Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2020, Issue 7, 2020, Pages

  Shalchi, Zaid ^a,c   Mahroo, Omar ^a   Bunce, Catey ^b   Mitry, Danny ^a,d  

^a MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust ^*  (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL BERKSHIRE NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^d ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFLIBERCEPT; BEVACIZUMAB; RANIBIZUMAB; VASCULOTROPIN INHIBITOR; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; FUSION PROTEIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; STEROID; VASCULOTROPIN A; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR;

BEST CORRECTED VISUAL ACUITY; BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION; BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG EFFICACY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MACULAR EDEMA; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RETINAL THICKNESS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VISION; VISUAL ACUITY; COMPLICATION; DRUG EFFECT; INTRAVITREAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LASER COAGULATION; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; META ANALYSIS; PROCEDURES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RETINA VEIN OCCLUSION; SALVAGE THERAPY;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL, HUMANIZED; BEVACIZUMAB; HUMANS; INTRAVITREAL INJECTIONS; LASER COAGULATION; LASER THERAPY; MACULAR EDEMA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RANIBIZUMAB; RECEPTORS, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR; RECOMBINANT FUSION PROTEINS; RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION; SALVAGE THERAPY; STEROIDS; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A; VISUAL ACUITY;

EID: 85087788622     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009510.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Bandello F, Augustin A, Tufail A, Leaback R. A 12-month, multicenter, parallel group comparison of dexamethasone intravitreal implant versus ranibizumab in branch retinal vein occlusion. European Journal of Ophthalmology 2018;28(6):697–705. x-wiley/crsRef/13950865
2. EU-CTR 2010-023900-29. A 12-month, multicentre, randomised, parallel group study to compare the efficacy and safety of OZURDEX® versus Lucentis® in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2010-023900-29/results (first received 28 August 2011). x-wiley/crsRef/13950866
3. NCT01427751. Safety and efficacy study of Ozurdex® compared to Lucentis® in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01427751 (first received 2 September 2011). x-wiley/crsRef/13950867
4. NCT01976338. Ranibizumab intravitreal injections versus sham control in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) (Blossom). ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01976338 (first received 5 November 2013). x-wiley/crsRef/13950869
5. Wei W. To assess the efficacy and safety of individualized intravitreal ranibizumab 0.5 mg in Asian (primarily Chinese) patients with visual impairment due to macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). In: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. 2017. x-wiley/crsRef/13950870
6. Tadayoni R, Waldstein SM, Boscia F, Gerding H, Gekkieva M, Barnes E, et al. Sustained benefits of ranibizumab with or without laser in branch retinal vein occlusion: 24-month results of the BRIGHTER study. Ophthalmology 2017;124(12):1778-87. x-wiley/crsRef/13950872
7. Tadayoni R, Waldstein SM, Boscia F, Gerding H, Pearce I, Priglinger S, et al. Individualized stabilization criteria-driven ranibizumab versus laser in branch retinal vein occlusion: six-month results of BRIGHTER. Ophthalmology 2016;123(6):1332-44. x-wiley/crsRef/13950873
8. Hattenbach LO, Feltgen N, Bertelmann T, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Berk H, Eter N, et al. Head-to-head comparison of ranibizumab PRN versus single-dose dexamethasone for branch retinal vein occlusion (COMRADE-B). Acta Ophthalmologica 2018;96(1):e10-8. x-wiley/crsRef/13950875
9. Higashiyama T, Sawada O, Kakinoki M, Sawada T, Kawamura H, Ohji M. Prospective comparisons of intravitreal injections of triamcinolone acetonide and bevacizumab for macular oedema due to branch retinal vein occlusion. Acta Ophthalmologica 2013;91(4):318-24. x-wiley/crsRef/13950877
10. Pielen A, Mirshahi A, Feltgen N, Lorenz K, Korb C, Junker B, et al. Ranibizumab for branch retinal vein occlusion associated macular edema study (RABAMES): six-month results of a prospective randomized clinical trial. Acta Ophthalmologica 2015;93(1):e29-37. x-wiley/crsRef/13950879
11. Ramezani A, Esfandiari H, Entezari M, Moradian S, Soheilian M, Dehsarvi B, et al. Three intravitreal bevacizumab versus two intravitreal triamcinolone injections in recent-onset branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2012;250(8):1149-60. x-wiley/crsRef/13950881
12. Campochiaro PA, Clark WL, Boyer DS, Heier JS, Brown DM, Vitti R, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: the 24-week results of the VIBRANT study. Ophthalmology 2015;122(3):538-44. x-wiley/crsRef/13950883
13. Clark WL, Boyer DS, Heier JS, Brown DM, Haller JA, Vitti R, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: 52-week results of the VIBRANT study. Ophthalmology 2016;123(2):330-6. x-wiley/crsRef/13950884
14. Brown DM, Campochiaro PA, Bhisitkul RB, Ho AC, Gray S, Saroj N, et al. Sustained benefits from ranibizumab for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: 12-month outcomes of a phase III study. Ophthalmology 2011;118(8):1594-602. x-wiley/crsRef/13950886
15. Campochiaro PA, Heier JS, Feiner L, Gray S, Saroj N, Rundle AC, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: six-month primary end point results of a phase III study. Ophthalmology 2010;117(6):1102-12. x-wiley/crsRef/13950887
16. Campochiaro PA, Hafiz G, Shah SM, Nguyen QD, Ying H, Do DV, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusions: implication of VEGF as a critical stimulator. Molecular Therapy 2008;16(4):791-9. x-wiley/crsRef/3407655
17. Campochiaro PA, Hafiz G, Channa R, Shah SM, Nguyen QD, Ying H, et al. Antagonism of vascular endothelial growth factor for macular edema caused by retinal vein occlusions: two-year outcomes. Ophthalmology 2010;117(12):2387-94. x-wiley/crsRef/13950889
18. Chiquet C, Dupuy C, Bron AM, Aptel F, Straub M, Isaico R, et al. Intravitreal dexamethasone implant versus anti-VEGF injection for treatment-naive patients with retinal vein occlusion and macular edema: a 12-month follow-up study. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2015;253(12):2095-102. x-wiley/crsRef/13950891
19. Chiquet C, Bron AM, Straub M, Dupuy C, Isaico R, Aptel F, et al. Retinal vein occlusions: therapeutic switch in macular oedema treatment with a 12-month follow-up. Ophthalmic Research 2016;55(3):152-8. x-wiley/crsRef/13950893
20. Feltgen N, Hattenbach LO, Bertelmann T, Callizo J, Rehak M, Wolf A, et al. Comparison of ranibizumab versus dexamethasone for macular oedema following retinal vein occlusion: 1-year results of the COMRADE extension study. Acta Ophthalmologica 2018;96(8):e933-e941. x-wiley/crsRef/13950895
21. Rajagopal R, Shah GK, Blinder KJ, Altaweel M, Eliott D, Wee R, et al. Bevacizumab versus ranibizumab in the treatment of macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion: 6-month results of the CRAVE study. Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers & Imaging Retina 2015;46(8):844-50. x-wiley/crsRef/13950897
22. Donati S, Barosi P, Bianchi M, Al Oum M, Azzolini C. Combined intravitreal bevacizumab and grid laser photocoagulation for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. European Journal of Ophthalmology 2012;22(4):607-14. x-wiley/crsRef/3407659
23. Gu X, Yu X, Song S, Dai H. Intravitreal dexamethasone implant versus intravitreal ranibizumab for the treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion in a Chinese population. Ophthalmic Research 2017;58(1):8-14. x-wiley/crsRef/13950899
24. Guignier B, Subilia-Guignier A, Fournier I, Ballonzoli L, Speeg-Schatz C, Gaucher D. Prospective pilot study: efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone and bevacizumab injections in the treatment of macular oedema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmologica 2013;230(1):43-9. x-wiley/crsRef/13950901
25. Hanhart J, Rozenman Y. Comparison of intravitreal ranibizumab, aflibercept, and dexamethasone implant after bevacizumab failure in macular edema secondary to retinal vascular occlusions. Ophthalmologica 2017;238(1-2):110-8. x-wiley/crsRef/13950903
26. Kartasasmita AS, Takarai S, Switania A, Enus S. Efficacy of single bevacizumab injection as adjuvant therapy to laser photocoagulation in macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Clinical Ophthalmology 2016;10:2135-40. x-wiley/crsRef/13950905
27. Klimes J, Regnier SA, Mahon R, Budek T, Dostal F, Skalicky D, Depta J. Cost effectiveness analysis of ranibizumab compared to aflibercept and laser intervention In treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) In the Czech Republic. Value in Health 2015;18:A 419. x-wiley/crsRef/13950907
28. Leitritz MA, Gelisken F, Ziemssen F, Szurman P, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Jaissle GB. Grid laser photocoagulation for macular oedema due to branch retinal vein occlusion in the age of bevacizumab? Results of a prospective study with crossover design. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2013;97(2):215-9. x-wiley/crsRef/13950909
29. Liu B, Yang Y, Liu X, Li W, Mo Z. Clinical therapeutic effects of intravitreal Ranibizumab injection combined laser photocoagulation for macular edema in BRVO. Guoji Yanke Zazhi 2014;14(11):2006-8. x-wiley/crsRef/13950911
30. Narayanan R, Panchal B, Das T, Chhablani J, Jalali S, Ali MH, et al. A randomised, double-masked, controlled study of the efficacy and safety of intravitreal bevacizumab versus ranibizumab in the treatment of macular oedema due to branch retinal vein occlusion: MARVEL Report No. 1. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2015;99(7):954–9. x-wiley/crsRef/13950913
31. Moon J, Kim M, Sagong M. Combination therapy of intravitreal bevacizumab with single simultaneous posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide for macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion. Eye 2016;30(8):1084-90. x-wiley/crsRef/13950915
32. Moradian S, Faghihi H, Sadeghi B, Piri N, Ahmadieh H, Soheilian M, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab vs. sham treatment in acute branch retinal vein occlusion with macular edema: results at 3 months (Report 1). Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2011;249(2):193-200. x-wiley/crsRef/3407661
33. Ramezani A, Esfandiari H, Entezari M, Moradian S, Soheilian M, Dehsarvi B, et al. Three intravitreal bevacizumab versus two intravitreal triamcinolone injections in recent onset central retinal vein occlusion. Acta Ophthalmologica 2014;92(7):e530-9. x-wiley/crsRef/13950917
34. Regnier SA, Larsen M, Bezlyak V, Allen F. Comparative efficacy and safety of approved treatments for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: a network meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2015;5(6):e007527. x-wiley/crsRef/13950919
35. Russo V, Barone A, Conte E, Prascina F, Stella A, Noci ND. Bevacizumab compared with macular laser grid photocoagulation for cystoid macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion. Retina 2009;29(4):511-5. x-wiley/crsRef/13950921
36. Campochiaro PA, Wykoff CC, Singer M, Johnson R, Marcus D, Yau L, et al. Monthly versus as-needed ranibizumab injections in patients with retinal vein occlusion: the SHORE study. Ophthalmology 2014;121(12):2432-42. x-wiley/crsRef/13950923
37. Tan MH, McAllister IL, Gillies ME, Verma N, Banerjee, Smithies LA, et al. Randomized controlled trial of intravitreal ranibizumab versus standard grid laser for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2014;157(1):237-47. x-wiley/crsRef/13950925
38. Tomomatsu Y, Tomomatsu T, Takamura Y, Gozawa M, Arimura S, Takihara Y, et al. Comparative study of combined bevacizumab/targeted photocoagulation vs bevacizumab alone for macular oedema in ischaemic branch retinal vein occlusions. Acta Ophthalmologica 2016;94(3):e225-30. x-wiley/crsRef/13950927
39. Wroblewski JJ, Wells JA 3rd, Gonzales CR. Pegaptanib sodium for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2010;149(1):147-54. x-wiley/crsRef/3407663
40. Zhang XY, Li YB, Zhou LW, Wang XB, Luo XD. Observation on intravitreal injection of ranibizumab combined with laser photocoagulation for the treatment of macular edema in BRVO. International Eye Science 2014;14:747-9. x-wiley/crsRef/13950929
41. NCT01189526. Comparison of intravitreal ranibizumab and macular laser photocoagulation for ME following branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01189526 (first received 26 August 2010). x-wiley/crsRef/13950931
42. NCT01795209. Ranibizumab for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion in patients with fair vision (RVOFV). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01795209 (first received 20 February 2013). x-wiley/crsRef/13950933
43. NCT03108352. Conbercept ophthalmic injection for patients with macular edema caused by branch retinal vein occlusion. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03108352 (first received 11 April 2017). x-wiley/crsRef/13950935
44. Abegg M, Tappeiner C, Wolf-Schnurrbusch U, Barthelmes D, Wolf S, Fleischhauer J. Treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion induced macular edema with bevacizumab. BMC Ophthalmology 2008;8:18. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-8-18]
45. Ahmadi AA, Chuo JY, Banashkevich A, Ma PE, Maberley DA. The effects of intravitreal bevacizumab on patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 2009;44(2):154-9.
46. Aiello LP, Pierce EA, Foley ED, Takagi H, Chen H, Riddle L, et al. Suppression of retinal neovascularization in vivo by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using soluble VEGF-receptor chimeric proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1995;92(23):10457-61.
47. Aiello LP, Northrup JM, Keyt BA, Takagi H, Iwamoto MA. Hypoxic regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal cells. Archives of Ophthalmology 1995;113(12):1538-44.
48. Awdeh RM, Elsing SH, Deramo VA, Stinnett S, Lee PP, Fekrat S. Vision-related quality of life in persons with unilateral branch retinal vein occlusion using the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2010;94(3):319-23.
49. Boyd SR, Zachary I, Chakravarthy U, Allen GJ, Wisdom GB, Cree IA, et al. Correlation of increased vascular endothelial growth factor with neovascularization and permeability in ischemic central vein occlusion. Archives of Ophthalmology 2002;120(12):1644-50.
50. The Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for macular edema in branch vein occlusion. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1984;98(3):271-82.
51. Byeon SH, Kwon YA, Oh HS, Kim M, Kwon OW. Short-term results of intravitreal bevacizumab for macular edema with retinal vein obstruction and diabetic macular edema. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2007;23(4):387-94.
52. Byun YJ, Roh MI, Lee SC, Koh HJ. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide versus bevacizumab therapy for macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2010;248(7):963-71.
53. Campochiaro PA, Heier JS, Feiner L, Gray S, Saroj N, Rundle AC, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: six-month primary end point results of a phase III study. Ophthalmology 2010;117(6):1102-12.
54. Cekic O, Cakir M, Yazici AT, Alagoz N, Bozkurt E, Faruk Yilmaz O. A comparison of three different intravitreal treatment modalities of macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion. Current Eye Research 2010;35(10):925-9.
55. Chen CH, Chen YH, Wu PC, Chen YJ, Lee JJ, Liu YC, et al. Treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion induced macular edema in treatment-naive cases with a single intravitreal triamcinolone or bevacizumab injection. Chang Gung Medical Journal 2010;33(4):424-35.
56. Cheng KC, Wu WC, Chen KJ. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide vs bevacizumab for treatment of macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Eye 2009;23(11):2023-33.
57. Chung EJ, Hong YT, Lee SC, Kwon OW, Koh HJ. Prognostic factors for visual outcome after intravitreal bevacizumab for macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2008;246(9):1241-7.
58. Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG, editor(s) on behalf of the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017), Cochrane, 2017. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
59. Dodson PM, Galton DJ, Hamilton AM, Blach RK. Retinal vein occlusion and the prevalence of lipoprotein abnormalities. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1982;66(3):161-4.
60. Dodson PM, Kritzinger EE, Clough CG. Diabetes mellitus and retinal vein occlusion in patients of Asian, West Indian and white European origin. Eye 1992;6(1):66-8.
61. Anonymous. Risk factors for branch retinal vein occlusion. The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1993;116(3):286-96.
62. Ehlers JP, Fekrat S. Retinal vein occlusion: beyond the acute event. Survey of Ophthalmology 2011;56(4):281-99.
63. Ferrara N, Damico L, Shams N, Lowman H, Kim R. Development of ranibizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antigen binding fragment, as therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2006;26(8):859-70.
64. Figueroa MS, Contreras I, Noval S, Arruabarrena C. Results of bevacizumab as the primary treatment for retinal vein occlusions. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2010;94(8):1052-6.
65. Frangieh GT, Green WR, Barraquer-Somers E, Finkelstein D. Histopathologic study of nine branch retinal vein occlusions. Archives of Ophthalmology 1982;100(7):1132-40.
66. Funk M, Kriechbaum K, Prager F, Benesch T, Georgopoulos M, Zlabinger GJ, et al. Intraocular concentrations of growth factors and cytokines in retinal vein occlusion and the effect of therapy with bevacizumab. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2009;50(3):1025-32.
67. Garnock-Jones KP. Ranibizumab: in macular oedema following retinal vein occlusion. Drugs 2011;71(4):455-63.
68. Glacet-Bernard A, Coscas G, Chabanel A, Zourdani A, Lelong F, Samama MM. Prognostic factors for retinal vein occlusion: prospective study of 175 cases. Ophthalmology 1996;103(4):551-60.
69. Glanville JM, Lefebvre C, Miles JN, Camosso-Stefinovic J. How to identify randomized controlled trials in MEDLINE: ten years on. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2006;94(2):130-6.
70. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editors The GRADE Working Group. GRADE Handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html (initially accessed 2013).
71. McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime) GRADEpro GDT. Version accessed prior to 11 July 2019. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime).Available at gradepro.org.
72. Gragoudas ES, Adamis AP, Cunningham ET Jr, Feinsod M, Guyer DR. Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. New England Journal of Medicine 2004;351(27):2805-16.
73. Gregori NZ, Rattan GH, Rosenfeld PJ, Puliafito CA, Feuer W, Flynn HW Jr, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) for the management of branch and hemiretinal vein occlusion. Retina 2009;29(7):913-25.
74. Gunduz K, Bakri SJ. Intravitreal bevacizumab for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Eye 2008;22(9):1168-71.
75. Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R Jr, Blumenkranz MS, Gillies M, Heier J, et al. Randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2010;117(6):1134-46.
76. Hara S, Sakuraba T, Kataoka H, Yanagihashi S, Saitou K, Noda Y. Effect of repeated intravitreal bevacizumab injections for secondary macular edema of branch retinal vein occlusion. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 2010;114(12):1013-8.
77. Higgins JPT, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Sterne JAC. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane, 2019. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
78. Hoeh AE, Ach T, Schaal KB, Scheuerle AF, Dithmar S. Long-term follow-up of OCT-guided bevacizumab treatment of macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2009;247(12):1635-41.
79. Hou J, Tao Y, Jiang YR, Li XX, Gao L. Intravitreal bevacizumab versus triamcinolone acetonide for macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion: a matched study. Chinese Medical Journal 2009;122(22):2695-9.
80. Hung KH, Lee SM, Lee SY, Lee FL, Yang CS. Intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) in the treatment of macular edema associated with perfused retinal vein occlusion. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2010;26(1):85-90.
81. Jaissle GB, Leitritz M, Gelisken F, Ziemssen F, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Szurman P. One-year results after intravitreal bevacizumab therapy for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2009;247(1):27-33.
82. Jaissle GB, Szurman P, Feltgen N, Spitzer B, Pielen A, Rehak M, et al. Predictive factors for functional improvement after intravitreal bevacizumab therapy for macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2011;249(2):183-92.
83. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Meuer SM. The epidemiology of retinal vein occlusion: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 2000;98:133-41.
84. Klein R, Moss SE, Meuer SM, Klein BE. The 15-year cumulative incidence of retinal vein occlusion: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Archives of Ophthalmology 2008;126(4):513-8.
85. Kondo M, Kondo N, Ito Y, Kachi S, Kikuchi M, Yasuma TR, et al. Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion:results after 12 months and multiple regression analysis. Retina 2009;29(9):1242-8.
86. Kourlas H, Abrams P. Ranibizumab for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a review. Clinical Therapeutics 2007;29(9):1850-61.
87. Kreutzer TC, Alge CS, Wolf AH, Kook D, Burger J, Strauss R, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2008;92(3):351-5.
88. Kriechbaum K, Michels S, Prager F, Georgopoulos M, Funk M, Geitzenauer W, et al. Intravitreal Avastin for macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a prospective study. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2008;92(4):518-22.
89. McIntosh RL, Mohamed Q, Saw SM, Wong TY. Interventions for branch retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review. Ophthalmology 2007;114(5):835-54.
90. Meader N, King K, Llewellyn A, Norman G, Brown J, Rodgers M, et al. A checklist designed to aid consistency and reproducibility of GRADE assessments: development and pilot validation. Systematic Reviews 2014;3:82. [DOI: 10.1186/2046-4053-3-82]
91. Mehany SA. Early Avastin management in acute retinal vein occlusion. Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology 2010;24(3):87-94.
92. Mitchell P, Smith W, Chang A. Prevalence and associations of retinal vein occlusion in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Archives of Ophthalmology 1996;114(10):1243-7.
93. Mitchell P. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety outcomes of anti-VEGF agents used for treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration: comparison of ranibizumab and bevacizumab. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2011;27(7):1465-75.
94. Noma H, Minamoto A, Funatsu H, Tsukamoto H, Nakano K, Yamashita H, et al. Intravitreal levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 are correlated with macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2006;244(3):309-15.
95. Ozaki H, Hayashi H, Vinores SA, Moromizato Y, Campochiaro PA, Oshima K. Intravitreal sustained release of VEGF causes retinal neovascularization in rabbits and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier in rabbits and primates. Experimental Eye Research 1997;64(4):505-17.
96. Pai SA, Shetty R, Vijayan PB, Venkatasubramaniam G, Yadav NK, Shetty BK, et al. Clinical, anatomic, and electrophysiologic evaluation following intravitreal bevacizumab for macular edema in retinal vein occlusion. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;143(4):601-6.
97. Pece A, Isola V, Piermarocchi S, Calori G. Efficacy and safety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy with intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis) for naive retinal vein occlusion: 1-year follow-up. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2011;95(1):56-68.
98. Prager F, Michels S, Kriechbaum K, Georgopoulos M, Funk M, Geitzenauer W, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: 12-month results of a prospective clinical trial. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2009;93(4):452-6.
99. Presta LG, Chen H, O'Connor SJ, Chisholm V, Meng YG, Krummen L, et al. Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders. Cancer Research 1997;57(20):4593-9.
100. Qian T, Zhao M, Xu X. Comparison between anti-VEGF therapy and corticosteroid or laser therapy for macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2017;42(5):519-29.
101. Rabena MD, Pieramici DJ, Castellarin AA, Nasir MA, Avery RL. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Retina 2007;27(4):419-25.
102. Rehak J, Rehak M. Branch retinal vein occlusion: pathogenesis, visual prognosis, and treatment modalities. Current Eye Research 2008;33(2):111-31.
103. Rensch F, Jonas JB, Spandau UH. Early intravitreal bevacizumab for non-ischaemic branch retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmologica 2009;223(2):124-7.
104. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
105. Rogers SL, McIntosh RL, Lim L, Mitchell P, Cheung N, Kowalski JW, et al. Natural history of branch retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review. Ophthalmology 2010;117(6):1094-101.
106. Rogers S, McIntosh RL, Cheung N, Lim L, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, et al. The prevalence of retinal vein occlusion: pooled data from population studies from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Ophthalmology 2010;117(2):313-9.
107. Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, Boyer DS, Kaiser PK, Chung CY, et al. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;355(14):1419-31.
108. Rouvas A, Petrou P, Ntouraki A, Douvali M, Ladas I, Vergados I. Intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis) for branch retinal vein occlusion-induced macular edema: nine-month results of a prospective study. Retina 2010;30(6):893-902.
109. Schaal KB, Hoh AE, Scheuerle A, Schutt F, Dithmar S. Bevacizumab for the treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmologe 2007;104(4):285-9.
110. Scott IU, Ip MS, VanVeldhuisen PC, Oden NL, Blodi BA, Fisher M, et al. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolone with standard care to treat vision loss associated with macular Edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: the Standard Care vs Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) study report 6. Archives of Ophthalmology 2009;127(9):1115-28.
111. Shilling JS, Kohner EM. New vessel formation in retinal branch vein occlusion. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1976;60(12):810-5.
112. Stahl A, Agostini H, Hansen LL, Feltgen N. Bevacizumab in retinal vein occlusion-results of a prospective case series. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2007;245(10):1429-36.
113. Wong TY, Larsen EK, Klein R, Mitchell P, Couper DJ, Klein BE, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors for retinal vein occlusion and arteriolar emboli: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities & Cardiovascular Health studies. Ophthalmology 2005;112(4):540-7.
114. Xu L, Liu WW, Wang YX, Yang H, Jonas JB. Retinal vein occlusions and mortality: the Beijing Eye Study. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;144(6):972-3.
115. Yasuda M, Kiyohara Y, Arakawa S, Hata Y, Yonemoto K, Doi Y, et al. Prevalence and systemic risk factors for retinal vein occlusion in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2010;51(6):3205-9.
116. Mitry D, Bunce C, Charteris D. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009510]
117. Mitry D, Bunce C, Charteris D. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009510.pub2]