolff, A. S., Mitchell, D. H., & Frey, P. W. (1984). Perceptual skill in the game of Othello. Journal of Psychology, 118, 7-16.