Trait anxiety modulates fronto-limbic processing of emotional interference in Borderline Personality Disorder

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue FEB, 2013, Pages

  Holtmann, Jana ^a,b,c   Herbort, Maike C ^a,b,c,d   Wüstenberg, Torsten ^a   Soch, Joram ^d,e   Richter, Sylvia ^d,f   Walter, Henrik ^a   Roepke, Stefan ^b   Schott, Björn H ^a,d,e  

^a Department of Psychiatry ^*  (Germany)

^b CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^c FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^d LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR NEUROBIOLOGY   (Germany)

^e OTTO VON GUERICKE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG   (Austria)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Anterior cingulate cortex; Anxiety; Borderline Personality Disorder; Cognition emotion interaction; fMRI

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; BORDERLINE STATE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISTRACTIBILITY; EMOTION; EMOTIONALITY; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; LIMBIC CORTEX; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROMODULATION; RESPONSE TIME; STATE TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY; TASK PERFORMANCE;

EID: 85088751825     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16625161     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00054     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Adolphs, R. (2002). Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12, 169-177.
2. Amaral, D.G. (2002). The primate amygdala and the neurobiology of social behavior: implications for understanding social anxiety. Biol Psychiatry 51, 11-17.
3. Amunts, K., Kedo, O., Kindler, M., Pieperhoff, P., Mohlberg, H., Shah, N.J., Habel, U., Schneider, F., and Zilles, K. (2005). Cytoarchitectonic mapping of the human amygdala, hippocampal region and entorhinal cortex: intersubject variability and probability maps. Anat Embryol (Berl) 210, 343-352.
4. Amunts, K., Malikovic, A., Mohlberg, H., Schormann, T., and Zilles, K. (2000). Brodmann's areas 17 and 18 brought into stereotaxic space-where and how variable? Neuroimage 11, 66-84.
5. Amunts, K., Schleicher, A., Burgel, U., Mohlberg, H., Uylings, H.B., and Zilles, K. (1999). Broca's region revisited: cytoarchitecture and intersubject variability. J Comp Neurol 412, 319-341.
6. Arntz, A., Appels, C., and Sieswerda, S. (2000). Hypervigilance in borderline disorder: a test with the emotional Stroop paradigm. J Pers Disord 14, 366-373.
7. Barnow, S., Stopsack, M., Grabe, H.J., Meinke, C., Spitzer, C., Kronmüller, K., Sieswerda, S. (2009). Interpersonal evaluation bias in borderline personality disorder. Behav Res Ther 47, 359-65.
8. Bazanis, E., Rogers, R.D., Dowson, J.H., Taylor, P., Meux, C., Staley, C., Nevinson-Andrews, D., Taylor, C., Robbins, T.W., and Sahakian, B.J. (2002). Neurocognitive deficits in decision-making and planning of patients with DSM-IIIR borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 32, 1395-1405.
9. Beblo, T., Saavedra, A.S., Mensebach, C., Lange, W., Markowitsch, H.J., Rau, H., Woermann, F.G., and Driessen, M. (2006). Deficits in visual functions and neuropsychological inconsistency in Borderline Personality Disorder. Psychiatry Res 145, 127-135.
10. Benjamin, J., Silk, K.R., Lohr, N.E., and Westen, D. (1989). The relationship between borderline personality disorder and anxiety disorders. Am J Orthopsychiatry 59, 461-467.
11. Bohus, M., Limberger, M.F., Frank, U., Sender, I., Gratwohl, T., and Stieglitz, R.D. (2001). [Development of the Borderline Symptom List]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 51, 201-211.
12. Bollen, Kenneth A., and Jackman, Robert W. (1990). "Regression diagnostics: An expository treatment of outliers and influential cases, " in Modern Methods of Data Analysis, eds. Fox, John, and Long, J. Scott (Newbury Park, CA: Sage), 257-91.
13. Botvinick, M.M., Cohen, J.D., and Carter, C.S. (2004). Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Trends Cogn Sci 8, 539-546.
14. Blum, N., St John, D., Pfohl, B., Stuart, S., McCormick, B., Allen, J., Arndt, S., and Black, D.W. (2008). Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS) for outpatients with borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial and 1-year follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 165, 468-78.
15. Brendel, G.R., Stern, E., and Silbersweig, D.A. (2005). Defining the neurocircuitry of borderline personality disorder: functional neuroimaging approaches. Dev Psychopathol 17, 1197-1206.
16. Bush, G., Luu, P., and Posner, M.I. (2000). Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 4, 215-222.
17. Caspers, S., Geyer, S., Schleicher, A., Mohlberg, H., Amunts, K., and Zilles, K. (2006). The human inferior parietal cortex: cytoarchitectonic parcellation and interindividual variability. Neuroimage 33, 430-448.
18. Choi, H.J., Zilles, K., Mohlberg, H., Schleicher, A., Fink, G.R., Armstrong, E., and Amunts, K. (2006). Cytoarchitectonic identification and probabilistic mapping of two distinct areas within the anterior ventral bank of the human intraparietal sulcus. J Comp Neurol 495, 53-69.
19. Cook, R. D., and Weisberg, S. (1982). Residuals and influence in regression. New York: Chapman & Hall.
20. Costafreda, S.G., Brammer, M.J., David, A.S., and Fu, C.H. (2008). Predictors of amygdala activation during the processing of emotional stimuli: a meta-analysis of 385 PET and fMRI studies. Brain Res Rev 58, 57-70.
21. Cullen, K.R., Vizueta, N., Thomas, K.M., Han, G.J., Lim, K.O., Camchong, J., Mueller, B.A., Bell, C.H., Heller, M.D., and Schulz, S.C. (2011). Amygdala functional connectivity in young women with borderline personality disorder. Brain Connect 1, 61-71.
22. Davidson, R.J., Jackson, D.C., and Kalin, N.H. (2000). Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: perspectives from affective neuroscience. Psychol Bull 126, 890-909.
23. Dell'osso, B., Berlin, H.A., Serati, M., and Altamura, A.C. (2010). Neuropsychobiological aspects, comorbidity patterns and dimensional models in borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychobiology 61, 169-179.
24. Domes, G., Schulze, L., and Herpertz, S.C. (2009). Emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder-a review of the literature. J Pers Disord 23, 6-19.
25. Domes, G., Winter, B., Schnell, K., Vohs, K., Fast, K., and Herpertz, S.C. (2006). The influence of emotions on inhibitory functioning in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 36, 1163-1172.
26. Donegan, N.H., Sanislow, C.A., Blumberg, H.P., Fulbright, R.K., Lacadie, C., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J.C., Olson, I.R. Mcglashan, T.H., and Wexler, B.E. (2003). Amygdala hyperreactivity in borderline personality disorder: implications for emotional dysregulation. Biol Psychiatry 54, 1284-1293.
27. Dyck, M., Habel, U., Slodczyk, J., Schlummer, J., Backes, V., Schneider, F., and Reske, M. (2009). Negative bias in fast emotion discrimination in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 39, 855-864.
28. Efron, B. (1979). Bootstrap Methods: Another look at the Jackknife. The Annals of Statistics 7 (1), 1-26.
29. Egner, T., Etkin, A., Gale, S., and Hirsch, J. (2008). Dissociable neural systems resolve conflict from emotional versus nonemotional distracters. Cereb Cortex 18, 1475-1484.
30. Eickhoff, S.B., Heim, S., Zilles, K., and Amunts, K. (2006a). Testing anatomically specified hypotheses in functional imaging using cytoarchitectonic maps. Neuroimage 32, 570-582.
31. Eickhoff, S.B., Amunts, K., Mohlberg, H., and Zilles, K. (2006b). The human parietal operculum. II. Stereotaxic maps and correlation with functional imaging results. Cereb Cortex 16, 268-279.
32. Eickhoff, S.B., Schleicher, A., Zilles, K., and Amunts, K. (2006c). The human parietal operculum. I. Cytoarchitectonic mapping of subdivisions. Cereb Cortex 16, 254-267.
33. Eickhoff, S.B., Stephan, K.E., Mohlberg, H., Grefkes, C., Fink, G.R., Amunts, K., and Zilles, K. (2005). A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data. Neuroimage 25, 1325-1335.
34. Eriksen, B.A., and Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception and Psychophysics 16, 143-149.
35. Etkin, A., Egner, T., and Kalisch, R. (2011). Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 15, 85-93.
36. Etkin, A., Egner, T., Peraza, D.M., Kandel, E.R., and Hirsch, J. (2006). Resolving emotional conflict: a role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdala. Neuron 51, 871-882.
37. Fan, J., Hof, P.R., Guise, K.G., Fossella, J.A., and Posner, M.I. (2008). The functional integration of the anterior cingulate cortex during conflict processing. Cereb Cortex 18, 796-805.
38. Fenske, M.J., and Eastwood, J.D. (2003). Modulation of focused attention by faces expressing emotion: evidence from flanker tasks. Emotion 3, 327-343.
39. First, M.B., Spitzer, R.L., Gibbon, M., and Williams, J.B.W. (1996). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Clinician Version (SCID-CV). American Psychiatric Press, Inc.: Washington, D.C.
40. First, M.B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W., and Benjamin, L.S. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders, (SCID-II). American Psychiatric Press, Inc.: Washington, D.C.
41. Fitzgerald, D.A., Angstadt, M., Jelsone, L.M., Nathan, P.J., and Phan, K.L. (2006). Beyond threat: amygdala reactivity across multiple expressions of facial affect. Neuroimage 30, 1441-1448.
42. Franke, G. H. (2002). SCL-90-R. Symptom-Checkliste von L. R Derogatis-Deutsche Version-Manual: 2., vollständig überarbeitete und neu normierte Auflage. Göttingen: Beltz Test GmbH.
43. Friston, K.J., Buechel, C., Fink, G.R., Morris, J., Rolls, E., and Dolan, R.J. (1997). Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging. Neuroimage 6, 218-229.
44. Geyer, S. (2004). The microstructural border between the motor and the cognitive domain in the human cerebral cortex. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 174, I-VIII, 1-89.
45. Geyer, S., Ledberg, A., Schleicher, A., Kinomura, S., Schormann, T., Burgel, U., Klingberg, T., Larsson, J., Zilles, K., and Roland, P.E. (1996). Two different areas within the primary motor cortex of man. Nature 382, 805-807.
46. Geyer, S., Schleicher, A., and Zilles, K. (1999). Areas 3a, 3b, and 1 of human primary somatosensory cortex. Neuroimage 10, 63-83.
47. Grant, J.E., Correia, S., Brennan-Krohn, T., Malloy, P.F., Laidlaw, D.H., and Schulz, S.C. (2007). Frontal white matter integrity in borderline personality disorder with self-injurious behavior. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 19, 383-390.
48. Gross, J. J., and Muñoz, R. F. (1995). Emotion regulation and mental health. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 2, 151-164.
49. Gross, J.J. (2002). Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology 39, 281-291.
50. Gunderson, J.G., and Lyons-Ruth, K. (2008). BPD's interpersonal hypersensitivity phenotype: a gene-environment developmental model. J Pers Disord 22, 22-41.
51. Hamann, S., and Canli, T. (2004). Individual differences in emotion processing. Curr Opin Neurobiol 14, 233-238.
52. Hautzinger, M., Bailer, M., Worall, H., and Keller, F. (1994). Beck-Depressions-Inventar (BDI). Bern: Huber.
53. Herpertz, S.C., Dietrich, T.M., Wenning, B., Krings, T., Erberich, S.G., Willmes, K., Thron, A., and Sass, H. (2001). Evidence of abnormal amygdala functioning in borderline personality disorder: a functional MRI study. Biol Psychiatry 50, 292-298.
54. Horn, W. (1983). Leistungsprüfsystem L-P-S. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
55. Jacob, G.A., Hellstern, K., Ower, N., Pillmann, M., Scheel, C.N., Rusch, N., and Lieb, K. (2009). Emotional reactions to standardized stimuli in women with borderline personality disorder: stronger negative affect, but no differences in reactivity. J Nerv Ment Dis 197, 808-815.
56. Jovev, M., Green, M., Chanen, A., Cotton, S., Coltheart, M., and Jackson, H. (2012). Attentional processes and responding to affective faces in youth with borderline personality features. Psychiatry Res. [Epub ahead of print].
57. Judd, P. A. (2012). Neurocognitive Deficits in Borderline Personality Disorder: Implications for Treatment. Psychodynamic Psychiatry 40(1), 91-110.
58. Klumpp, H., Ho, S.S., Taylor, S.F., Phan, K.L., Abelson, J.L., and Liberzon, I. (2011). Trait anxiety modulates anterior cingulate activation to threat interference. Depress Anxiety 28, 194-201.
59. Koenigsberg, H.W., Siever, L.J., Lee, H., Pizzarello, S., New, A.S., Goodman, M., Cheng, H., Flory, J., and Prohovnik, I. (2009). Neural correlates of emotion processing in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 172, 192-199.
60. Korfine, L., and Hooley, J.M. (2000). Directed forgetting of emotional stimuli in borderline personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 109, 214-221.
61. Kriegeskorte, N., Lindquist, M.A., Nichols, T.E., Poldrack, R.A., and Vul, E. (2010). Everything you never wanted to know about circular analysis, but were afraid to ask. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 30, 1551-1557.
62. Kurth, F., Eickhoff, S.B., Schleicher, A., Hoemke, L., Zilles, K., and Amunts, K. (2010). Cytoarchitecture and probabilistic maps of the human posterior insular cortex. Cereb Cortex 20, 1448-1461.
63. Larson, M.J., Perlstein, W.M., Stigge-Kaufman, D., Kelly, K.G., and Dotson, V.M. (2006). Affective context-induced modulation of the error-related negativity. Neuroreport 17, 329-333.
64. Ledoux, J.E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 23, 155-184.
65. Lehrl, S. (2005). Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest: MWT-B. 5. Aufl., Spitta: Balingen.
66. Lieb, K., Zanarini, M.C., Schmahl, C., Linehan, M.M., and Bohus, M. (2004). Borderline personality disorder. Lancet 364, 453-461.
67. Linehan, M.M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press: New York.
68. Lis, E., Greenfield, B., Henry, M., Guile, J.M., and Dougherty, G. (2007). Neuroimaging and genetics of borderline personality disorder: a review. J Psychiatry Neurosci 32, 162-173.
69. Lopes, P.N., Salovey, P., Cote, S., and Beers, M. (2005). Emotion regulation abilities and the quality of social interaction. Emotion 5, 113-118.
70. Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., and Öhman, A. (1998). The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces-KDEF, CD ROM from Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology section, Karolinska Institutet, ISBN 91-630-7164-9.
71. Lynch, T.R., Rosenthal, M.Z., Kosson, D.S., Cheavens, J.S., Lejuez, C.W., and Blair, R.J. (2006). Heightened sensitivity to facial expressions of emotion in borderline personality disorder. Emotion 6, 647-655.
72. MacDonald, S.W., Nyberg, L., Bäckman, L. (2006) Intra-individual variability in behavior: links to brain structure, neurotransmission and neuronal activity. Trends Neurosci 29, 474-480.
73. Malikovic, A., Amunts, K., Schleicher, A., Mohlberg, H., Eickhoff, S.B., Wilms, M., Palomero-Gallagher, N., Armstrong, E., and Zilles, K. (2007). Cytoarchitectonic analysis of the human extrastriate cortex in the region of V5/MT+: a probabilistic, stereotaxic map of area hOc5. Cereb Cortex 17, 562-574.
74. Margulies, D.S., Kelly, A.M., Uddin, L.Q., Biswal, B.B., Castellanos, F.X., and Milham, M.P. (2007). Mapping the functional connectivity of anterior cingulate cortex. Neuroimage 37, 579-588.
75. Mauchnik, J., and Schmahl, C. (2010). The latest neuroimaging findings in borderline personality disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 12, 46-55.
76. Minzenberg, M.J., Fan, J., New, A.S., Tang, C.Y., and Siever, L.J. (2007). Fronto-limbic dysfunction in response to facial emotion in borderline personality disorder: an event-related fMRI study. Psychiatry Res 155, 231-243.
77. Mohanty, A., Engels, A.S., Herrington, J.D., Heller, W., Ho, M.H., Banich, M.T., Webb, A.G., Warren, S.L., and Miller, G.A. (2007). Differential engagement of anterior cingulate cortex subdivisions for cognitive and emotional function. Psychophysiology 44, 343-351.
78. Monarch, E.S., Saykin, A.J., and Flashman, L.A. (2004). Neuropsychological impairment in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 27, 67-82, viii-ix.
79. Morosan, P., Rademacher, J., Schleicher, A., Amunts, K., Schormann, T., and Zilles, K. (2001). Human primary auditory cortex: cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and mapping into a spatial reference system. Neuroimage 13, 684-701.
80. Morris, J.S., Ohman, A., and Dolan, R.J. (1999). A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating "unseen" fear. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96, 1680-1685.
81. Murphy, F.C., Nimmo-Smith, I., and Lawrence, A.D. (2003). Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: a meta-analysis. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 3, 207-233.
82. New, A.S., Hazlett, E.A., Buchsbaum, M.S., Goodman, M., Mitelman, S.A., Newmark, R., Trisdorfer, R., Haznedar, M.M., Koenigsberg, H.W., Flory, J., and Siever, L.J. (2007). Amygdala-prefrontal disconnection in borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 32, 1629-1640.
83. Ochsner, K.N., and Gross, J.J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends Cogn Sci 9, 242-249.
84. Patton, J.H., Stanford, M.S., and Barratt, E.S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J Clin Psychol 51, 768-774.
85. Pessoa, L., Mckenna, M., Gutierrez, E., and Ungerleider, L.G. (2002). Neural processing of emotional faces requires attention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99, 11458-11463.
86. Phan, K.L., Wager, T., Taylor, S.F., and Liberzon, I. (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage 16, 331-348.
87. Phan, K.L., Wager, T.D., Taylor, S.F., and Liberzon, I. (2004). Functional neuroimaging studies of human emotions. CNS Spectr 9, 258-266.
88. Phelps, E.A. (2006). Emotion and cognition: insights from studies of the human amygdala. Annu Rev Psychol 57, 27-53.
89. Phillips, M.L., Ladouceur, C.D., and Drevets, W.C. (2008). A neural model of voluntary and automatic emotion regulation: implications for understanding the pathophysiology and neurodevelopment of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 13, 833-857.
90. Posner, M.I., Rothbart, M.K., Vizueta, N., Levy, K.N., Evans, D.E., Thomas, K.M., and Clarkin, J.F. (2002). Attentional mechanisms of borderline personality disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99, 16366-16370.
91. Preuss, U.W., Rujescu, D., Giegling, I., Koller, G., Bottlender, M., Engel, R.R., Moller, H.J., and Soyka, M. (2003). [Factor structure and validity of a german version of the barratt impulsiveness scale]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 71, 527-534.
92. Reeck. C., LaBar, K.S., Egner, T. (2012) Neural mechanisms mediating contingent capture of attention by affective stimuli. J Cogn Neurosci 24(5):1113-26.
93. Richter, S., Gorny, X., Marco-Pallares, J., Krämer, U.M., Machts, J., Barman, A., Bernstein, H.G., Schule, R., Schols, L., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., Reissner, C., Wustenberg, T., Heinze, H.J., Gundelfinger, E.D., Duzel, E., Munte, T.F., Seidenbecher, C.I., and Schott, B.H. (2011). A Potential Role for a Genetic Variation of AKAP5 in Human Aggression and Anger Control. Front Hum Neurosci 5, 175.
94. Rottschy, C., Eickhoff, S.B., Schleicher, A., Mohlberg, H., Kujovic, M., Zilles, K., and Amunts, K. (2007). Ventral visual cortex in humans: cytoarchitectonic mapping of two extrastriate areas. Hum Brain Mapp 28, 1045-1059.
95. Ruchsow, M., Groen, G., Kiefer, M., Hermle, L., Spitzer, M., Falkenstein, M. (2008a) Impulsiveness and ERP components in a Go/Nogo task. J Neural Transm 115, 909-915.
96. Ruchsow, M., Groen, G., Kiefer, M., Buchheim, A., Walter, H., Martius, P., Reiter, M., Hermle, L., Spitzer, M., Ebert, D., Falkenstein, M. (2008b) Response inhibition in borderline personality disorder: event-related potentials in a Go/Nogo task. J Neural Transm 115, 127-133.
97. Ruocco, A.C. (2005). The neuropsychology of borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis and review. Psychiatry Res 137, 191-202.
98. Ruocco A.C., Amirthavasagam S., Choi-Kain LW., McMain SF. Neural Correlates of Negative Emotionality in Borderline Personality Disorder: An Activation-Likelihood-Estimation Meta-Analysis. Biol Psychiatry, in press.
99. Rusch, N., Bracht, T., Kreher, B.W., Schnell, S., Glauche, V., Il'yasov, K.A., Ebert, D., Lieb, K., Hennig, J., Saur, D., and Van Elst, L.T. (2010). Reduced interhemispheric structural connectivity between anterior cingulate cortices in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 181, 151-154.
100. Sabatinelli, D., Bradley, M.M., Fitzsimmons, J.R., and Lang, P.J. (2005). Parallel amygdala and inferotemporal activation reflect emotional intensity and fear relevance. Neuroimage 24, 1265-1270.
101. Scheperjans, F., Eickhoff, S.B., Homke, L., Mohlberg, H., Hermann, K., Amunts, K., and Zilles, K. (2008). Probabilistic maps, morphometry, and variability of cytoarchitectonic areas in the human superior parietal cortex. Cereb Cortex 18, 2141-2157.
102. Schmahl, C., and Bremner, J.D. (2006). Neuroimaging in borderline personality disorder. J Psychiatr Res 40, 419-427.
103. Schmahl, C.G., Elzinga, B.M., Vermetten, E., Sanislow, C., Mcglashan, T.H., and Bremner, J.D. (2003). Neural correlates of memories of abandonment in women with and without borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry 54, 142-151.
104. Schmahl, C.G., Vermetten, E., Elzinga, B.M., and Bremner, J.D. (2004). A positron emission tomography study of memories of childhood abuse in borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry 55, 759-765.
105. Schubert, R., Ritter, P., Wustenberg, T., Preuschhof, C., Curio, G., Sommer, W., and Villringer, A. (2008). Spatial attention related SEP amplitude modulations covary with BOLD signal in S1--a simultaneous EEG--fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 18, 2686-2700.
106. Schulze, L., Domes, G., Krüger, A., Berger, C., Fleischer, M., Prehn, K., Schmahl, C., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., and Herpertz, S.C. (2011). Neuronal Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Borderline Patients with Affective Instability. Biol Psychiatry 69, 564-573.
107. Sergerie, K., Chochol, C., and Armony, J.L. (2008). The role of the amygdala in emotional processing: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32, 811-830.
108. Sieswerda, S., Arntz, A., Mertens, I., and Vertommen, S. (2007). Hypervigilance in patients with borderline personality disorder: specificity, automaticity, and predictors. Behav Res Ther 45, 1011-1024.
109. Silbersweig, D., Clarkin, J.F., Goldstein, M., Kernberg, O.F., Tuescher, O., Levy, K.N., Brendel, G., Pan, H., Beutel, M., Pavony, M.T., Epstein, J., Lenzenweger, M.F., Thomas, K.M., Posner, M.I., and Stern, E. (2007). Failure of frontolimbic inhibitory function in the context of negative emotion in borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 164, 1832-1841.
110. Spielberger, C. D., and Lushene, E. (1966). State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). California: Consulting Psychologists Press.
111. Staebler, K., Gebhard, R., Barnett, W., and Renneberg, B. (2009). Emotional responses in borderline personality disorder and depression: assessment during an acute crisis and 8 months later. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 40, 85-97.
112. Stiglmayr, C.E., Grathwol, T., Linehan, M.M., Ihorst, G., Fahrenberg, J., and Bohus, M. (2005). Aversive tension in patients with borderline personality disorder: a computer-based controlled field study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 111, 372-379.
113. Vuilleumier, P. (2005). How brains beware: neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends Cogn Sci 9, 585-594.
114. Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J.L., Driver, J., and Dolan, R.J. (2001). Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron 30, 829-841.
115. Vuilleumier, P., and Pourtois, G. (2007). Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception: evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia 45, 174-194.
116. Vuilleumier, P., Richardson, M.P., Armony, J.L., Driver, J., and Dolan, R.J. (2004). Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activation during emotional face processing. Nat Neurosci 7, 1271-1278.
117. Wagner, A.W., and Linehan, M.M. (1999). Facial expression recognition ability among women with borderline personality disorder: implications for emotion regulation? J Pers Disord 13, 329-344.
118. Whalen, P.J., Shin, L.M., Mcinerney, S.C., Fischer, H., Wright, C.I., and Rauch, S.L. (2001). A functional MRI study of human amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear versus anger. Emotion 1, 70-83.
119. Wingenfeld, K., Rullkoetter, N., Mensebach, C., Beblo, T., Mertens, M., Kreisel, S., Toepper, M., Driessen, M., and Woermann, F.G. (2009). Neural correlates of the individual emotional Stroop in borderline personality disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34, 571-586.
120. Wiswede, D., Munte, T.F., Goschke, T., and Russeler, J. (2009). Modulation of the error-related negativity by induction of short-term negative affect. Neuropsychologia 47, 83-90.
121. Wittchen, H.-U., Zaudig, M., and Fydrich, T. (1997). Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV. Göttingen: Hogrefe.