Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Facts and myths

Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2020, Pages 404-412

  Lai, Chih Cheng ^a   Liu, Yen Hung ^b   Wang, Cheng Yi ^b   Wang, Ya Hui ^b   Hsueh, Shun Chung ^c   Yen, Muh Yen ^d,e   Ko, Wen Chien ^f   Hsueh, Po Ren ^g  

^a KAOHSIUNG VETERANS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^b FU JEN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c TAIPEI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^d TAIPEI CITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^e NATIONAL YANG MING UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^f NATIONAL CHENG KUNG UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^g NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

2019 nCoV; Acute respiratory disease; Asymptomatic carrier; Coronavirus; COVID 19; SARS CoV 2; Wuhan pneumonia

Indexed keywords

CHLOROQUINE; REMDESIVIR; ADENOSINE PHOSPHATE; ALANINE;

ACUTE RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; AGE; ASYMPTOMATIC DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL OUTCOME; CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISEASE SEVERITY; HETEROZYGOTE; HUMAN; INCUBATION TIME; INFECTION RISK; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2; SEX; VIRUS PNEUMONIA; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTION; BETACORONAVIRUS; CHINA; COMORBIDITY; CORONAVIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION CONTROL; MIDDLE AGED; PANDEMIC; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES; YOUNG ADULT;

ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ALANINE; ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTIONS; BETACORONAVIRUS; CHINA; CHLOROQUINE; COMORBIDITY; CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFECTION CONTROL; MIDDLE AGED; PANDEMICS; PNEUMONIA, VIRAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85081693256     PISSN: 16841182     EISSN: 19959133     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.012     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. WHO. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200221-sitrep-32-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=4802d089_2. [Accessed on 21 February 2020].
2. Lee, P.I., Hsueh, P.R., Emerging threats from zoonotic coronaviruses-from SARS and MERS to 2019-nCoV. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 53 (2020), 365–367, 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.001.
3. Huang, W.H., Teng, L.C., Yeh, T.K., Chen, Y.J., Lo, W.J., Wu, M.J., et al. 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Taiwan: reports of two cases from Wuhan, China. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 53 (2020), 481–484, 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.009.
4. Liu, Y.C., Liao, C.H., Chang, C.F., Chou, C.C., Lin, Y.R., A locally transmitted case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Taiwan. N Engl J Med, 2020 Feb 12, 10.1056/NEJMc2001573.
5. Gorbalenya, A.E., Baker, S.C., Baric, R.S., de Groot, R.J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A.A., et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: the species and its viruses – a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. 2020 2020.02.07.937862.
6. Lai, C.C., Shih, T.P., Ko, W.C., Tang, H.J., Hsueh, P.R., Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020 Feb 17, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924.
7. Bai, Y., Yao, L., Wei, T., Tian, F., Jih, D.Y., Chen, L., et al. Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19. J Am Med Assoc, 2020 Feb 21, 10.1001/jama.2020.2565.
8. The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) – China. 2020, China CDC Weekly.
9. Rothe, C., Schunk, M., Sothmann, P., Bretzel, G., Froeschl, G., Wallrauch, C., et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med, 2020 Jan 30, 10.1056/NEJMc2001468.
10. Yu, P., Zhu, J., Zhang, Z., Han, Y., Huang, L., A familial cluster of infection associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating potential person-to-person transmission during the incubation period. J Infect Dis, 2020 Feb 18, 10.1093/infdis/jiaa077 pii: jiaa077.
11. Guan, W.J., Ni, Z.Y., Hu, Y., Laing, W.H., Ou, C.Q., He, J.X., et al. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. medRxiv, 2020 Feb 9, 10.1101/2020.02.06.20020974 preprint.
12. Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395 (2020), 507–513, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.
13. Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395 (2020), 497–506, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
14. Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. J Am Med Assoc, 2020 Feb 7, 10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
15. Yang, Y., Lu, Q., Liu, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, A., Jalali, N., et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. medRxiv, 2020 Feb 11, 10.1101/2020.02.10.20021675.
16. Ryu, S., Chun, B.C., An interim review of the epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus. Epidemiol Health, 42, 2020, e2020006.
17. Nishiura, H., Linton, N.M., Akhmetzhanov, A.R., Initial cluster of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections in Wuhan, China is consistent with substantial human-to-human transmission. J Clin Med, 9, 2020, E488, 10.3390/jcm9020488.
18. Chen, H., Guo, J., Wang, C., Luo, F., Yu, X., Zhang, W., et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet, 2020 Feb 12, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3.
19. Chan, J.F., Yuan, S., Kok, K.H., To, K.K., Chu, H., Yang, J., et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 395 (2020), 514–523, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9.
20. Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med, 2020 Jan 29, 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
21. Backer, J.A., Klinkenberg, D., Wallinga, J., Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20-28 January 2020. Euro Surveill, 25(5), 2020, 10.2807/1560-7917.
22. Chang, Xu H., Rebaza, A., Sharma, L., Dela Cruz, C.S., Protecting health-care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection. Lancet Respir Med, 2020 Feb 13, 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30066-7 pii: S2213-2600(20)30066-30067.
23. Liu, J., Liu, Y., Xiang, P., Pu, L., Xiong, H., Li, C., et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts severe illness patients with 2019 novel coronaviruse in the early stage. medRxiv, 2020 Feb 12, 10.1101/2020.02.10.20021584.
24. Chung, M., Bernheim, A., Mei, X., Zhang, N., Huang, M., Zeng, X., et al. CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Radiology, 2020 Feb 4, 200230, 10.1148/radiol.2020200230.
25. Lei, J., Li, J., Li, X., Qi, X., CT Imaging of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology, 2020 Jan 31, 200236, 10.1148/radiol.2020200236.
26. Pan, Y., Guan, H., Imaging changes in patients with 2019-nCov. Eur Radiol, 2020 Feb 6, 10.1007/s00330-020-06713-z.
27. Kanne, J.P., Chest CT findings in 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections from Wuhan, China: key points for the radiologist. Radiology, 2020 Feb 4, 200241, 10.1148/radiol.2020200241.
28. Pan, Y., Guan, H., Zhou, S., Wang, Y., Li, Q., Zhu, T., et al. Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan, China. Eur Radiol, 2020 Feb 13, 10.1007/s00330-020-06731-x.
29. Duan, Y.N., Qin, J., Pre- and posttreatment chest CT findings: 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology, 2020 Feb 12, 200323, 10.1148/radiol.2020200323.
30. Lu, H., Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends, 2020 Jan 28, 10.5582/bst.2020.01020.
31. Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., Yang, X., Liu, J., Xu, M., et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res, 2020 Feb 4, 10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0.
32. Liu, W., Morse, J.S., Lalonde, T., Xu, S., Learning from the past: possible urgent prevention and treatment options for severe acute respiratory infections caused by 2019-nCoV. ChemBioChem, 2020 Feb 4, 10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0.
33. Holshue, M.L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K.H., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med, 2020 Jan 31, 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191.
34. Ko, W.C., Rolain, J.M., Lee, N.Y., Chen, P.L., Huang, C.T., Lee, P.I., et al. Arguments in favor of remdesivir for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020 Mar 6, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105933.
35. Colson, P., Rolain, J.M., Raoult, D., Chloroquine for the 2019 novel coronavirus. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020 Feb 17, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105923.
36. Multicenter collaboration group of Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province and Health Commission of Guangdong Province for chloroquine in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia. [Expert consensus on chloroquine phosphate for the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi, 43(0), 2020 Feb 20, E019, 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.0019.
37. Szűcs, Z., Kelemen, V., Le Thai, S., Csávás, M., Rőth, E., Batta, G., et al. Structure-activity relationship studies of lipophilic teicoplanin pseudoaglycon derivatives as new anti-influenza virus agents. Eur J Med Chem 157 (2018), 1017–1030.
38. Zhou, N., Pan, T., Zhang, J., Li, Q., Zhang, X., Bai, C., et al. Glycopeptide antibiotics potently inhibit cathepsin L in the late endosome/lysosome and block the entry of Ebola virus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). J Biol Chem 291 (2016), 9218–9232.
39. Balzarini, J., Keyaerts, E., Vijgen, L., Egberink, H., De Clercq, E., Van Ranst, M., et al. Inhibition of feline (FIPV) and human (SARS) coronavirus by semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics. Antivir Res 72 (2006), 20–33.
40. Arabi, Y.M., Mandourah, Y., Al-Hameed, F., Sindi, A.A., Almekhlafi, G.A., Hussein, M.A., et al. Corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with middle east respiratory syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 197 (2018), 757–767.
41. Lee, N., Allen Chan, K.C., Hui, D.S., Ng, E.K., Wu, A., Chiu, R.W., et al. Effects of early corticosteroid treatment on plasma SARS-associated coronavirus RNA concentrations in adult patients. J Clin Virol 31 (2004), 304–309.
42. Lee, D.T., Wing, Y.K., Leung, H.C., Sung, J.J., Ng, Y.K., Yiu, G.C., et al. Factors associated with psychosis among patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 39 (2004), 1247–1249.
43. Xiao, J.Z., Ma, L., Gao, J., Yang, Z.J., Xing, X.Y., Zhao, H.C., et al. Glucocorticoid-induced diabetes in severe acute respiratory syndrome: the impact of high dosage and duration of methylprednisolone therapy. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 43 (2004), 179–182.
44. Russell, C.D., Millar, J.E., Baillie, J.K., Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet 395 (2020), 473–475.
45. Li, G., Fan, Y., Lai, Y., Han, T., Li, Z., Zhou, P., et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol 92 (2020), 424–432, 10.1002/jmv.25685.
46. Guo, L., Wei, D., Zhang, X., Wu, Y., Li, Q., Zhou, M., et al. Clinical features predicting mortality risk in patients with viral pneumonia: the MuLBSTA score. Front Microbiol, 10, 2019, 2752, 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02752.
47. Patel, A., Jernigan, D.B., 2019-nCoV CDC Response Team. Initial public health response and interim clinical guidance for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak – United States, December 31, 2019-February 4, 2020. MMWR – Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69 (2020), 140–146.
48. Yen, M.Y., Schwartz, J., Wu, J.S., Hsueh, P.R., Controlling Middle East respiratory syndrome: lessons learned from severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 61 (2015), 1761–1762.
49. Lee, P.I., Hu, Y.L., Chen, P.Y., Huang, Y.C., Hsueh, P.R., Are children less susceptible to COVID-19?. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2020 Feb 25, 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.011.
50. Zou, L., Ruan, F., Huang, M., Liang, L., Huang, H., Hong, Z., et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. N Engl J Med, 2020 Feb 19, 10.1056/NEJMc2001737.