Equality practice: Civil unions and the future of gay rights

Equality Practice: Civil Unions and the Future of Gay Rights

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-280

  Eskridge, William N ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 85082606192     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203951491     Document Type: Book

References (373)

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42. William N. Eskridge Jr., “No Promo Homo: The Sedimentation of Antigay Discourse and the Channeling Effect of Judicial Review,” 75 NYU L. Rev., 117-18.
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51. Thomas Stoddard, “Why Gay People Should Seek the Right to Marry,” OUT/LOOK: Nat’l Gay and Lesbian Q., Fall 1989, at 8. The Ettelbrick and Stoddard essays are reprinted in Lesbian and Gay Marriage: Private Commitments, Public Ceremonies, 13-19
52. William N. Eskridge Jr. and Nan D. Hunter, Sexuality, Gender, and the Law, 817-20 (1997).
53. Eskridge, Same-Sex Marriage, 124-37.
54. Andrew Koppelman, “Why Discrimination Against Lesbians and Gay Men Is Sex Discrimination,” 69 NYU L. Rev. 197 (1994).
55. “Crossing the Threshold: Equal Marriage Rights for Lesbians and Gay Men, and the Intra-Community Critique,” 21 NYU Rev. L. & Soc. Change 567 (1994).
56. Richard A. Posner, Sex and Reason, 311-13
57. G. Sidney Buchanan, “Same-Sex Marriage: The Linchpin Issue,”10 Dayton U.L. Rev. 541 (1985)
58. Beth Robinson, “Same-Sex Marriages in Hawaii” (July 11, 1997) (as of October 18, 2000).
59. Thomas Gill, Chair, Report of the Commission on Sexual Orientation and the Law, 43-44 (Dec. 8, 1995).
60. Barbara J. Cox, “Same-Sex Marriage and Choice of Law: If We Marry in Hawaii, Are We Still Married When We Return Home?” 1994 Wis. L. Rev. 1033
61. Andrew Koppelman, “Same-Sex Marriage, Choice of Law, and Public Policy,” 76 Tex. L. Rev. 921 (1998);
62. Linda Silberman, “Can the Island of Hawaii Rule the World? A Comment on Same-Sex Marriage and Federalism Values,” 16 QLR 191 (1996).
63. Silberman, “Can Hawaii Rule?” responding to Larry Kramer, “Same-Sex Marriage, Conflict of Laws, and the Unconstitutional Public Policy Exception,” 106 Yale L.J. 1965 (1997).
64. Lynn Wardle. See Dan Harrie, “Utah May Ignore Gay Unions,” Salt Lake Tribune, March 17, 1995.
65. Russell J. Weintraub, Commentary on the Conflict of Laws, 525 (3d ed. 1986)
66. Andrew Koppelman, “Dumb and DOMA: Why the Defense of Marriage Act Is Unconstitutional,” 83 Iowa L. Rev. 1, 15 (1997)
67. Kermit Roosevelt III, “The Myth of Choice of Law: Rethinking Conflicts,” 97 Mich. L. Rev. 2448 (1999).
68. Douglas Laycock, “Equal Citizens of Equal and Territorial States: The Constitutional Foundations of Choice of Law,” 92 Colum. L. Rev. 249, 313 (1992).
69. William N. Eskridge Jr., New Republic, June 17, 1996, at 11.
70. Scott Ruskay-Kidd, “The Defense of Marriage Act and the Overextension of Congressional Authority,” 97 Colum. L. Rev. 1435, 1449-65 (1997)
71. Michael H. Gottesman, “Draining the Dismal Swamp: The Case for Federal Choice of Law Statutes,” 80 Geo. L.J. 1, 24-28 (1991).
72. D. Flaks et al., “Lesbians Choosing Motherhood: A Comparative Study of Lesbian and Heterosexual Parents and Their Children,” 31 Dev. Psychol. 105 (1995)
73. M. V. Lee Badgett, Money, Myths, and Change: The Economic Lives of Lesbians and Gay Men, 146-60 (2001).
74. Chad Blair, “The Gospel According to Gabbard,” Honolulu Weekly, January 27, 1999 (a detailed retrospective on Gabbard).
75. Mary Adamski, “Christian Groups at Odds over Ads Against Same-Sex,” Flonolulu Star Bulletin, October 1, 1998 (describing several ads and criticism of them by progray churches).
76. Mary Adamski, “Clergy Rebut Charge of Intolerance,” Honolulu Star Bulletin, October 2, 1998.
77. Mike Yuen, “Same-Sex Marriage Losing Big,” Honolulu Star Bulletin, August 14, 1998
78. Richard A. Posner, “Should There Be Homosexual Marriage? And If So, Who Should Decide?” 95 Mich. L. Rev. 1578 (1997)
79. Kevin Clarkson, David Orgon Coolidge, and William Duncan, “The Alaska Marriage Amendment: The People’s Choice on the Last Frontier,” 16 Alaska L. Rev. 213 (1999).
80. Liz Ruskin, “Same-Sex Marriage Foes Given $500,000; Mormon Gift Infuriates Opponents,” Anchorage Daily News, October 3, 1998, at F2.
81. Maureen Clark, “Bishops Back Single-Sex Marriage Ban,” Anchorage Daily News, September 8, 1998, at Bl.
82. Diane Derby, “Political Climate Was Right for Court’s Ruling on Gay Rights,” Rutland Herald, December 26, 1999, at 1.
83. Diane Derby, “Same-Sex Marriage Ruling at Issue,” Rutland Herald, July 22, 1997, at 1, 10.
84. William N. Eskridge Jr. and Philip P. Frickey, Legislation: Statutes and the Creation of Public Policy, 441-47 (2d ed. 1997)
85. Adam Lisberg and Nancy Remsen, “Legislators Embrace Idea of ‘Domestic Partnership,’” Burlington Free Press, December 21, 1999.
86. John Flowers, “Same-Sex Ruling Celebrated,” Addison Independent, December 23, 1999.
87. Abbey Duke, “Opponents Gather Forces for Messy Battle with the Legislature,” Burlington Free Press, Dec. 22, 1999.
88. Jack Hoffman, “Poll: Majority Say No to Same-Sex Benefits,” Rutland Herald, January 2000.
89. Michael Mello, “For Today I’m Gay: The Unfinished Battle for Same-Sex Marriage in Vermont,” 25 Vt. L. Rev. 149-275 (2000).
90. Heather Stephenson, “Big Crowd Rallies Against Gay Marriage,” Rutland Herald, February 2, 2000.
91. Carey Goldberg, “Forced to Act on Gay Marriage, Vermont Finds Itself Deeply Split,” N.Y. Times, February 3, 2000, at A16.
92. Greg Johnson, “Vermont Civil Unions: The New Language of Marriage,” 25 Vt. L. Rev. 15, 40-41 (2000)
93. Nancy Remsen and Adam Lisberg, “Bill Survives Compromise, Delay Tactics; Marriage Defintion Added to Legislation to Gain Support,” Burlington Free Press, March 17, 2000.
94. Blake Frost, “Churches Who Lead People Astray,” Rutland Herald, March 9, 2000, at 8.
95. John Lynch, “Fight Sin, Don’t Legalize It,” Valley News, April 12, 2000.
96. Ross Sneyd, “Two Senators Get an Earful on Civil Unions,” Rutland Herald, April 2000.
97. Adam Lisberg, “Panel Clears Way for Civil Unions; Senate Judiciary Committee OKs Largely Intact Bill,” Burlington Free Press, April 14, 2000.
98. Robert Bolt, A Man for All Seasons 65-67 (1962)
99. Larry Alexander, “Constitutional Tragedies and Giving Refuge to the Devil,” in Constitutional Stupidities, Constitutional Tragedies 115-20 (William N. Eskridge Jr. and Sanford Levinson, eds. 1998).
100. Carolyn Lochhead, “Gay Unions Win Final Vote in Vermont/Governor to Sign Measure Extending Rights of Marriage,” San Francisco Chronicle, April 26, 2000 (quoting some prayers from the vigil).
101. Tracy Schmaler and Frederick Bever, “Law Praised, Attacked Around Nation,” Rutland Herald, Apr. 27, 2000 (quoting Robert Knight, speaker for the Family Research Council).
102. Jack Hoffman, “Poll Suggests Limited Fallout from Gay Bill,” Rutland Herald, May 2000.
103. Carey Goldberg, “Old Tensions Surface Over Civil Unions,” Rutland Herald, September 3, 2000 (quoting Paronto and Weiss).
104. Jack Hoffman, “Voters Show Anger over Civil Unions Law,” Rutland Herald, September 13, 2000.
105. Kees Waaldijk, “Small Change: How the Road to Same-Sex Marriage Got Paved in the Netherlands,” in Wintemute and Andenaes, eds., Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships.
106. Darren Spedale, Nordic Bliss: The Danish Experience with “Gay Marriage”, ch. 3
107. David Bradley, Family Law and Political Culture: Scandinavian Laws in Comparative Perspective (1996);
108. B. Hansen and Henning jorgensen, “The Danish Partnership Law,” in The Third Pink Book 86 (A. Hendricks ed. 1993);
109. Ingrid Lund-Anderson, “The Legal Position of Homosexuals: Cohabitation and Registered Partnership in Scandinavia,” in The Changing Family, 397-404 (J. Eekelaar and Th. Nhlapa eds. 1998);
110. Linda Nielsen, “Family Rights and the ‘Registered Partnership’ in Denmark,” 4 Int’l J.L. & Fam. 297 (1990).
111. International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA), World Legal Survey: Denmark, (as of November 1, 2000).
112. Bradley, Scandinavian Laws, 217-18.
113. ILGA, World Legal Survey: Norway,
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115. Robert Wintemute, Sexual Orientation and Human Rights: The United States Constitution, the European Convention, and the Canadian Charter, 91-149 (1995).
116. Suzanne Daley, “French Couples Take Plunge That Falls Short of Marriage,” N.Y. Timesy April 18,2000.
117. Alon Harel, “Gay Rights in Israel: A New Era?” 1 Int’l J. Discrim. & Law 261 (1996)
118. Lee Walzer, Between Sodom and Eden: A Gay Journey Through Today’s Changing Israel (2000).
119. Aeyal M. Gross, “Challenges to Compulsory Heterosexuality: Recognition and Non-Recognition of Same-Sex Couples in Israeli Law,” in Wintemute and Andenaes, eds., Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships. Danilowitz, opinion of Barak, J., f 15.
120. Alon Harel, “The Rise and Fall of the Israeli Gay Legal Revolution,” 31 Colum. Human Rights L. Rev. 443 (2000)
121. Amit Kama, “From Terra Incognita to Terra Firma: The Logbook of the Voyage of Gay Men’s Community into the Israeli Public Sphere,” 38 J. Homosexuality 133 (2000)
122. Gary Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire: Sexuality in Canada (2d ed. 1996) (account of the 1969 reform bill).
123. Donald G. Casswell, Lesbians, Gay Men, and Canadian Law (1996).
124. Kinsman, Regulation of Desire, 59-68
125. Kathleen A. Lahey, “Becoming ‘Persons’ in Canadian Law: Genuine Equality or ‘Separate But Equal’?” in Wintemute and Andenaes, eds., Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships. Egan v. The Queen, [1995] 2 S.C.R. 513, 124 D.L.R.(4th) 609 (Can. Sup. Ct. 1995).
126. Martha A. McCarthy and Joanna L. Radbord, “A Mirage or an Oasis? Giving Substance to Substantive Reality,” 28 (draft 2000).
127. Donald G. Casswell, “‘Any Two Persons’ in Canada’s Lotusland, British Columbia,” in Wintemute and Andenaes, eds., Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Relationships.
128. Adrian Humphreys, “First Gay Marriage Legal, For Now,” Nat’l Post, (Toronto), January 15, 2001, at A1.
129. Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, The Nature of Prejudices (1996) (antigay prejudice is a Freudian defense mechanism for people who cannot process their own sexual feelings; require rigid gender roles; or need scapegoats to redeem their own inadequacies in life).
130. John Finnis, “Law, Morality, and ‘Sexual Orientation,”’ 69 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1049 (1994)
131. Robert Wright, The Moral Animal—Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology (1994).
132. Mae Kuykendall, “Resistance to Same-Sex Marriage as a Story About Language: Linguistic Failure and the Priority of a Living Language,” 34 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 385 (1999).
133. Gregory M. Herek, “Beyond ‘Homophobia’: A Social Psychological Perspective on Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men,” in Bashers, Baiters and Bigots: Homophobia in American Society, 1, 13-15 (John P. DeCecco ed. 1985).
134. Albert D. Klassen et al., Sex and Morality in the U.S.: An Empirical Enquiry under the Auspices of The Kinsey Institute, 165-84 (Hubert J. O’Gorman ed. 1989).
135. William N. Eskridge Jr., Gaylaw: Challenging the Apartheid of the Closet, ch. 6 (1999).
136. Klassen et al., Sex and Morality, 225-27, 240-41.
137. William N. Eskridge Jr., “No Promo Homo: The Sedimentation of Antigay Discourse and the Channeling Effect of Judicial Review,” 75 NYU L. Rev. 1327 (2000).
138. Jana B. Singer, “The Privatization of Family Law,” 1992 Wis. L. Rev. 1443
139. Martha A. Fineman, The Neutered Mother, the Sexual Family, and Other Twentieth Century Tragedies (1995).
140. Bruce Ackerman, Social Justice in the Liberal State, 349-78 (1980)
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142. John Rawls, Political Liberalism, 4 (1993).
143. John Rawls “The Priority of Right and Ideas of the Good,” 17 Phil. & Pub. Aff. 272-73 (1988).
144. Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community, and Culture (1989).
145. Kenneth L. Karst, “The Supreme Court, 1976 Term—Foreword: Equal Citizenship under the Fourteenth Amendment,” 91 Harv. L. Rev. 1, 5-11 (1977).
146. Rawls, Political Liberalism, 213.
147. Rawls “The Idea of Public Reason Revisited,” 64 U. Chi. L. Rev. 765 (1997).
148. Andrew Koppelman, “Why Discrimination against Lesbians and Gay Men Is Sex Discrimination,” 69 NYU L. Rev. 197 (1994).
149. William N. Eskridge Jr., The Case for Same-Sex Marriage, 162-72 (1996)
150. Carolyn Bratt, “Incest Statutes and the Fundamental Right of Marriage: Is Oedipus Free to Marry?” 18 Tam. L.Q. (1984).
151. David L. Chambers, “Polygamy and Same-Sex Marriage,” 26 Hofstra L. Rev. 53, 54-60 (1997)
152. Maura I. Strassberg, “Distinctions of Form or Substance: Monogamy, Polygamy and Same-Sex Marriage,” 75 N.C. L. Rev. 1501 (1997)
153. Robin West, “Universalism, Liberal Theory, and the Problem of Gay Marriage,” 25 Fla. St. Univ. L. Rev. 705 (1998).
154. David A. J. Richards, Sex, Drugs, Death, and the Law: An Essay on Human Rights and Overcriminalization, 29-83 (1982)
155. Mary C. Dunlap, “The Lesbian and Gay Marriage Debate: A Microcosm of Our Hopes and Our Troubles,”1 Law & Sexuality 62 (1991)
156. Andrew Koppelman, “Why Discrimination against Gay Men and Lesbians Is Sex Discrimination,” 69 NYU L. Rev. 197 (1994)
157. Evan Wolfson, “Crossing the Threshold: Equal Marriage Rights for Lesbians and Gay Men and the Intra-Community Critique,” 21 NYU Rev. L. & Soc. Change 567 (1994-95).
158. Lynn D. Wardle, “The Potential Impact of Homsexual Parenting on Children,” 1997 U. III. L. Rev. 833
159. Carlos Ball and Janice Farrell Pea, “Warring with Wardle: Morality, Social Science, and Gay and Lesbian Parents,” 1998 U. III. L. Rev. 253
160. Linda McClain, “Deliberative Democracy, Overlapping Consensus, and Same-Sex Marriage,” 66 Fordham L. Rev. 1241 (1998)
161. Carlos Ball, “Communitarianism and Gay Rights,” 85 Cornell L. Rev. 443, 451-57 (2000)
162. Barbara J. Cox, “But Why Not Marriage? An Essay on Vermont’s Civil Unions Law, Same-Sex Marriage, and Separate But (Un)Equal,” 25 Vt. L. Rev. 113 (2000).
163. Peggy Cooper Davis, Neglected Stories: The Constitution and Family Values, 97 (1997).
164. Mae Kuykendall, “Resistance to Same-Sex Marriage as a Story about Language: Linguistic Failure and the Priority of a Living Language,” 34 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 385, 424 (1999)
165. Barbara J. Cox, “Same-Sex Marriage and Choice of Law: If We Marry in Hawaii, Are We Still Married When We Return Home?” 1994 Wis. L. Rev. 1033
166. Linda Silberman, “Can the Island of Hawaii Bind the World? A Comment on Same-Sex Marriage and Federalism Values,” 16 QLR 191 (1996).
167. Michael McConnell, “Originalism and the Desegregation Decisions,” 81 Va. L. Rev. 947 (1995)
168. David L. Chambers, “What If? The Legal Consequences of Marriage and the Legal Needs of Lesbian and Gay Male Couples,” 95 Mich. L. Rev. 447 (1996).
169. Susan T. Fiske, “Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination,” in Encyclopedia of Social Science, 357 (Daniel T. Gilbert et al. eds., 4th ed., 1998)
170. John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner, “Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism: Historical Trends and Contemporary Approaches,” in Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism, 1, 4-12 (Dovidio and Gaertner, eds. 1986).
171. J. B. McConahay et al., “Has Racism Declined in America?,” 25. Conflict Res. 563-79 (1981)
172. Roy Brooks, Rethinking the American Race Problem, 37 (1990)
173. Gerald Rosenberg, The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? (1991) (dubious about any impact).
174. Michael Klarman, “Brown, Racial Change, and the Civil Rights Movement,” 80 Va. L. Rev. 1
175. Gerald Rosenberg, “Brown Is Dead! Long Live Brownl The Endless Attempt to Canonize a Case,” 80 Va. L. Rev. 161 (1994) (still dubious).
176. Gordon Allport, The Nature of Prejudice, 250-68 (1954).
177. Y. Amir, “The Role of Inter-Group Contact in Change of Prejudice and Ethnic Relations,” in Towards the Elimination of Racism 245-308
178. Gregory M. Herek and John P. Capitanio, “‘Some of My Best Friends’: Intergroup Contact, Concealable Stigma, and Heterosexuals’ Attitudes toward Gay Men and Lesbians,” 23 Personality & Soc. Psychol. Bull. 412 (1995);
179. N. Miller et al., “Cooperative Interaction in Desegregated Settings: A Laboratory Analogue,” 41 J. Soc. Issues 63-79 (1985).
180. T. F. Pettigrew and R. W. Meertens, “Subtle and Blatant Prejudice in Western Europe,” 25 Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 57 (1995).
181. William H. Riker and Peter C. Ordeshook, An Introduction to Positive Political Theory 1-7 (1973)
182. “Symposium: Positive Political Theory and Public Law,” 80 Geo. L.J. 457 (1992).
183. William N. Eskridge Jr. and Philip P. Frickey, “The Supreme Court, 1993 Term—Foreword: Law as Equilibrium,” 108 Harv. L. Rev. 26, 30-56 (1994).
184. Compare J. Harvie Wilkinson, From Brown to Bakke 68 (1979)
185. Alexander Bickel, “The Decade of School Desegregation: Progress and Prospects,” 64 Colum. L. Rev. 193 (1964),
186. Derrick Bell, “Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma,” 93 Harv. L. Rev. 518 (1980)
187. Robert Burt, “Brown’s Reflection,” 103 Yale L.J. 1483 (1994)
188. William N. Eskridge Jr. and Philip P. Frickey, “An Historical and Critical Introduction to The Legal Process,” in Henry M. Hart, Jr. and Albert Sacks The Legal Process: Basic Problems in the Making and Application of Law, cx (Eskridge and Frickey, eds. 1994) (1958 tent. ed.).
189. David S. Schoenbrod, “The Measure of an Injunction: A Principle to Replace Balancing the Equities and Tailoring the Remedy,” 72 Minn. L. Rev. 627 (1988).
190. Paul Gewirtz, “Remedies and Resistance,” 92 Yale L.J. 585 (1983).
191. William N. Eskridge Jr., “Comparative Law and the Same-Sex Marriage Debate: A Step-by-Step Approach Toward State Recognition,” 31 McGeo. L.J. 641, 649, 663-70 (2000) (citations for various countries in the table).
192. Kees Waaldijk, “Small Change: How the Road to Same-sex Marriage Got Paved in the Netherlands,” in Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European and International Law, ed. Robert Wintemute and Mads Andenaes (2001).
193. Rodney Christopher, “Explaining It to Dad,” in Boys Like Us: Gay Writers Tell Their Coming Out Stories 302-11
194. Richard Posner, “Should There Be Homosexual Marriage? And If So, Who Should Decide?” 95 Mich. L. Rev. 1578, 1585-86 (1997)
195. Richard Rorty “A Defense of Minimalist Liberalism,” in Debating Democracy’s Discontent: Essays on American Politics, Law, and Public Philosophy, 117-25 (Anita L. Allen and Milton C. Regan Jr., eds. 1998).
196. Michael Sandel, Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (1996)
197. Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (1996);
198. William N. Eskridge Jr., “No Promo Homo: The Sedimentation of Antigay Discourse and the Channeling Effect of Judicial Review,” 75 NYU L. Rev. 1327 (2000) (a history of this kind of “no promo homo” argument).
199. William N. Eskridge Jr., The Case for Same-Sex Marriage (1996).
200. Michael Sandel, “Moral Argument and Liberal Toleration: Abortion and Homosexuality,” 77 Calif. L. Rev. 521, 537-38 (1989)
201. Carlos A. Ball, “Moral Foundations for a Discourse on Same-Sex Marriage: Looking Beyond Political Liberalism,” 85 Geo. L.J. 1871 (1997).
202. Herbert Hovenkamp, “Legal Policy and the Endowment Effect,” 20 J. Leg. Stud. 221 (1991).
203. J. M. Balkin, “The Constitution of Status,” 106 Yale L.J. 2313 (1997)
204. Brenda Major, “Gender, Entitlement, and the Distribution of Family Labor,” 49 J. Soc. Issues 141 (1993) (endowment effects undermine women’s bargaining position within the family and the workplace).
205. Cass R. Sunstein, “Deliberative Trouble? Why Groups Go to Extremes,” 110 Yale L.J. 71 (2000).
206. Germain Grisez, The Way of Lord Jesus, vol. 2, at 633-80 (1993)
207. John I. Finnis, “Law, Morality, and ‘Sexual Orientation,”’ 69 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1049 (1994)
208. Robert P. George and Gerald V. Bradley, “Marriage and the Liberal Imagination,” 84 Geo. L.J. 301 (1995)
209. George, Making Men Moral: Civil Liberties and Public Morality (1993).
210. Stephen Macedo, “Homosexuality and the Conservative Mind,” 84 Geo. L.J. 261 (1995)
211. Martha Nussbaum, “Integrity,” The New Republic, November 15, 1993, at 12
212. Michael Perry, “The Morality of Homosexual Conduct: A Response to John Finnis,” 1 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics & Pub. Pol’y 41 (1995)
213. Paul Weithman, “Natural Law, Morality, and Complementarity,” in Laws and Nature (Martha Nussbaum, ed. 1996).
214. Philip Blumstein and Pepper Schwartz, American Couples: Money, Work, Sex, 11-24 (1983)
215. Alan P. Bell and Martin S. Weinberg, Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women, 219-21 (1978)
216. Lawrence A. Kurdek, “Relationship Outcomes and Their Predictors: Longitudinal Evidence from Heterosexual Married, Gay Cohabiting, and Lesbian Cohabiting Couples,” 60 J. Marr. & Fam. 553 (1998), which also surveys the prior literature.
217. Robert P. George, “Public Reason and Political Conflict: Abortion and Homosexuality,” 106 Yale L.J. 2475, 2499 (1997)
218. Andrew Koppelman, “Is Marriage Inherently Heterosexual?” 42 Am. J. Jur. 51 (1997)
219. Stephen Macedo, “Reply to Critics,” 84 Geo. L.J. 329, 334-35 (1995)
220. Perry, “The Morality of Homosexual Conduct”; “Is Homosexual Conduct Wrong? A Philosophical Exchange,” New Republic, November 15, 1993, 12, 13
221. Mary Becker, “Women, Morality, and Sexual Orientation,” 8 UCLA Women's L.J. 165, 189-90
222. John Rawls, “The Idea of Public Reason Revisited,” 64 U. Chi. L. Rev. 765, 766-68, 783-84 (1997).
223. Charlotte Patterson, “Adoption of Minor Children by Lesbian and Gay Adults,” 2 Duke]. Gender L. & Pol’y 191 (1995).
224. Patricia Falk, “Lesbian Mothers: Psychosocial Assumptions in Family Law,” 44 Am. Psychol. 941 (1989)
225. Susan Golombok et al., “Children in Lesbian and Single Parent Households: Psychosexual and Psychiatric Appraisal,” 24 J. Child Psychol. & Psychiatry 551 (1983)
226. David Kleber et al., “The Impact of Parental Homosexuality in Child Custody Cases,” 14 Bull. Am. Academy Psychol. & Law 81 (1986)
227. Mary Hotvedt and Jane Barclay Mandel, “Children of Lesbian Mothers,” in Homosexuality: Social, Psychological, and Biological Issues, 275, 282 (William Paul et al., eds., 1982).
228. Susan Golombok and Fiona Tasker, “Do Parents Influence the Sexual Orientation of Their Children?” 32 Dev. Psychol. 3, 8 (1996)
229. Charlotte Patterson, “Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents,” 63 Child Dev. 1025, 1036-39 (1992) (survey of the studies, including those of the author).
230. Mike Allen and Nancy Burrell, “Comparing the Impact of Homosexual and Heterosexual Parents on Children: Meta-Analysis of Existing Research,” 32 J. Homosexuality 19, 28-30 (1996)
231. Philip Belcastro et al., “A Review of Data Based Studies Addressing the Affects of Homosexual Parenting on Children’s Sexual and Social Functioning,” 20 J. Divorce & Remarriage 105 (1993).
232. Richard Green et al., “Lesbian Mothers and Their Children: A Comparison with Solo Parent Heterosexual Mothers and Their Children,” 15 Archives Sexual Behav. 167 (1986);
233. Golombok et al., “Children in Lesbian and Single Parent Households,” 562-67
234. Rhonda Rivera, “Legal Issues in Gay and Lesbian Parenting,” in Gay and Lesbian Parents, 199, 226 n. 79 (reporting unpublished study).
235. Leon Festinger, Conflict, Decision and Dissonance (1964)
236. Irving Janis and Lawrence Mann, Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, Choice and Commitment, 171-72,212-14(1977).
237. Lynn Wardle, “The Potential Impact of Homosexual Parenting on Children,” 1997 U. III. L. Rev. 833, 852-57, 865-66.
238. Carlos A. Ball and Janice Farrell Pea, “Warring with Wardle: Social Science, Morality, and Gay and Lesbian Parents,” 1998 U. III. L. Rev. 253, 272-308
239. Carole Jenny, et al., “Are Children at Risk for Sexual Abuse by Homosexuals?” 94 Pediatrics 41 (1994).
240. Eskridge, Gaylaw, 211, drawing from the theory of prejudices in Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, The Anatomy of Prejudices, 32-36, 157-58 (1996).
241. Lynn D. Wardle, “A Critical Analysis of Constitutional Claims for Same-Sex Marriage,” 1996 BYU L. Rev. 1.
242. Harvey M. Appelbaum, “Miscegenation Statutes: A Constitutional and Social Problem,” 53 Geo. L. J. 49 (1964);
243. A. Leon Higginbotham and Barbara K. Kopytoff, “Racial Purity and Interracial Sex in the Law of Colonial and Antebellum Virginia,” 77 Geo. L.J. 1967 (1989)
244. James Trosino, “American Wedding: Same-Sex Marriage and the Miscegenation Analogy,” 73 B.JJ.L. Rev. 93 (1993) (student note).
245. Richard A. Posner, Sex and Reason, 311 (1992)
246. G. Sidney Buchanan, “Same-Sex Marriage: The Linchpin Issue,” 10 U. Dayton L. Rev. 541 (1985)
247. Carlos A. Ball, “Communitarianism and Gay Rights,” 85 Cornell L. Rev. 443, 467-84 (2000).
248. Ronald Smothers, “Mississippi Governor Bans Same-Sex Marriage,” N.Y. Times, August 24, 1997
249. Andrew Hacker, “The Case Against Kids,” N.Y. Rev. of Books, November 30, 2000
250. Darren Spedale, Nordic Bliss: The Danish Experience with “Gay Marriage,” ch. 3 (unpublished manuscript, 1999)
251. Ingrid Lund-Anderson, “The Danish Registered Partnership Act, 1989 - Has the Act Meant a Change in Attitudes?” in Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European and International Law, ed. Robert Wintemute and Mads Andenaes (2001)
252. Lawrence A. Kurdek, “The Allocation of Household Labor in Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Married Couples,” 49 J. Soc. Issues 127, 135-36 (1993)
253. Letitia Anne Peplau, “Lesbian and Gay Relationships,” in Homosexuality: Research Implication for Public Policy, 177, 183-84
254. N. S. Eldridge and L. A. Gilbert, “Correlates of Relationship Satisfaction in Lesbian Couples,” 14 Psychol, of Women Q. 43, 44 (1990).
255. Nan Hunter, “Marriage, Law, and Gender: A Feminist Inquiry,” 1 Law & Sexuality 9 (1991).
256. Steven L. Nock, Marriage in Men’s Lives (1998) (men are much better off, economically and psychologically, if married);
257. Amy Wax, “Bargaining in the Shadow of the Market: Is There a Future for Egalitarian Marriage?” 84 Va. L. Rev. 509 (1998) (women make more of the sacrifices in marriage so men are much better off).
258. Rhona Mahony, Kidding Ourselves: Breadwinning, Babies, and Bargaining Power (1995);
259. Carol Rose, Property and Persuasion, 240-41 (1994)
260. Wax, “Future for Egalitarian Marriage?”
261. Robin West, “Sex, Reason, and a Taste for the Absurd,” 81 Geo. L.J. 2413, 2433 (1993)
262. Richard A. Posner, Overcoming Law, 573 (1995)
263. Gutmann and Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement, 1-2, 52-54.
264. Compare Rawls, “Public Reason Revisited.”
265. Michael Sandel’s. “Symposium on [Rawls’] Political Liberalism: Religion and Public Reason,” 3 Relig. & Values Pub. Life 1, 3, 9
266. Edward Foley, “Jurisprudence and Theology,” 66 Fordham L. Rev. 1195 (1998)
267. George, “Public Reason and Political Conflict,” 2501-04
268. Linda C. McClain, “Deliberative Democracy, Overlapping Consensus, and Same-Sex Marriage,” 66 Fordham L. Rev. 1241 (1998).
269. Lani Guinier, The Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness and Representative Democracy (1994)
270. Melissa Williams, Voice, Trust, and Memory: Marginalized Groups and the Failings of Liberal Representation (1998)
271. Iris Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990)
272. Frank I. Michelman, “Law’s Republic,” 97 Yale L.J. 1493 (1988).
273. Margaret M. Bierly, “Prejudice Toward Contemporary Outgroups as a Generalized Attitude,” 15. Applied Soc. Psychol. 189 (1985)
274. Gregory M. Herek, “Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men: Correlates and Gender Differences,” 25 J. Sex Research 451-77 (1988).
275. William N. Eskridge Jr., “A Social Constructionist Critique of Posner’s Sex and Reason,” 102 Yale L.J. 333, 359-65 (1992).
276. Diane H. Mazur, “Re-Making Distinctions on the Basis of Sex: Must Gay Women Be Admitted to the Military Even If Gay Men Are Not?” 58 Ohio St. L.J. 953 (1997).
277. Bruce A. Ackerman, “Beyond Carolene Products” 98 Harv. L. Rev. 713 (1985).
278. Chad Blair, “The Gospel According to Gabbard,” Honolulu Weekly, January 27, 1999
279. Barbara Gamble, “Putting Civil Rights to a Popular Vote,” 41 Am. J. Pol. Sci. 245, 254 (1997).
280. Derrick Bell Jr., “The Referendum: Democracy’s Barrier to Racial Equality,” 54 Wash. L. Rev. 1, 18-21 (1978).
281. Jane S. Schacter, “The Gay Civil Rights Debate in the States: Decoding the Discourse of Equivalents,” 29 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 283 (1994).
282. Julian Eule, “Judicial Review of Direct Democracy,” 99 Yale L.J. 1503 (1990)
283. Hans Linde, “When Initiative Lawmaking Is Not ‘Republican Government’: The Campaign against Homosexuality,” 72 Or. L. Rev. 19 (1993).
284. James Madison, The Federalist no. 10, at 78 (Clinton Rossiter, ed. 1961).
285. Robert M. Cover, “Obligation: A Jewish Jurisprudence of the Social Order,” 5 J.L. & Religion 65 (1988)
286. Susan Koniak, “Through the Looking Glass of Ethics and the Wrong with Rights We Find There,” 9 Geo.J. Leg. Ethics 1 (1995).
287. Francis Lieber, Manual of Political Ethics, vol. 1, at 384 (1838).
288. Maura I. Strassberg, “Distinctions of Form or Substance: Monogamy, Polygamy and Same-Sex Marriage,” 75 N.C.L. Rev. 1501, 1518-37 (1997)
289. Laura Edwards, ‘“The Marriage Covenant Is at the Foundation of All Our Rights’: The Politics of Slave Marriages in North Carolina After Emancipation,” 14 L. & Hist. Rev. 81 (1996).
290. Philip Bockman, “Fishing Practice,” in Boys Like Us: Gay Writers Tell Their Coming Out Stories, 80 (Patrick Merla ed. 1996).
291. Janis S. Bohan, Psychology and Sexual Orientation: Coming to Terms, 94-110 (1996)
292. Susan D. Cochran and Vickie M. Mays, “Lifetime Prevalence of Suicide Symptoms and Affective Disorders Among Men Reporting Same-Sex Sexual Partners,” 90 Am. J. Pub. Health 573 (2000).
293. Amity Pierce Buxton, The Other Side of the Closet: The Coming-Out Crisis for Straight Spouses and Families (rev. ed. 1994) (recounting the pain of marriage between a straight spouse and a closeted lesbian or gay spouse)
294. Jenny et al., “Are Children at Risk for Sexual Abuse by Homosexuals?” 42
295. Kees Waaldijk, “Small Change: How the Road to Same-Sex Marriage Got Paved in The Netherlands,” in Wintemute and Andenaes, Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships.
296. Michelman, “Law’s Republic”.
297. Cass R. Sunstein, “Beyond the Republican Revival,” 97 Yale L.J. 1539(1988).
298. Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse (1991).
299. Suzanna Sherry, “Civic Virtue and the Feminine Voice in Constitutional Adjudication,” 72 Va. L. Rev. 543 (1986).
300. David S. Schoenbrod, “The Measure of an Injunction: A Principle to Replace Balancing the Equities and Tailoring the Remedy,” 72 Minn. L. Rev. 627 (1988).
301. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (2000).
302. Jacqueline Irvine, Black Students and School Failure: Policies, Practices, and Prescriptions (1990)
303. Gerald Rosenberg, The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? (1991) (his feeling is that they can’t)
304. Raymond Wolters, The Burden of Brown: Thirty Years of Desegregation (1984)
305. Paul Gewirtz, “Remedies and Resistance,” 92 Yale L.J. 585 (1983).
306. Kimberle Crenshaw, “Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law,” 101 Harv. L. Rev. 1331 (1988)
307. Charles Lawrence Jr., “‘Justice’ or ‘Just Us’: Racism and the Role of Ideology,” 35 Stan. L. Rev. 831 (1983).
308. T. Alexander Aleinikoff, “A Case for Race-Consciousness,” 91 Colum. L. Rev. 1060 (1991).
309. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, “Some Thoughts on Autonomy and Equality in Relation to Roe v. Wade” 63 N.C.L. Rev. 375 (1985)
310. Reva Siegel, “Reasoning from the Body: A Historical Perspective on Abortion Regulation and Questions of Equal Protection,” 44 Stan. L. Rev. 261 (1992).
311. Lee Epstein and Joseph F. Kobylka, The Supreme Court and Legal Change: Abortion and the Death Penalty (1992). Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992).
312. Mary Ann Glendon, Abortion and Divorce in Western Law (1987).
313. John Finnis, “Law, Morality, and ‘Sexual Orientation,’” 69 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1049
314. Robert P. George and Gerald V. Bradley, “Marriage and the Liberal Imagination,” 84 Geo. L.J. 301
315. William N. Eskridge Jr., “No Promo Homo: The Sedimentation of Antigay Discourse and the Channeling Effect of Judicial Review,” 75 NYU L. Rev. 1327 (2000)
316. Stephen Macedo, “Homosexuality and the Conservative Mind,” 84 Geo. L.J. 261 (1995);
317. Michael Perry, “The Morality of Homosexual Conduct: A Response to John Finnis,” 1 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics & Pub. Pol’y 41 (1995);
318. William N. Eskridge, Jr. Gaylaw: Challenging the Apartheid of the Closet, 243-92 (1999).
319. Paula L. Ettelbrick, “Since When Is Marriage a Path to Liberation?,” OUT/LOOK, Fall 1989, 8-12
320. Martha A. Fineman, The Neutered Mother, the Sexual Family, and Other Twentieth Century Tragedies (1995)
321. Cheshire Calhoun, “Defending Marriage,” in Feminism, the Family, and the Politics of the Closet: Lesbian and Gay Displacement, 107, 112-15 (2000)
322. Mary Coombs, “Sexual Dis-Orientation: Transgendered People and Same-Sex Marriage,” 8 UCLA Women’s L.J. 219 (1998)
323. Mary C. Dunlap, “The Lesbian and Gay Marriage Debate: A Microcosm of Our Hopes and Our Troubles,” 1 Law & Sexuality 62 (1991)
324. Nan D. Hunter, “Marriage, Law, and Gender: A Feminist Inquiry,” 1 Law & Sexuality 9 (1991)
325. Sylvia Law, “Homosexuality and the Social Meaning of Gender,” 1988 Wis. L. Rev. 187.
326. Evan Wolfson, “Crossing the Threshold: Equal Marriage Rights for Lesbians and Gay Men and the Intra-Community Critique,” 21 NYU J.L. & Soc. Change 567 (1994-1995).
327. G. Sidney Buchanan, “Same-Sex Marriage: The Linchpin Issue,” 10 U. Dayton L. Rev. 541 (1985)
328. Nancy D. Polikoff, “We Will Get What We Ask For: Why Legalizing Gay and Lesbian Marriage Will Not ‘Dismantle the Legal Structure of Gender in Every Marriage,’” 79 Va. L. Rev. 1535 (1993).
329. Ramsey Colloquium, “The Homosexual Movement: A Response by the Ramsey Colloquium,” First Things, March 1994.
330. Nitya Duclos, “Some Complicating Thoughts on Same-Sex Marriage,” 1 Law & Sexuality 31, 52-55 (1991).
331. Carlos A. Ball and Janice Farrell Pea, “Warring with Wardle: Social Science, Morality, and Gay and Lesbian Parents,” 1998 U. III. L. Rev. 253
332. Lynn Wardle, “The Potential Impact of Homosexual Parenting on Children,” 1997 U. III. L. Rev. 833.
333. Karen Struening, “Feminist Challenges to the New Familialism: Lifestyle Experimentation and the Freedom of Association,” 11 Hypatia, Winter 1996, at 135-54.
334. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison 182-84 (Alan Sheridan, tr. 1979 [original, 1975])
335. Georges Canguilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (Carolyn R. Fawcett, tr. 1989 [1966]).
336. Janet Hailey, “Recognition, Rights, Regulation, Normalization: Rhetorics of Justification in the Same-Sex Marriage Debate,” in Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Survey of National European and International Law, (ed. Robert Wintemute and Mads Andenaes eds. (2001) (emphasis in the original).
337. Andrew Hacker, “The Case Against Kids,” N.Y. Rev. Books, November 30, 2000, at 12, 16.
338. Lisa Duggan and Nan D. Hunter, Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture, 101-6 (1995).
339. William N. Eskridge, Jr., “A History of Same-Sex Marriage,” 79 Va. L. Rev. 1419-1514 (1993).
340. Marieka Klawitter, “Did They Find or Create Each Other? Labor Market Linkages between Partners in Same-Sex and Different-Sex Couples” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, 1995)
341. Lawrence A. Kurdek, “The Allocation of Household Labor in Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Married Couples,” 49 J. Soc. Issues 127, 135-36 (1993)
342. Letitia Anne Peplau, “Lesbian and Gay Relationships,” in Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy 177, 183-84 (John C. Gonsiorek and John D. Weinrich, eds. 1991)
343. N. S. Eldridge and L. A. Gilbert, “Correlates of Relationship Satisfaction in Lesbian Couples,” 14 Psychol, of Women Q. 43, 44 (1990).
344. M. V. Lee Badgett, Money, Myths, and Change: The Economic Lives of Lesbians and Gay Men, 144-51 (2001).
345. Vicki Schultz, “Life’s Work,” 100 Colum. L Rev. 1881 (2000).
346. Michael Warner, “Normal and Normaller: Beyond Gay Marriage,” 5 GLQ: J. Lesbian & Gay Stud. 147 (1999).
347. Adrienne Rich, “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Experience,” in Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose, 1979-1985, 23-75 (1986).
348. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, 24-25 (1990).
349. Martha M. Ertman, “Reconstructing Marriage: An InterSEXual Approach,” 75 Den. U.L. Rev. 1215 (1998)
350. David L. Chambers, “What If? The Legal Consequences of Marriage and the Legal Needs of Lesbian and Gay Male Couples,” 95 Mich. L. Rev. 447 (1996).
351. Cassia Spohn and Julie Horney, Rape Law Reform: A Grass Roots Revolution and Its Impact (1992)
352. Pat Gilmartin, Rape, Incest, and Child Sexual Abuse (1994).
353. Katherine M. Franke, “Becoming a Citizen: Reconstruction Era Regulation of African American Marriages,”11 Yale J.L. & Hum. 251 (1999).
354. Lawrence Kurdek and J. Patrick Schmitt, “Relationship Quality of Partners in Heterosexual Married, Heterosexual Cohabiting, and Gay and Lesbian Relationships,” 51 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 711 (1986)
355. Eskridge, “Beyond Lesbian and Gay ‘Families We Choose,’” in Sex, Preference, and Family, 277 (Martha C. Nussbaum and David M. Estlund, eds. 1996).
356. William N. Eskridge Jr. and Gary Peller, “The New Public Law Movement: Moderation as a Postmodern Cultural Form,” 89 Mich. L. Rev. 707, 776-80 (1992).
357. Geoffrey Haddock et al., “Assessing the Structure of Prejudicial Attitudes: The Case of Attitudes Toward Homosexuals,” 65. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 1105 (1993).
358. Gregory M. Herek and John P. Capitanio, “‘Some of My Best Friends’: Intergroup Conflict, Concealable Stigma, and Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Gay Men and Lesbians,” 22 Personality & Soc. Psychpl. Bull. 412 (1996).
359. Kath Weston, Families We Choose: Lesbians, Gays, Kinship (1991)
360. Andrew Koppelman, “Same-Sex Marriage, Choice of Law, and Public Policy,” 76 Tex. L. Rev. 921 (1998).
361. Adrienne Rich, “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Experience,” in Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose, 1979-1985, 23-75 (1986)
362. Gayle S. Rubin, “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality,” in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, 11-34 (Carole Vance ed. 1984) (coining the term benign sexual variation).
363. M. V. Lee Badgett, Money, Myths, and Change: The Economic Lives of Lesbians and Gay Men, 144-51 (2001).
364. Philip Blumstein and Pepper Schwartz, American Couples: Money, Work, Sex, 24 (1983)
365. Alan P. Bell and Martin S. Weinberg, Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women, 219-21 (1978)
366. Carlos Ball and Janice Farrell Pea, “Warring with Wardle: Morality, Social Science, and Gay and Lesbian Parents,” 1998 U. III. L. Rev. 253
367. Lawrence Kurdek and J. Patrick Schmitt, “Relationship Quality of Partners in Heterosexual Married, Heterosexual Cohabiting, and Gay and Lesbian Relationships,” 51. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 711 (1986)
368. Eric A. Posner, “Law, Economics, and Inefficient Norms,” 144 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1697 (1996).
369. Robert C. Ellickson, “The Evolution of Social Norms: A Perspective from the Legal Academy,” in Social Norms (Michael Hechter and Karl-Dieter Opp eds. 2001)
370. Richard H. McAdams, “The Origin, Development, and Regulation of Social Norms,” 96 Mich. L. Rev. 338 (1997)
371. Cass R. Sunstein, “Deliberative Trouble? Why Groups Go to Extremes,” 110 Yale L.J. 71 (2000).
372. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (2000). Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).
373. William N. Eskridge Jr., The Case for Same-Sex Marriage (1996).