Constructing a theory- And evidence-based treatment rationale for complex ehealth interventions: Development of an online alcohol intervention using an intervention mapping approach

JMIR Research Protocols

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Brendryen, Håvar ^a   Johansen, Ayna ^a   Nesvåg, Sverre ^a,b   Kok, Gerjo ^c   Duckert, Fanny ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^b STAVANGER UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^c MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

At risk drinkers; Early intervention; Harmful drinking; Hazardous drinking; Internet, cell phone, eHealth, short message service; Intervention mapping

Indexed keywords

EID: 85099703139     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19290748     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2196/resprot.2371     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Bartholomew LK, Parcel GS, Kok G, Gottlieb NH, Fernández ME. Planning Health Promotion Programs: An Intervention Mapping Approach. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2011.
2. Riley WT, Rivera DE, Atienza AA, Nilsen W, Allison SM, Mermelstein R. Health behavior models in the age of mobile interventions: Are our theories up to the task? Transl Behav Med 2011 Mar 1; 1(1):53-71 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1007/s13142-011-0021-7] [Medline: 21796270]
3. Gardner B, Whittington C, McAteer J, Eccles MP, Michie S. Using theory to synthesise evidence from behaviour change interventions: The example of audit and feedback. Soc Sci Med 2010 May; 70(10):1618-1625. [doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.039] [Medline: 20207464]
4. Michie S, Abraham C, Eccles MP, Francis JJ, Hardeman W, Johnston M. Strengthening evaluation and implementation by specifying components of behaviour change interventions: A study protocol. Implement Sci 2011; 6:10 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-6-10] [Medline: 21299860]
5. Webb TL, Sniehotta FF, Michie S. Using theories of behaviour change to inform interventions for addictive behaviours. Addiction 2010 Nov; 105(11):1879-1892. [doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03028.x] [Medline: 20670346]
6. Armstrong R, Waters E, Moore L, Riggs E, Cuervo LG, Lumbiganon P, et al. Improving the reporting of public health intervention research: Advancing TREND and CONSORT. J Public Health (Oxf) 2008 Mar; 30(1):103-109 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdm082] [Medline: 18204086]
7. Baker TB, Gustafson DH, Shaw B, Hawkins R, Pingree S, Roberts L, et al. Relevance of CONSORT reporting criteria for research on eHealth interventions. Patient Educ Couns 2010 Dec; 81 Suppl:S77-S86 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.040] [Medline: 20843621]
8. Eysenbach G, CONSORT-EHEALTH Group. CONSORT-EHEALTH: Improving and standardizing evaluation reports of Web-based and mobile health interventions. J Med Internet Res 2011; 13(4):e126 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1923] [Medline: 22209829]
9. Barretto AI, Bingham CR, Goh KN, Shope JT. Developing a web-based health promotion intervention: A case study from a brief motivational alcohol program. Health Promot Pract 2011 Mar; 12(2):193-201. [doi: 10.1177/1524839909353740] [Medline: 21051327]
10. Schaalma H, Kok G. Decoding health education interventions: The times are a-changin'. Psychol Health 2009 Jan; 24(1):5-9. [doi: 10.1080/08870440903126348] [Medline: 20186636]
11. Najavits LM, Weiss RD, Shaw SR, Dierberger AE. Psychotherapists' views of treatment manuals. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 2000; 31(4):404-408. [doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.31.4.404]
12. Webb TL, Joseph J, Yardley L, Michie S. Using the internet to promote health behavior change: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. J Med Internet Res 2010; 12(1):e4 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1376] [Medline: 20164043]
13. Dombrovski SU, Sniehotta FF, Avenell A, Coyne JC. Towards a cumulative science of behaviour change: Do current conduct and reporting of behavioural interventions fall short of best practice? Psychology & Health 2007; 22(8):869-874. [doi: 10.1080/08870440701520973]
14. Bailey JV, Murray E, Rait G, Mercer CH, Morris RW, Peacock R, et al. Computer-based interventions for sexual health promotion: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Int J STD AIDS 2012 Jun; 23(6):408-413. [doi: 10.1258/ijsa.2011.011221] [Medline: 22807534]
15. Lau PW, Lau EY, Wong del P, Ransdell L. A systematic review of information and communication technology-based interventions for promoting physical activity behavior change in children and adolescents. J Med Internet Res 2011; 13(3):e48 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1533] [Medline: 21749967]
16. Portnoy DB, Scott-Sheldon LA, Johnson BT, Carey MP. Computer-delivered interventions for health promotion and behavioral risk reduction: A meta-analysis of 75 randomized controlled trials, 1988-2007. Prev Med 2008 Jul; 47(1):3-16 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.014] [Medline: 18403003]
17. Shahab L, McEwen A. Online support for smoking cessation: A systematic review of the literature. Addiction 2009 Nov; 104(11):1792-1804. [doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02710.x] [Medline: 19832783]
18. Whittaker R, Borland R, Bullen C, Lin RB, McRobbie H, Rodgers A. Mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009(4):CD006611. [doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006611.pub2] [Medline: 19821377]
19. Kaltenthaler E, Parry G, Beverley C, Ferriter M. Computerised cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression: Systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2008 Sep; 193(3):181-184 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.025981] [Medline: 18757972]
20. Carey KB, Scott-Sheldon LA, Elliott JC, Bolles JR, Carey MP. Computer-delivered interventions to reduce college student drinking: A meta-analysis. Addiction 2009 Nov; 104(11):1807-1819 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02691.x] [Medline: 19744139]
21. White A, Kavanagh D, Stallman H, Klein B, Kay-Lambkin F, Proudfoot J, et al. Online alcohol interventions: A systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2010; 12(5):e62 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1479] [Medline: 21169175]
22. Riper H, Spek V, Boon B, Conijn B, Kramer J, Martin-Abello K, et al. Effectiveness of E-self-help interventions for curbing adult problem drinking: A meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res 2011; 13(2):e42 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1691] [Medline: 21719411]
23. Morrison LG, Yardley L, Powell J, Michie S. What design features are used in effective e-health interventions? A review using techniques from Critical Interpretive Synthesis. Telemed J E Health 2012 Mar; 18(2):137-144. [doi: 10.1089/tmj.2011.0062] [Medline: 22381060]
24. Lehto T, Oinas-Kukkonen H. Persuasive features in web-based alcohol and smoking interventions: A systematic review of the literature. J Med Internet Res 2011; 13(3):e46 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1559] [Medline: 21795238]
25. Bartholomew LK, Mullen PD. Five roles for using theory and evidence in the design and testing of behavior change interventions. J Public Health Dent 2011; 71 Suppl 1:S20-S33. [Medline: 21656946]
26. Kok G, Mesters I. Getting inside the black box of health promotion programmes using intervention Mapping. Chronic Illn 2011 Sep; 7(3):176-180. [doi: 10.1177/1742395311403013] [Medline: 21900338]
27. Rehm J, Taylor B, Room R. Global burden of disease from alcohol, illicit drugs and tobacco. Drug Alcohol Rev 2006 Nov; 25(6):503-513. [doi: 10.1080/09595230600944453] [Medline: 17132570]
28. Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC. Alcohol screening and brief intervention: Dissemination strategies for medical practice and public health. Addiction 2000 May; 95(5):677-686. [Medline: 10885042]
29. Cuijpers P, Riper H, Lemmers L. The effects on mortality of brief interventions for problem drinking: A meta-analysis. Addiction 2004 Jul; 99(7):839-845. [doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00778.x] [Medline: 15200579]
30. Heather N. Developing, evaluating and implementing alcohol brief interventions in Europe. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011 Mar; 30(2):138-147. [doi: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00267.x] [Medline: 21375614]
31. Nesvåg S, Backer-Grøndahl A, Duckert F, Enger Ø, Huseby G, Kraft P. Tidlig intervensjon på rusfeltet: En kunnskapsoppsummering [Early intervention for addictions: Reviewing the current evidence]. In: IRIS-report 2007/021. Stavanger, Norway: International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS); 2007.
32. Frøyland K, Grimsmo A, Sørensen BA. Evaluering av AKAN: Rusmiddelforebygging i norsk arbeidsliv [Evaluation of AKAN: Preventive work on addiction in Norwegian work life]. In: Norwegian Work Research Institute's Report Series, 5/2005. Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Work Research Institute; 2005.
33. Duckert F, Drozd F, Kraft P. Alkoholproblemer på arbeidsplassen - en arena for tidlig intervensjon via nye medier. [Alcohol problems at the workplace - an arena for early interventions through the Internet]. Journal of the Norwegian Psychological Association 2011; 48(8):766-773 [FREE Full text]
34. Anderson P. Alcohol as a key area. BMJ 1991 Sep 28; 303(6805):766-769 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 1932941]
35. Mangione TW, Howland J, Amick B, Cote J, Lee M, Bell N, et al. Employee drinking practices and work performance. J Stud Alcohol 1999 Mar; 60(2):261-270. [Medline: 10091965]
36. Bergman H, Källmén H. Alcohol use among Swedes and a psychometric evaluation of the alcohol use disorders identification test. Alcohol Alcohol 2002 Jun; 37(3):245-251 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 12003912]
37. Nesvåg, S. Alkoholkulturer i norsk arbeidsliv [Alcohol cultures in Norwegian worklife]. In: Oslo, Norway. Oslo, Norway: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo; 2005:1504-3991.
38. Kaner EF, Beyer F, Dickinson HO, Pienaar E, Campbell F, Schlesinger C, et al. Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007(2):CD004148. [doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004148.pub3] [Medline: 17443541]
39. Nilsen P, Kaner E, Babor TF. Brief intervention, three decades on: An overview of research findings and strategies for more widespread implementation. Nordic studies on alcohol and drugs 2008 Jan; 25(6):453-469.
40. Aasland O, Johannesen A. Screening and brief intervention for alcohol problems in Norway: not a big hit among general practitioners. Nordic studies on alcohol and drugs 2008; 25(6):515-523
41. Aasland O, Nygaard P, Nilsen P. The long and winding road to widespread implementation of screening and brief intervention for alcohol problems. a historical overview with special attention to the WHO initiatives. Nordic studies on alcohol and drugs 2008; 25(6):469-477.
42. Hester RK, Miller JH. Computer-based tools for diagnosis and treatment of alcohol problems. Alcohol Res Health 2006; 29(1):36-40 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 16767852]
43. Griffiths F, Lindenmeyer A, Powell J, Lowe P, Thorogood M. Why are health care interventions delivered over the internet? A systematic review of the published literature. J Med Internet Res 2006; 8(2):e10 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.8.2.e10] [Medline: 16867965]
44. Shiffman S. Reflections on smoking relapse research. Drug Alcohol Rev 2006 Jan; 25(1):15-20. [doi: 10.1080/09595230500459479] [Medline: 16492573]
45. Kaufman N. Internet and information technology use in treatment of diabetes. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 2010 Feb(166):41-46. [doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02277.x] [Medline: 20377663]
46. McKay JR. Continuing care research: what we have learned and where we are going. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009 Mar; 36(2):131-145 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2008.10.004] [Medline: 19161894]
47. Muench F, Weiss RA, Kuerbis A, Morgenstern J. Developing a Theory Driven Text Messaging Intervention for Addiction Care With User Driven Content. Psychol Addict Behav 2012 Sep 10. [doi: 10.1037/a0029963] [Medline: 22963375]
48. Kvedar JC, Nesbitt T, Kvedar JG, Darkins A. E-patient connectivity and the near term future. J Gen Intern Med 2011 Nov; 26 Suppl 2:636-638 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1007/s11606-011-1763-0] [Medline: 21989615]
49. Ali AA, Hossain SM, Hovsepian K, Rahman MM, Plarre K, Kumar S. mPuff: Automated detection of cigarette smoking puffs from respiration measurements. : Automated detection of cigarette smoking puffs from respiration measurements. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks; 2012 Presented at: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks; 2012 april 16-20; Beijing, China p. 269-280.
50. Heron KE, Smyth JM. Ecological momentary interventions: Incorporating mobile technology into psychosocial and health behaviour treatments. Br J Health Psychol 2010 Feb; 15(Pt 1):1-39 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1348/135910709X466063] [Medline: 19646331]
51. Dunton GF, Atienza AA. The need for time-intensive information in healthful eating and physical activity research: A timely topic. J Am Diet Assoc 2009 Jan; 109(1):30-35. [doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.019] [Medline: 19103320]
52. Michie S, Free C, West R. Characterising the 'Txt2Stop' smoking cessation text messaging intervention in terms of behaviour change techniques. Journal of Smoking Cessation 2012 Jun; 7(1):55-60. [doi: 10.1017/jsc.2012.12]
53. Siang Fook VF, Jayachandran M, Phyo Wai AA, Tolstikov A, Biswas J, Lin Kiat PY. iCOPE: Intelligent context-aware patient management systems for elderly with cognitive and functional impairment. In: McClean S, editor. Intelligent Patient Management, SCI. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2009:259-278.
54. Brendryen H, Kraft P, Schaalma H. Looking inside the black box: Using intervention mapping to describe the development of the automated smoking cessation intervention 'Happy Ending'. The Journal of Smoking Cessation 2010; 5(1):29-56. [doi: 10.1375/jsc.5.1.29]
55. Baumeister RF, Vohs KD. In: Ph DKAK, , editors. Handbook of Self-Regulation, Second Edition: Research, Theory, and Applications. New York: The Guilford Press; 2004.
56. Sniehotta FF, Schwarzer R, Scholz U, Schüz B. Action planning and coping planning for long-term lifestyle change: Theory and assessment. European Journal of Social Psychology 2005 Aug; 35(4):565-576. [doi: 10.1002/ejsp.258]
57. Gollwitzer PM. Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist 1999 Jul; 54(7):493-503. [doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.493]
58. Rothman AJ, Baldwin AS, Hertel AW. In: Ph DKAK, , editors. Handbook of Self-Regulation, Second Edition: Research, Theory, and Applications. New York: The Guilford Press; 2004:130-148.
59. Schwarzer R. Modeling Health Behavior Change: How to Predict and Modify the Adoption and Maintenance of Health Behaviors. Applied Psychology: An International Review 2008; 57(1):1-29.
60. Irvin JE, Bowers CA, Dunn ME, Wang MC. Efficacy of relapse prevention: A meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999 Aug; 67(4):563-570. [Medline: 10450627]
61. Marlatt GA, Gordon JR. In: Donovan DG, editor. Relapse Prevention, Second Edition: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors. New York: The Guilford Press; 1985:3-70.
62. Witkiewitz K, Marlatt GA. Relapse prevention for alcohol and drug problems: That was Zen, this is Tao. Am Psychol 2004 Jun; 59(4):224-235. [doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.4.224] [Medline: 15149263]
63. Brownell KD, Marlatt GA, Lichtenstein E, Wilson GT. Understanding and preventing relapse. Am Psychol 1986 Jul; 41(7):765-782. [Medline: 3527003]
64. Baumeister RF, Zell AL, Tice DM. In: Ph DJEF, editor. Handbook of Emotion Regulation. New York: The Guilford Press; 2007:408-428.
65. Muraven M, Collins RL, Morsheimer ET, Shiffman S, Paty JA. The morning after: Limit violations and the self-regulation of alcohol consumption. Psychol Addict Behav 2005 Sep; 19(3):253-262. [doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.19.3.253] [Medline: 16187803]
66. Shiffman S, Waters AJ. Negative affect and smoking lapses: A prospective analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 2004 Apr; 72(2):192-201. [doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.2.192] [Medline: 15065954]
67. Fredrickson BL. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Am Psychol 2001 Mar; 56(3):218-226 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 11315248]
68. Fredrickson BL, Joiner T. Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychol Sci 2002 Mar; 13(2):172-175. [Medline: 11934003]
69. Tice DM, Baumeister RF, Shmeuli D, Muraven M. Restoring the self: Positive affect helps improve self-regulation following ego depletion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2007 May; 43(3):379-384. [doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.007]
70. Olsen E, Kraft P. Digital therapy: The role of digital positive psychotherapy in successful self-regulation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2008 Presented at: PERSUASIVE '08 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Persuasive Technology; June 4-6, 2008; Oulu, Finland.
71. Kraft P, Drozd F, Olsen E. ePsychology: Designing Theory Based Health Promotion Interventions. Communications of the Association for Information Systems 2009; 24:399-426.
72. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1991; 50(2):179-221. [doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T]
73. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman; 1997.
74. Curven B, Palmer S, Ruddell P. Brief cognitive behaviour therapy. London: Sage Publications; 2000.
75. Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational Interviewing, Third Edition: Helping People Change (Applications of Motivational Interviewing). New York: The Guilford Press; 1991.
76. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 1983 Jun; 51(3):390-395. [Medline: 6863699]
77. Luszczynska A, Schwarzer R. Planning and self-efficacy in the adoption and maintenance of breast self-examination: A longitudinal study on self-regulatory cognitions. Psychology & Health 2003 Oct; 18(1):93-108. [doi: 10.1080/0887044021000019358]
78. Helzer JE, Badger GJ, Rose GL, Mongeon JA, Searles JS. Decline in alcohol consumption during two years of daily reporting. J Stud Alcohol 2002 Sep; 63(5):551-558. [Medline: 12380851]
79. Whitlock EP, Polen MR, Green CA, Orleans T, Klein J, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce risky/harmful alcohol use by adults: A summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2004 Apr 6; 140(7):557-568. [Medline: 15068985]
80. Murgraff V, White D, Phillips K. Moderating binge drinking: It is possible to change behaviour if you plan it in advance. Alcohol Alcohol 1996 Nov; 31(6):577-582 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 9010548]
81. Seligman ME, Steen TA, Park N, Peterson C. Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. Am Psychol 2005 Aug; 60(5):410-421. [doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410] [Medline: 16045394]
82. Sheldon KM, Lyubomirsky S. How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2006 Apr; 1(2):73-82. [doi: 10.1080/17439760500510676]
83. Lyubomirsky S, Sheldon KM, Schkade D. Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology 2005 Jun; 9(2):111-131. [doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111]
84. Akhtar M, Boniwell I. Applying positive psychology to alcohol-misusing adolescents: A group intervention. Groupwork 2010; 20(3):6-31. [doi: 10.1921/095182410X576831]
85. Fogg BJ. Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann; 2003.
86. DiClemente CC. Motivational Interviewing, Third Edition: Helping People Change (Applications of Motivational Interviewing). New York: The Guilford Press; 1991:191-202.
87. Lundahl B, Burke BL. The effectiveness and applicability of motivational interviewing: A practice-friendly review of four meta-analyses. J Clin Psychol 2009 Nov; 65(11):1232-1245. [doi: 10.1002/jclp.20638] [Medline: 19739205]
88. Kraft P, Schjelderup-Lund H, Brendryen H. Digital therapy: The coming together of psychology and technology can create a new generation of programs for more sustainable behavioral change. In: De Kort Y, IJsselsteijn W, Midden W, editors. Persuasive technology. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2007:18-23.
89. Hodgson R, Alwyn T, John B, Thom B, Smith A. The FAST Alcohol Screening Test. Alcohol Alcohol 2002 Feb; 37(1):61-66 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 11825859]
90. Danaher BG, McKay HG, Seeley JR. The information architecture of behavior change websites. J Med Internet Res 2005; 7(2):e12 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.7.2.e12] [Medline: 15914459]
91. Crutzen R, Cyr D, de Vries NK. The role of user control in adherence to and knowledge gained from a website: Randomized comparison between a tunneled version and a freedom-of-choice version. J Med Internet Res 2012; 14(2):e45 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1922] [Medline: 22532074]
92. Brendryen H, Kraft P. Happy ending: A randomized controlled trial of a digital multi-media smoking cessation intervention. Addiction 2008 Mar; 103(3):478-84; discussion 485. [doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02119.x] [Medline: 18269367]
93. Brendryen H, Drozd F, Kraft P. A digital smoking cessation program delivered through internet and cell phone without nicotine replacement (happy ending): Randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2008; 10(5):e51 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1005] [Medline: 19087949]
94. Breslin FC, Sobell MB, Sobell LC, Buchan G, Cunningham JA. Toward a stepped care approach to treating problem drinkers: The predictive utility of within-treatment variables and therapist prognostic ratings. Addiction 1997 Nov; 92(11):1479-1489. [Medline: 9519491]
95. Schneider F, van Osch L, Schulz DN, Kremers SP, de Vries H. The influence of user characteristics and a periodic email prompt on exposure to an internet-delivered computer-tailored lifestyle program. J Med Internet Res 2012; 14(2):e40 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1939] [Medline: 22382037]
96. Drozd F, Lehto T, Oinas-Kukkonen H. Exploring Perceived Persuasiveness of a Behavior Change Support System: A Structural Model. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 2012; 7284:157-168.
97. Björnsson CH. Läsbarhet [Readability]. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell; 1968.
98. Reeves B, Nass C. The Media Equation : How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places (CSLI Lecture Notes S.). The media equation: Center for the Study of Language and Inf; 1996.
99. Webb MS, Simmons VN, Brandon TH. Tailored interventions for motivating smoking cessation: Using placebo tailoring to examine the influence of expectancies and personalization. Health Psychol 2005 Mar; 24(2):179-188. [doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.179] [Medline: 15755232]
100. Johansen AB, Lumley M, Cano A. Effects of video-based therapy preparation targeting experiential acceptance or the therapeutic alliance. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2011 Jun; 48(2):163-169. [doi: 10.1037/a0022422] [Medline: 21639659]
101. Bryant F, Veroff J. Savoring: A new model of positive experience. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers; 2007.
102. Snyder CR, Lopez SJ. Handbook of positive psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002.
103. Biglan A, Craker D. Effects of pleasant-activities manipulation on depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1982 Jun; 50(3):436-438. [Medline: 7096745]
104. Niaura RS, Rohsenow DJ, Binkoff JA, Monti PM, Pedraza M, Abrams DB. Relevance of cue reactivity to understanding alcohol and smoking relapse. J Abnorm Psychol 1988 May; 97(2):133-152. [Medline: 3290304]
105. Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG. Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York, London: The Guilford Press; 1999.
106. Marlow E, Nyamathi A, Grajeda WT, Bailey N, Weber A, Younger J. Nonviolent communication training and empathy in male parolees. J Correct Health Care 2012 Jan; 18(1):8-19. [doi: 10.1177/1078345811420979] [Medline: 22095007]
107. Lyubomirsky S. The How of Happiness: A New Approach to Getting the Life You Want. New York: Penguin (Non-Classics); 2008.
108. Peters ML, Flink IK, Boersma, K, Linton SJ. Manipulating optimism: Can imagining a best possible self be used to increase positive future expectancies? The Journal of Positive Psychology 2010 Jun; 5(3):204-211. [doi: 10.1080/17439761003790963]
109. Miller WR. What is a relapse? Fifty ways to leave the wagon. Addiction 1996 Dec; 91 Suppl:S15-S27. [Medline: 8997778]
110. Eysenbach G. The law of attrition. J Med Internet Res 2005; 7(1):e11 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.7.1.e11] [Medline: 15829473]
111. Postel MG, de Haan HA, ter Huurne ED, van der Palen J, Becker ES, de Jong CA. Attrition in web-based treatment for problem drinkers. J Med Internet Res 2011; 13(4):e117 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1811] [Medline: 22201703]
112. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Ann Intern Med 2010 Jun 1; 152(11):726-732. [doi: 10.1059/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00232] [Medline: 20335313]
113. Iverson CL, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB. AMA manual of style: A guide for authors and editors. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007.
114. Brouwer W, Kroeze W, Crutzen R, de Nooijer J, de Vries NK, Brug J, et al. Which intervention characteristics are related to more exposure to internet-delivered healthy lifestyle promotion interventions? A systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2011; 13(1):e2 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1639] [Medline: 21212045]