Active rehabilitation of Amazonian sand mines converges soils, plant communities and environmental status to their predisturbance levels

Land Degradation and Development

Volumn 31, Issue 5, 2020, Pages 607-618

  Gastauer, Markus ^a   Caldeira, Cecílio F ^a   Ramos, Silvio J ^a   Silva, Delmo F ^b   Siqueira, José Oswaldo ^a  

^a INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO VALE   (Brazil)

^b Gerência de Meio Ambiente Minas de Carajás   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Caraj s National Forest; community diversity; ecological processes; monitoring; rehabilitation trajectories; vegetation structure

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; FORESTRY; MONITORING; SOILS; TEXTURES; TRAJECTORIES; VEGETATION;

ACTIVE REHABILITATIONS; COMMUNITY DIVERSITY; ECOLOGICAL PROCESS; ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS; ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES; NATIONAL FORESTS; REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES; VEGETATION STRUCTURE;

ECOSYSTEMS;

BIODIVERSITY; CHEMICAL PROPERTY; DISTURBANCE; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION; MINE; PLANT COMMUNITY; SOIL REMEDIATION; SOIL TEXTURE; SPECIES DIVERSITY; VEGETATION STRUCTURE;

AMAZONIA; BRAZIL; CARAJAS NATIONAL FOREST;

EID: 85079133804     PISSN: 10853278     EISSN: 1099145X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ldr.3475     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., De Moraes Gonçalves, J. L., & Sparovek, G. (2013). Köppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 22, 711–728. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507
2. Aragão, L. E. O. C., Malhi, Y., Metcalfe, D. B., Silva-Espejo, J. E., Jiménez, E., Navarrete, D., … Vásquez, R. (2009). Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils. Biogeosciences, 6, 2759–2778. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2759-2009
3. Balvanera, P., Pfisterer, A. B., Buchmann, N., He, J.-S., Nakashizuka, T., Raffaelli, D., & Schmid, B. (2006). Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Ecology Letters, 9, 1146–1156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x
4. Bennett, A. F., Haslem, A., Cheal, D. C., Clarke, M. F., Jones, R. N., Koehn, J. D., … Yen, A. L. (2009). Ecological processes: A key element in strategies for nature conservation. Ecological Management & Restoration, 10, 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-8903.2009.00489.x
5. Birkhofer, K., Diehl, E., Andersson, J., Ekroos, J., Früh-Müller, A., Machnikowski, F., … Smith, H. G. (2015). Ecosystem services—Current challenges and opportunities for ecological research. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2014.00087
6. Brady, C. J., & Noske, R. A. (2010). Succession in bird and plant communities over a 24-year chronosequence of mine rehabilitation in the Australian monsoon tropics. Restoration Ecology, 18, 855–864. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00511.x
7. Brown, R. L., Reilly, L. A. J., & Peet, R. K. (2016). Species richness: Small scale. In Encyclopedia of life sciences (Vol. 183). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0020488.pub2
8. Cardoso, D., Särkinen, T., Alexander, S., Amorim, A. M., Bittrich, V., Celis, M., … Forzza, R. C. (2017). Amazon plant diversity revealed by a taxonomically verified species list. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114, 10695–10700. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706756114
9. Chave, J., Réjou-Méchain, M., Búrquez, A., Chidumayo, E., Colgan, M. S., Delitti, W. B. C., … Vieilledent, G. (2014). Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees. Global Change Biology, 20, 3177–3190. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12629
10. Chazdon, R. L. (2003). Tropical forest recovery: Legacies of human impact and natural disturbances. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 6, 51–71. https://doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00042
11. Chazdon, R. L., Broadbent, E. N., Rozendaal, D. M. A., Bongers, F., Zambrano, A. M. A., Aide, T. M., … Poorter, L. (2016). Carbon sequestration potential of second-growth forest regeneration in the Latin American tropics. Science Advances, 2, e1501639. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501639
12. Clarke, K. R. (1993). Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Austral Ecology, 18, 117–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x
13. Dale, V. H., & Beyeler, S. C. (2001). Challenges in the development and use of ecological indicators. Ecological Indicators, 1, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(01)00003-6
14. Deru, J. G. C., Bloem, J., de Goede, R., Keidel, H., Kloen, H., Rutgers, M., … van Eekeren, N. (2018). Soil ecology and ecosystem services of dairy and semi-natural grasslands on peat. Applied Soil Ecology, 125, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.12.011
15. do Amaral, D. D., Vieira, I. C. G., de Almeida, S. S., de Salomão R, P., da Silva, A. S. L., & Jardim, M. A. G. (2009). Checklist da flora arbórea de remanescentes florestais da região metropolitana de Belém e valor histórico dos fragmentos, Pará, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Ciências Naturais, 4, 231–289.
16. Donagema, G. K., & de Campos, D. V. B. (2011). Manual de métodos de análise de solo. EMBRAPA Solos.
17. Durigan, M. R., Cherubin, M. R., de Camargo, P. B., Ferreira, J. N., Berenguer, E., Gardner, T. A., … Cerri, C. E. P. (2017). Soil organic matter responses to anthropogenic forest disturbance and land use change in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon. Sustainability: Science Practice and Policy, 9, 1–16.
18. Elmqvist, T., Folke, C., Nystrom, M., Peterson, G., Bengtsson, J., Walker, B., & Norberg, J. (2003). Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 488–494. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0488:RDECAR]2.0.CO;2
19. Favas, P. J. C., Martino, L. E., & Prasad, M. N. V. (2018). Chapter 1—Abandoned mine land reclamation—Challenges and opportunities (holistic approach). In M. N. V. Prasad, P. J. C. de Favas, & S. K. Maiti (Eds.), Bio-geotechnologies for mine site rehabilitation (pp. 3–31). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812986-9.00001-4
20. Ferraz, I. D. K., Leal Filho, N., Imakawa, A. M., Varela, V. P., & Piña-Rodrigues, F. C. M. (2004). Características básicas para um agrupamento ecológico preliminar de espécies madeireiras da floresta de terra firme da Amazônia Central. Acta Amazonica, 34, 621–633. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672004000400014
21. Ferreira, M. C., & Vieira, D. L. M. (2017). Topsoil for restoration: Resprouting of root fragments and germination of pioneers trigger tropical dry forest regeneration. Ecological Engineering, 103, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.03.006
22. Forest, F., Grenyer, R., Rouget, M., Davies, T. J., Cowling, R. M., Faith, D. P., … Savolainen, V. (2007). Preserving the evolutionary potential of floras in biodiversity hotspots. Nature, 445, 757–760. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05587
23. Gastauer, M., Caldeira, C. F., Trotter, I., Ramos, S. J., & Meira Neto, J. A. A. (2018). Optimizing community trees using the open tree of life increases the reliability of phylogenetic diversity and dispersion indices. Ecological Informatics, 46, 192–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2018.06.008
24. Gastauer, M., Guerra Sobral, M. E., & Meira-Neto, J. A. A. (2015). Preservation of primary forest characteristics despite fragmentation and isolation in a forest remnant from Viçosa, MG, Brazil. Revista Arvore, 39, 985–994. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622015000600001
25. Gastauer, M., Ramos, S., Caldeira, C., Trevelin, L., Jaffé, R., Oliveira, G., …, Siqueira, J. (2019). Integrating environmental variables by multivariate ordination enables the reliable estimation of mineland rehabilitation status. Preprint 2019090206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201909.0206.v1
26. Gastauer, M., Silva, J. R., Caldeira Junior, C. F., Ramos, S. J., Souza Filho, P. W. M., Furtini Neto, A. E., & Siqueira, J. O. (2018). Mine land rehabilitation: Modern ecological approaches for more sustainable mining. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 1409–1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.223
27. Gastauer, M., Trein, L., Meira-Neto, J. A. A., & Schumacher, W. (2013). Evaluation of biotope's importance for biotic resource protection by the Bonner approach. Ecological Indicators, 24, 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.06.014
28. Gee, G. W., & Bauder, J. W. (1986). Particle-size analysis. In A. Klute (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogial methdos (Vol. 9) (pp. 383–411). Madison, WI: Agronomy Monograph.
29. Glamann, J., Hanspach, J., Abson, D. J., Collier, N., & Fischer, J. (2017). The intersection of food security and biodiversity conservation: A review. Regional Environmental Change, 17, 1303–1313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0873-3
30. Hipp, A. L., Larkin, D. J., Barak, R. S., Bowles, M. L., Cadotte, M. W., Jacobi, S. K., … Weiher, E. (2015). Phylogeny in the service of ecological restoration. American Journal of Botany, 102, 647–648. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500119
31. Hsieh, T. C., Ma, K. H., & Chao, A. (2016). iNEXT: An R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers). Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 1451–1456. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12613
32. Kembel, S. W., Cowan, P. D., Helmus, M. R., Cornwell, W. K., Morlon, H., Ackerly, D. D., … Webb, C. O. (2010). Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics, 26, 1463–1464. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq166
33. Kollmann, J., Meyer, S. T., Bateman, R., Conradi, T., Gossner, M. M., de Souza Mendonça, M., … Weisser, W. W. (2016). Integrating ecosystem functions into restoration ecology—Recent advances and future directions. Restoration Ecology, 24, 722–730. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12422
34. Lal, R. (2009). Challenges and opportunities in soil organic matter research. European Journal of Soil Science, 60, 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01114.x
35. Laliberté, E., & Legendre, P. (2010). A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology, 91, 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2244.1
36. Lamb, D., Erskine, P. D., & Fletcher, A. (2015). Widening gap between expectations and practice in Australian minesite rehabilitation. Ecological Management & Restoration, 16, 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12179
37. Laurance, W. F., Cochrane, M. A., Bergen, S., Fearnside, P. M., Delamônica, P., Barber, C., … Fernandes, T. (2001). The future of the Brazilian Amazon. Science, 291, 438–439. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5503.438
38. Lawes, M. J., Moore, A. M., Andersen, A. N., Preece, N. D., & Franklin, D. C. (2017). Ants as ecological indicators of rainforest restoration: Community convergence and the development of an Ant Forest Indicator Index in the Australian wet tropics. Ecology and Evolution, 7, 8442–8455. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2992
39. Lechner, A. M., Arnold, S., McCaffrey, N. B., Gordon, A., Erskine, P. D., Gillespie, M. J., & Mulligan, D. R. (2018). Applying modern ecological methods for monitoring and modelling mine rehabilitation success. From Start to Finish—A Life-of-Mine Perspective, 109–116. Brisbane: Queensland: Life-of-Mine Conference.
40. Lees, A. C., Peres, C. A., Fearnside, P. M., Schneider, M., & Zuanon, J. A. S. (2016). Hydropower and the future of Amazonian biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation, 25, 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1072-3
41. Li, T., Lü, Y., Fu, B., Hu, W., & Comber, A. J. (2019). Bundling ecosystem services for detecting their interactions driven by large-scale vegetation restoration: Enhanced services while depressed synergies. Ecological Indicators, 99, 332–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.12.041
42. Liebsch, D., Marques, M. C. M., & Goldenberg, R. (2008). How long does the Atlantic Rain Forest take to recover after a disturbance? Changes in species composition and ecological features during secondary succession. Biological Conservation, 141, 1717–1725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.013
43. Maechler, M., Rousseeuw, P., Struyf, A., Hubert, M., & Hornik, K. (2018). cluster: Cluster Analysis Basics and Extensions. R package version 2.0.7-1.
44. Magallón, S., Gómez-Acevedo, S., Sánchez-Reyes, L. L., & Hernández-Hernández, T. (2015). A metacalibrated time-tree documents the early rise of flowering plant phylogenetic diversity. The New Phytologist, 207, 437–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13264
45. Martínez-Ramos, M., Pingarroni, A., Rodríguez-Velázquez, J., Toledo-Chelala, L., Zermeño-Hernández, I., & Bongers, F. (2016). Natural forest regeneration and ecological restoration in human-modified tropical landscapes. Biotropica, 48, 745–757. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12382
46. Matthews, J. W., & Spyreas, G. (2010). Convergence and divergence in plant community trajectories as a framework for monitoring wetland restoration progress. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 47, 1128–1136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01862.x
47. Meli, P., Holl, K. D., Rey Benayas, J. M., Jones, H. P., Jones, P. C., Montoya, D., & Moreno Mateos, D. (2017). A global review of past land use, climate, and active vs. passive restoration effects on forest recovery. PLoS ONE, 12, e0171368. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171368
48. Miao, R., Qiu, X., Guo, M., Musa, A., & Jiang, D. (2018). Accuracy of space-for-time substitution for vegetation state prediction following shrub restoration. Journal of Plant Ecology, 11, 208–217. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtw133
49. Montoya, D., Rogers, L., & Memmott, J. (2012). Emerging perspectives in the restoration of biodiversity-based ecosystem services. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27, 666–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.004
50. Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn, D., … Wagner, H. (2019). Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.5-4. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan
51. Osland, M. J., Gabler, C. A., Grace, J. B., Day, R. H., McCoy, M. L., McLeod, J. L., … Hartley, S. B. (2018). Climate and plant controls on soil organic matter in coastal wetlands. Global Change Biology, 24, 5361–5379. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14376
52. Phillips, C. L., & Nickerson, N. (2015). Soil Respiration. In Reference module in earth systems and environmental sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09442-2
53. Piló, L. B., Auler, A. S., & Martins, F. (2015). Carajás national forest: Iron ore plateaus and caves in Southeastern Amazon. In B. C. Vieira, A. A. R. Salgado, & L. J. C. Santos (Eds.), Landscapes and landforms of Brazil (pp. 273–283). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
54. Pilon, N. A. L., Buisson, E., & Durigan, G. (2017). Restoring Brazilian savanna ground layer vegetation by topsoil and hay transfer. Restoration Ecology, 26, 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12534
55. Poorter, L., Bongers, F., Aide, T. M., Almeyda Zambrano, A. M., Balvanera, P., Becknell, J. M., … Rozendaal, D. M. A. (2016). Biomass resilience of neotropical secondary forests. Nature, 530, 211–214. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16512
56. Purschke, O., Schmid, B. C., Sykes, M. T., Poschlod, P., Michalski, S. G., Durka, W., … Prentice, H. C. (2013). Contrasting changes in taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity during a long-term succession: Insights into assembly processes. The Journal of Ecology, 101, 857–866. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12098
57. R Development Core Team (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: Author.
58. Rands, M. R. W., Adams, W. M., Bennun, L., Butchart, S. H. M., Clements, A., Coomes, D., … Vira, B. (2010). Biodiversity conservation: Challenges beyond 2010. Science, 329, 1298–1303. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189138
59. Rey Benayas, J. M., Newton, A. C., Diaz, A., & Bullock, J. M. (2009). Enhancement of biodiversity and ecosystem services by ecological restoration: A meta-analysis. Science, 325, 1121–1124. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172460
60. Rosenfield, M. F., & Müller, S. C. (2017). Predicting restored communities based on reference ecosystems using a trait-based approach. Forest Ecology and Management, 391, 176–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.024
61. Rosenfield, M. F., & Müller, S. C. (2018). Assessing ecosystem functioning in forests undergoing restoration. Restoration Ecology, 27, 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12828
62. Ruiz-Jaen, M. C., & Aide, T. M. (2005). Restoration success: How is it being measured? Restoration Ecology, 13, 569–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00072.x
63. Sansevero, J. B. B., & Garbin, M. L. (2015). 8. Restoration success of tropical forests: The search for indicators. In Sustainability indicators in practice (pp. 146–159). Sciendo Migration. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Open.
64. Sonter, L. J., Moran, C. J., Barrett, D. J., & Soares-Filho, B. S. (2014). Processes of land use change in mining regions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 84, 494–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.084
65. Souza-Filho, W. P., Nascimento, R. W., Santos, C. D., Weber, J. E., Silva, O. R., & Siqueira, O. J. (2018). A GEOBIA approach for multitemporal land-cover and land-use change analysis in a tropical watershed in the Southeastern Amazon. Remote Sensing., 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111683
66. Suding, K. N., & Hobbs, R. J. (2009). Models of ecosystem dynamics as frameworks for restoration ecology. In R. J. Hobbs, & K. N. Suding (Eds.), New models for ecosystem dynamics and restoration (pp. 3–21). Washington, DC: Island Press.
67. Suganuma, M. S., & Durigan, G. (2014). Indicators of restoration success in riparian tropical forests using multiple reference ecosystems. Restoration Ecology, 23, 238–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12168
68. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 181, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
69. Triska, M. D., Craig, M. D., Stokes, V. L., Pech, R. P., & Hobbs, R. J. (2016). The relative influence of in situ and neighborhood factors on reptile recolonization in post-mining restoration sites: Reptile recolonization of restoration sites. Restoration Ecology, 24, 517–527. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12340
70. Tundisi, J. G., Goldemberg, J., Matsumura-Tundisi, T., & Saraiva, A. C. F. (2014). How many more dams in the Amazon? Energy Policy, 74, 703–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.07.013
71. Vásquez, S. P. F., & Webber, A. C. (2010). Biologia floral e polinização de Casearia grandiflora, Casearia. javitensis e Lindackeria paludosa (Flacourtiaceae) na região de Manaus, AM. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 33, 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042010000100012
72. Vickers, H., Gillespie, M., & Gravina, A. (2012). Assessing the development of rehabilitated grasslands on post-mined landforms in north west Queensland, Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 163, 72–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.05.024
73. Villarino, S. H., Studdert, G. A., & Laterra, P. (2019). How does soil organic carbon mediate trade-offs between ecosystem services and agricultural production? Ecological Indicators, 103, 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.027
74. Villéger, S., Mason, N. W. H., & Mouillot, D. (2008). New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaceted framework in functional ecology. Ecology, 89, 2290–2301. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1206.1
75. Webb, C. O., & Donoghue, M. J. (2005). Phylomatic: Tree assembly for applied phylogenetics. Molecular Ecology Notes, 5, 181–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00829.x
76. Winemiller, K. O., McIntyre, P. B., Castello, L., Fluet-Chouinard, E., Giarrizzo, T., Nam, S., … Sáenz, L. (2016). Balancing hydropower and biodiversity in the Amazon, Congo, and Mekong. Science, 351, 128–129. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac7082
77. Wortley, L., Hero, J.-M., & Howes, M. (2013). Evaluating ecological restoration success: A review of the literature. Restoration Ecology, 21, 537–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12028
78. Zanne, A. E., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Coomes, D. A., Ilic, J., Jansen, S., Lewis, S. L., …, Chave, J. (2009). Global wood density database. Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.234