메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2019, Pages 177-204

Considering bias and conflicts of interest among the included studies

Author keywords

Cochrane reviews; Conflicts of interest; Funding sources; Review authors; Risk of bias assessments; Sensitivity analyses; Study design; Study reports; Systematic review; Trial reports

Indexed keywords


EID: 85091408933     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781119536604.ch7     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (281)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 85010443039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Financial ties of principal investigators and randomized controlled trial outcomes: Cross sectional study
    • Ahn R, Woodbridge A, Abraham A, Saba S, Korenstein D, Madden E, Boscardin WJ, Keyhani S. Financial ties of principal investigators and randomized controlled trial outcomes: cross sectional study. BMJ 2017; 356:i6770.
    • (2017) BMJ , vol.356 , pp. i6770
    • Ahn, R.1    Woodbridge, A.2    Abraham, A.3    Saba, S.4    Korenstein, D.5    Madden, E.6    Boscardin, W.J.7    Keyhani, S.8
  • 2
    • 0043198131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of funding and conclusions in randomized drug trials: A reflection of treatment effect or adverse events?
    • Als-Nielsen B, Chen W, Gluud C, Kjaergard LL. Association of funding and conclusions in randomized drug trials: a reflection of treatment effect or adverse events? JAMA 2003; 290:921-928.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 921-928
    • Als-Nielsen, B.1    Chen, W.2    Gluud, C.3    Kjaergard, L.L.4
  • 3
    • 85009083380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why having a (nonfinancial) interest is not a conflict of interest
    • Bero LA, Grundy Q. Why having a (nonfinancial) interest is not a conflict of interest. PLoS Biology 2016; 14:e2001221.
    • (2016) PLoS Biology , vol.14 , pp. e2001221
    • Bero, L.A.1    Grundy, Q.2
  • 4
    • 84897767682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fate of clinical research studies after ethical approval - follow-up of study protocols until publication
    • Blümle A, Meerpohl JJ, Schumacher M, von ElmE. Fate of clinical research studies after ethical approval - follow-up of study protocols until publication. PloS One 2014; 9:e87184.
    • (2014) PloS One , vol.9 , pp. e87184
    • Blümle, A.1    Meerpohl, J.J.2    Schumacher, M.3    von Elm, E.4
  • 5
    • 77952787734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reporting and interpretation of randomized controlled trials with statistically nonsignificant results for primary outcomes
    • Boutron I, Dutton S, Ravaud P, Altman DG. Reporting and interpretation of randomized controlled trials with statistically nonsignificant results for primary outcomes. JAMA 2010; 303:2058-2064.
    • (2010) JAMA , vol.303 , pp. 2058-2064
    • Boutron, I.1    Dutton, S.2    Ravaud, P.3    Altman, D.G.4
  • 7
    • 2442692780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical evidence for selective reporting of outcomes in randomized trials: Comparison of protocols to published articles
    • Chan AW, Hróbjartsson A, Haahr MT, Gøtzsche PC, Altman DG. Empirical evidence for selective reporting of outcomes in randomized trials: comparison of protocols to published articles. JAMA 2004a; 291:2457-2465.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 2457-2465
    • Chan, A.W.1    Hróbjartsson, A.2    Haahr, M.T.3    Gøtzsche, P.C.4    Altman, D.G.5
  • 8
    • 4844223081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome reporting bias in randomized trials funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research
    • Chan AW, Krleža-Jeric K, Schmid I, Altman DG. Outcome reporting bias in randomized trials funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2004b; 171:735-740.
    • (2004) Canadian Medical Association Journal , vol.171 , pp. 735-740
    • Chan, A.W.1    Krleža-Jeric, K.2    Schmid, I.3    Altman, D.G.4
  • 10
    • 79960047144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-center trials show larger treatment effects than multicenter trials: Evidence from a meta-epidemiologic study
    • Dechartres A, Boutron I, Trinquart L, Charles P, Ravaud P. Single-center trials show larger treatment effects than multicenter trials: evidence from a meta-epidemiologic study. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011; 155:39-51.
    • (2011) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.155 , pp. 39-51
    • Dechartres, A.1    Boutron, I.2    Trinquart, L.3    Charles, P.4    Ravaud, P.5
  • 11
    • 84878273170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of trial sample size on treatment effect estimates: Meta-epidemiological study
    • Dechartres A, Trinquart L, Boutron I, Ravaud P. Influence of trial sample size on treatment effect estimates: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ 2013; 346:f2304.
    • (2013) BMJ , vol.346 , pp. f2304
    • Dechartres, A.1    Trinquart, L.2    Boutron, I.3    Ravaud, P.4
  • 12
    • 84977540744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical evaluation of which trial characteristics are associated with treatment effect estimates
    • Dechartres A, Trinquart L, Faber T, Ravaud P. Empirical evaluation of which trial characteristics are associated with treatment effect estimates. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2016a; 77:24-37.
    • (2016) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol.77 , pp. 24-37
    • Dechartres, A.1    Trinquart, L.2    Faber, T.3    Ravaud, P.4
  • 13
    • 85007413463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between trial registration and treatment effect estimates: A meta-epidemiological study
    • Dechartres A, Ravaud P, Atal I, Riveros C, Boutron I. Association between trial registration and treatment effect estimates: a meta-epidemiological study. BMC Medicine 2016b; 14:100.
    • (2016) BMC Medicine , vol.14 , pp. 100
    • Dechartres, A.1    Ravaud, P.2    Atal, I.3    Riveros, C.4    Boutron, I.5
  • 14
    • 85020628257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of poor reporting and inadequate methods over time in 20,920 randomised controlled trials included in Cochrane reviews: Research on research study
    • Dechartres A, Trinquart L, Atal I, Moher D, Dickersin K, Boutron I, Perrodeau E, Altman DG, Ravaud P. Evolution of poor reporting and inadequate methods over time in 20,920 randomised controlled trials included in Cochrane reviews: research on research study. BMJ 2017; 357:j2490.
    • (2017) BMJ , vol.357 , pp. j2490
    • Dechartres, A.1    Trinquart, L.2    Atal, I.3    Moher, D.4    Dickersin, K.5    Boutron, I.6    Perrodeau, E.7    Altman, D.G.8    Ravaud, P.9
  • 15
    • 85053502010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between publication characteristics and treatment effect estimates: A meta-epidemiologic study
    • Dechartres A, Atal I, Riveros C, Meerpohl J, Ravaud P. Association between publication characteristics and treatment effect estimates: a meta-epidemiologic study. Annals of Internal Medicine 2018; 169:385-393.
    • (2018) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.169 , pp. 385-393
    • Dechartres, A.1    Atal, I.2    Riveros, C.3    Meerpohl, J.4    Ravaud, P.5
  • 19
    • 84857410587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of head-to-head trials and fair control arms: Randomized controlled trials of biologic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
    • Estellat C, Ravaud P. Lack of head-to-head trials and fair control arms: randomized controlled trials of biologic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Archives of Internal Medicine 2012; 172:237-244.
    • (2012) Archives of Internal Medicine , vol.172 , pp. 237-244
    • Estellat, C.1    Ravaud, P.2
  • 20
    • 77958142340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reboxetine for acute treatment of major depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished placebo and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor controlled trials
    • Eyding D, Lelgemann M, Grouven U, Harter M, Kromp M, Kaiser T, Kerekes MF, Gerken M, Wieseler B. Reboxetine for acute treatment of major depression: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished placebo and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor controlled trials. BMJ 2010; 341:c4737.
    • (2010) BMJ , vol.341 , pp. c4737
    • Eyding, D.1    Lelgemann, M.2    Grouven, U.3    Harter, M.4    Kromp, M.5    Kaiser, T.6    Kerekes, M.F.7    Gerken, M.8    Wieseler, B.9
  • 22
    • 84907224761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social science. Publication bias in the social sciences:Unlocking the file drawer
    • Franco A, Malhotra N, Simonovits G. Social science. Publication bias in the social sciences:unlocking the file drawer. Science 2014; 345:1502-1505.
    • (2014) Science , vol.345 , pp. 1502-1505
    • Franco, A.1    Malhotra, N.2    Simonovits, G.3
  • 23
    • 85043382213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technology-assisted risk of bias assessment in systematic reviews: A prospective cross-sectional evaluation of the RobotReviewer machine learning tool
    • Gates A, Vandermeer B, Hartling L. Technology-assisted risk of bias assessment in systematic reviews: a prospective cross-sectional evaluation of the RobotReviewer machine learning tool. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2018; 96:54-62.
    • (2018) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol.96 , pp. 54-62
    • Gates, A.1    Vandermeer, B.2    Hartling, L.3
  • 24
    • 85041049443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of disclosed conflicts of interest in biomedical research and associations with journal impact factors and altmetric scores
    • Grundy Q, Dunn AG, Bourgeois FT, Coiera E, Bero L. Prevalence of disclosed conflicts of interest in biomedical research and associations with journal impact factors and altmetric scores. JAMA 2018; 319:408-409.
    • (2018) JAMA , vol.319 , pp. 408-409
    • Grundy, Q.1    Dunn, A.G.2    Bourgeois, F.T.3    Coiera, E.4    Bero, L.5
  • 30
    • 84884562493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incorporation of assessments of risk of bias of primary studies in systematic reviews of randomised trials: A cross-sectional study
    • Hopewell S, Boutron I, Altman D, Ravaud P. Incorporation of assessments of risk of bias of primary studies in systematic reviews of randomised trials: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2013; 3:8.
    • (2013) BMJ Open , vol.3 , pp. 8
    • Hopewell, S.1    Boutron, I.2    Altman, D.3    Ravaud, P.4
  • 32
    • 84960384323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of registered and published outcomes in randomized controlled trials: A systematic review
    • Jones CW, Keil LG, Holland WC, Caughey MC, Platts-Mills TF. Comparison of registered and published outcomes in randomized controlled trials: a systematic review. BMC Medicine 2015; 13:282.
    • BMC Medicine , vol.13 , pp. 282
    • Jones, C.W.1    Keil, L.G.2    Holland, W.C.3    Caughey, M.C.4    Platts-Mills, T.F.5
  • 33
    • 84968747419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized clinical trials: Overview of published comments and analysis of user practice in Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews
    • Jørgensen L, Paludan-Muller AS, Laursen DR, Savović J, Boutron I, Sterne JAC, Higgins JPT, Hróbjartsson A. Evaluation of the Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized clinical trials: overview of published comments and analysis of user practice in Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews. Systematic Reviews 2016; 5:80.
    • (2016) Systematic Reviews , vol.5 , pp. 80
    • Jørgensen, L.1    Paludan-Muller, A.S.2    Laursen, D.R.3    Savović, J.4    Boutron, I.5    Sterne, J.A.C.6    Higgins, J.P.T.7    Hróbjartsson, A.8
  • 34
    • 0345583669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis
    • Jüni P, Witschi A, Bloch R, Egger M. The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis. JAMA 1999; 282:1054-1060.
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 1054-1060
    • Jüni, P.1    Witschi, A.2    Bloch, R.3    Egger, M.4
  • 35
    • 0035822324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic reviews in health care: Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials
    • Jüni P, Altman DG, Egger M. Systematic reviews in health care: assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. BMJ 2001; 323:42-46.
    • (2001) BMJ , vol.323 , pp. 42-46
    • Jüni, P.1    Altman, D.G.2    Egger, M.3
  • 36
    • 77949680683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials on a cohort of systematic reviews
    • Kirkham JJ, Dwan KM, Altman DG, Gamble C, Dodd S, Smyth R, Williamson PR. The impact of outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials on a cohort of systematic reviews. BMJ 2010; 340:c365.
    • (2010) BMJ , vol.340 , pp. c365
    • Kirkham, J.J.1    Dwan, K.M.2    Altman, D.G.3    Gamble, C.4    Dodd, S.5    Smyth, R.6    Williamson, P.R.7
  • 38
    • 66249126862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Conflict of Interest in Medical Research Education Practice
    • Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US)
    • Lo B, Field MJ, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Conflict of Interest in Medical Research Education and Practice. Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US); 2009.
    • (2009) Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
    • Lo, B.1    Field, M.J.2
  • 40
    • 84873813037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparator bias: Why comparisons must address genuine uncertainties
    • Mann H, Djulbegovic B. Comparator bias: why comparisons must address genuine uncertainties. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2013; 106:30-33.
    • (2013) Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine , vol.106 , pp. 30-33
    • Mann, H.1    Djulbegovic, B.2
  • 46
    • 79952066236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modified versus standard intention-to-treat reporting: Are there differences in methodological quality, sponsorship, and findings in randomized trials?
    • Montedori A, Bonacini MI, Casazza G, Luchetta ML, Duca P, Cozzolino F, Abraha I. Modified versus standard intention-to-treat reporting: are there differences in methodological quality, sponsorship, and findings in randomized trials? A cross-sectional study. Trials 2011; 12:58.
    • A cross-sectional study. Trials , vol.12 , pp. 58
    • Montedori, A.1    Bonacini, M.I.2    Casazza, G.3    Luchetta, M.L.4    Duca, P.5    Cozzolino, F.6    Abraha, I.7
  • 47
    • 85047920532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review and meta-analysis of Mental Health First Aid training: Effects on knowledge, stigma, and helping behaviour
    • Morgan AJ, Ross A, Reavley NJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Mental Health First Aid training: effects on knowledge, stigma, and helping behaviour. PloS One 2018; 13:e0197102.
    • (2018) PloS One , vol.13 , pp. e0197102
    • Morgan, A.J.1    Ross, A.2    Reavley, N.J.3
  • 51
    • 84977564790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking the assessment of risk of bias due to selective reporting: A cross-sectional study
    • Page MJ, Higgins JPT. Rethinking the assessment of risk of bias due to selective reporting: a cross-sectional study. Systematic Reviews 2016; 5:108.
    • (2016) Systematic Reviews , vol.5 , pp. 108
    • Page, M.J.1    Higgins, J.P.T.2
  • 52
    • 84978859510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical evidence of study design biases in randomized trials: Systematic review of meta-epidemiological studies
    • Page MJ, Higgins JPT, Clayton G, Sterne JAC, Hróbjartsson A, Savović J. Empirical evidence of study design biases in randomized trials: systematic review of meta-epidemiological studies. PloS One 2016; 11:7.
    • (2016) PloS One , vol.11 , pp. 7
    • Page, M.J.1    Higgins, J.P.T.2    Clayton, G.3    Sterne, J.A.C.4    Hróbjartsson, A.5    Savović, J.6
  • 53
    • 85044241657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tools for assessing risk of reporting biases in studies and syntheses of studies: A systematic review
    • Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Higgins JPT. Tools for assessing risk of reporting biases in studies and syntheses of studies: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019703.
    • (2018) BMJ Open , vol.8 , pp. e019703
    • Page, M.J.1    McKenzie, J.E.2    Higgins, J.P.T.3
  • 54
    • 85023162598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of conflicts of interest in robotic surgical studies: Validating author’s declarations with the open payments database
    • Patel SV, Yu D, Elsolh B, Goldacre BM, Nash GM. Assessment of conflicts of interest in robotic surgical studies: validating author’s declarations with the open payments database. Annals of Surgery 2018; 268:86-92.
    • (2018) Annals of Surgery , vol.268 , pp. 86-92
    • Patel, S.V.1    Yu, D.2    Elsolh, B.3    Goldacre, B.M.4    Nash, G.M.5
  • 55
    • 84957889265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the difference between published and unpublished effect sizes: A meta-review
    • Polanin JR, Tanner-Smith EE, Hennessy EA. Estimating the difference between published and unpublished effect sizes: a meta-review. Review of Educational Research 2016; 86:207-236.
    • (2016) Review of Educational Research , vol.86 , pp. 207-236
    • Polanin, J.R.1    Tanner-Smith, E.E.2    Hennessy, E.A.3
  • 58
    • 56749166123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reporting bias in drug trials submitted to the Food and Drug Administration: Review of publication and presentation
    • Rising K, Bacchetti P, Bero L. Reporting bias in drug trials submitted to the Food and Drug Administration: review of publication and presentation. PLoS Medicine 2008; 5:e217.
    • (2008) PLoS Medicine , vol.5 , pp. e217
    • Rising, K.1    Bacchetti, P.2    Bero, L.3
  • 59
    • 84892584964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing and completeness of trial results posted at ClinicalTrials.gov and published in journals
    • Riveros C, Dechartres A, Perrodeau E, Haneef R, Boutron I, Ravaud P. Timing and completeness of trial results posted at ClinicalTrials.gov and published in journals. PLoS Medicine 2013; 10:e1001566.
    • (2013) PLoS Medicine , vol.10 , pp. e1001566
    • Riveros, C.1    Dechartres, A.2    Perrodeau, E.3    Haneef, R.4    Boutron, I.5    Ravaud, P.6
  • 61
    • 0036742342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design and reporting modifications in industry-sponsored comparative psychopharmacology trials
    • Safer DJ. Design and reporting modifications in industry-sponsored comparative psychopharmacology trials. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2002; 190:583-592.
    • (2002) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.190 , pp. 583-592
    • Safer, D.J.1
  • 62
    • 84912099186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective reporting bias of harm outcomes within studies: Findings from a cohort of systematic reviews
    • Saini P, Loke YK, Gamble C, Altman DG, Williamson PR, Kirkham JJ. Selective reporting bias of harm outcomes within studies: findings from a cohort of systematic reviews. BMJ 2014; 349:g6501.
    • (2014) BMJ , vol.349 , pp. g6501
    • Saini, P.1    Loke, Y.K.2    Gamble, C.3    Altman, D.G.4    Williamson, P.R.5    Kirkham, J.J.6
  • 66
    • 85007564148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome reporting bias: A pervasive problem in published meta-analyses
    • Schmid CH. Outcome reporting bias: a pervasive problem in published meta-analyses. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2016; 69:172-174.
    • (2016) American Journal of Kidney Diseases , vol.69 , pp. 172-174
    • Schmid, C.H.1
  • 68
    • 85047692188 scopus 로고
    • Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials
    • Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995; 273:408-412.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.273 , pp. 408-412
    • Schulz, K.F.1    Chalmers, I.2    Hayes, R.J.3    Altman, D.G.4
  • 69
    • 84977634656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Requirements of clinical journals for authors’ disclosure of financial and nonfinancial conflicts of interest: A cross-sectional study
    • Shawwa K, Kallas R, Koujanian S, Agarwal A, Neumann I, Alexander P, Tikkinen KA, Guyatt G, Akl EA. Requirements of clinical journals for authors’ disclosure of financial and nonfinancial conflicts of interest: a cross-sectional study. PloS One 2016; 11:e0152301.
    • (2016) PloS One , vol.11 , pp. e0152301
    • Shawwa, K.1    Kallas, R.2    Koujanian, S.3    Agarwal, A.4    Neumann, I.5    Alexander, P.6    Tikkinen, K.A.7    Guyatt, G.8    Akl, E.A.9
  • 70
    • 84897368189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why the Cochrane risk of bias tool should not include funding source as a standard item [editorial]
    • Sterne JAC. Why the Cochrane risk of bias tool should not include funding source as a standard item [editorial]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013; 12:ED000076.
    • (2013) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , vol.12 , pp. ED000076
    • Sterne, J.A.C.1
  • 71
    • 0030931611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of covert duplicate publication on meta-analysis: A case study
    • Tramèr MR, Reynolds DJ, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Impact of covert duplicate publication on meta-analysis: a case study. BMJ 1997; 315:635-640.
    • (1997) BMJ , vol.315 , pp. 635-640
    • Tramèr, M.R.1    Reynolds, D.J.2    Moore, R.A.3    McQuay, H.J.4
  • 74
    • 84873847876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in reporting of analyses in internal company documents versus published trial reports: Comparisons in industry-sponsored trials in offlabel uses of gabapentin
    • Vedula SS, Li T, Dickersin K. Differences in reporting of analyses in internal company documents versus published trial reports: comparisons in industry-sponsored trials in offlabel uses of gabapentin. PLoS Medicine 2013; 10:e1001378.
    • (2013) PLoS Medicine , vol.10 , pp. e1001378
    • Vedula, S.S.1    Li, T.2    Dickersin, K.3
  • 78
    • 84857127828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of document type on reporting quality of clinical drug trials: A comparison of registry reports, clinical study reports, and journal publications
    • Wieseler B, Kerekes MF, Vervoelgyi V, McGauran N, Kaiser T. Impact of document type on reporting quality of clinical drug trials: a comparison of registry reports, clinical study reports, and journal publications. BMJ 2012; 344:d8141.
    • (2012) BMJ , vol.344 , pp. d8141
    • Wieseler, B.1    Kerekes, M.F.2    Vervoelgyi, V.3    McGauran, N.4    Kaiser, T.5
  • 79
    • 40949113623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical evidence of bias in treatment effect estimates in controlled trials with different interventions and outcomes: Meta-epidemiological study
    • Wood L, Egger M, Gluud LL, Schulz K, Jüni P, Altman DG, Gluud C, Martin RM, Wood AJG, Sterne JAC. Empirical evidence of bias in treatment effect estimates in controlled trials with different interventions and outcomes: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ 2008; 336:601-605.
    • (2008) BMJ , vol.336 , pp. 601-605
    • Wood, L.1    Egger, M.2    Gluud, L.L.3    Schulz, K.4    Jüni, P.5    Altman, D.G.6    Gluud, C.7    Martin, R.M.8    Wood, A.J.G.9    Sterne, J.A.C.10


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.