Coastal dune hazards

Coastal Research Library

Volumn 1000, Issue , 2013, Pages 491-510

  Vallés, Sara Muñoz ^a   Cambrollé, Jesús ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SEVILLE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Coastal dune; Dune system; Invasive plant species; Sand dune; Wind power

Indexed keywords

EID: 85076831577     PISSN: 22110577     EISSN: 22110585     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5234-4_18     Document Type: Chapter

References (125)

1. Alpert P, Bone E, Holzapfel C (2000) Invasiveness, invisibility and the role of environmental stress in the spread of non-native plants. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 3:52–66
2. Alvarez ME, Cushman JH (2002) Community level consequences of a biological invasion: effects of a non-native vine on three plant communities. Ecol Appl 12:1434–1444
3. Alveirinho Dias JM, Curr R, Davies P, Pereira A, Williams AT (1994) Dune management vulnerability assessment: Portugal and northwest Europe. In: Association EUROCOAST (ed) Proceedings of Littoral’94 (Lisbon, Portugal), pp 837–848
4. Andersen UV (1995a) Resistance of Danish coastal vegetation types to human trampling. Biol Conserv 71:223–230
5. Andersen UV (1995b) The influence of human trampling on the vegetation on artificial coastal grassland in Denmark. In: Salman AHPM, Berends H, Bonazountas M (eds) Coastal management and habitat conservation, vol I, PC96. EUCC, Leiden, pp 427–438
6. Andrews SF, Flanagan LB, Sharp EJ, Cai T (2012) Variation in water potential, hydraulic characteristics and water source use in montane Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine trees in southwestern Alberta and consequences for seasonal changes in photosynthetic capacity. Tree Physiol 32(2):146–160
7. Antunes do Carmo J, Schreck Reis C, Freitas H (2010) Working with nature by protecting sand dunes: lessons learned. J Coast Res 26(6):1068–1078
8. Aria KT (1999) Using aerial photographs rectified with a geographic information system to map coastal dune vegetation and land use in Humboldt County, California. M.S. thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata, 62 p
9. Ashkenazy Y, Yizhaq H, Tsoar H (2011) Sand dune mobility under climate change in the Kalahari and Australian deserts. Clim Change. doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0264-9
10. Avis AM (1989) A review of coastal dune stabilization in the Cape Province of Sotuh Africa. Lands Urban Plann 18:55–68
11. Avis AM (1995) An evaluation of the vegetation developer alter artificially stabilizing South African coastal dunes with indigenous species. J Coast Conserv 1:41–50
12. Baeyens G, Martínez ML (2004) Animal life in sand dunes: from exploitation and prosecution to protection and monitoring. In: Martínez ML, Psuty NP (eds) Coastal dunes, ecology and conservation, vol 171, Ecological studies. Springer, Berlin, pp 279–296
13. Barrère P (1992) Dynamics and management of the coastal dunes of the Landes, Gascony, France. In: Carter RWG, Curtis TGF, Sheehy-Skeffington MJ (eds) Coastal dunes. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 25–32
14. Beatly T (1991) Protecting biodiversity in coastal environments: introduction and overview. Coast Manage 19:1–19
15. Berlanga Robles CA, Ruiz Luna A (2002) Land use mapping and change detection in the coastal zone of northwest Mexico using remote sensing techniques. J Coast Res 18:514–522
16. Bodére JC, Cribb R, Curr RHF, Davies P, Hallégouet B, Meur C, Pirou N, Williams AT, Yoni C (1991) La gestion des milieux dunaires littoraux. Evaluation der leur vulnérabilité à partir d’une liste de contrôle. Etude de cas dans le sud du Pays de Galles et en Bretagne occidental. Norois 38:279–298
17. Brown AC, McLachlan A (1990) Ecology of Sandy Shores. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 328 p
18. Buell AC, Pickart AJ, Stuart JD (1995) Introduction history and invasion patterns of Ammophila arenaria on the north coast of California. Conserv Biol 9:1587–1593
19. Campos JA, Herrera M, Biurrun I, Loidi J (2004) The role of alien plants in the natural coastal vegetation in central-northern Spain. Biodiv Conserv 13:2275–2293
20. Carter RWG (1988) Coastal environment. An introduction to the physical, ecological and cultural environment. Academic, London, 617 p
21. Carter RWG (1991) Near-future sea-level impacts on coastal dune landscapes. Lands Ecol 6:29–39
22. Castillo SA, Moreno-Casasola P (1996) Coastal sand dune vegetation: an extreme case of species invasion. J Coast Conserv 2:13–22
23. Chapman VJ (1976) Coastal vegetation. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 292 p
24. Christensen JH, Hewitson B, Busuioc A, Chen A, Gao X, Held I, Jones R, Kolli RK, Kwon W-T, Laprise R, Magaña Rueda V, Mearns L, Menéndez CG, Räisänen J, Rinke A, Sarr A, Whetton P (2007) Regional climate projections. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York, pp 849–940
25. Connell JH, Slatyer RO (1977) Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. Am Nat 111:1119–1144
26. Conser C, Connor EF (2009) Assessing the residual effects of Carpobrotus edulis invasión, implications for restoration. Biol Invas 11:349–358
27. Cooper JAG, McLaughlin S (1998) Contemporary multidisciplinary approaches to coastal classification and environmental risk analysis. J Coast Res 14:512–524
28. Cunniff SE (1985) Impacts of severe storms on beach vegetation. In: Magoon OT, Converse H, Miner D, Clark D, Tobin LT (eds) Coastal Zone’85, Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp 1022–1037
29. Da Cruz H (1996) Tourism and environment in the Mediterranean. In: Salman L, Salman AHPM, Langeveld MJ, Bonazountas M (eds) Coastal management and habitat conservation, vol II. European Union for Coastal Conservation, Leiden, pp 113–116
30. Davis MA, Grime JP, Thompson K (2000) Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invisibility. J Ecol 88:528–534
31. Dech JP, Maun MA (2005) Zonation of vegetation along a burial gradient on the leeward slopes of Lake Huron sand dunes. Can J Bot 83:227–236
32. Demirayak F, Ulas E (1996) Mass tourism in Turkey and its impact on the Mediterranean coast. In: Salman AHPM, Langeveld MJ, Bonazountas M (eds) Coastal management and habitat conservation, vol II. European Union for Coastal Conservation, Leiden, pp 117–123
33. Ehleringer JR, Dawson TE (1992) Water uptake by plants: perspectives from stable isotope composition. Plant Cell Environ 15:1073–1082
34. Fischer DT, Still CJ, Williams AP (2009) Significance of summer fog and overcast for drought stress and ecological functioning of coastal California endemic plant species. J Biogeogr 36 (4):783–799
35. Gallego-Fernández JB, García Mora MR, Ley Vega de Seoane C (2003) Restauración de ecosistemas dunares costeros. In: Rey Benayas JM, Espigares Pinilla T, Nicolas Ibarra JM (eds) Restauración de Ecosistemas Mediterráneos. Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre, Alcalá de Henares, pp 157–171
36. Gallego-Fernández JB, Muñoz Vallés S, Dellafiore CM (2006) Introduction of exotic plants caused by beach and dune management. In: Michallef A, Vasallo A, Cassar M (eds) Proceedings of the second international conference on the management of coastal recreational resources – Beaches, yatchting and coastal ecotourism, Gozo, Malta, pp 355–363, 464 p
37. Gallego-Fernández JB, Muñoz Vallés S, Dellafiore CM (2010) Expansión de un arbusto nativoinvasivo en dunas costeras: causas y consecuencias ecológicas. Revista Chagual 8:41–48
38. Gallego-Fernández JB, Sánchez IA, Ley C (2011) Restoration of isolated and small coastal sand dunes on the rocky coast of northern Spain. Ecol Eng 37:1822–1832
39. García Mora MR, Gallego-Fernández JB, Williams AT (1998) The coastal area of SW Spain: between conservation and tourist development. In: Monsó de Prat JL (ed) Sustainable waterfront and coastal developments in Europe: socioeconomics, technical and environmental aspects, Barcelona, pp 177–185
40. García Mora MR, Gallego-Fernández JB, García Novo F (2000) Plant diversity as a suitable tool for coastal dune vulnerability assessment. J Coast Res 16(4):990–995
41. García Mora MR, Gallego-Fernández JB, Williams AT, García Novo F (2001) A coastal dune vulnerability classification: a case study of the SW Iberian Peninsula. J Coast Res 17 (4):802–811
42. García Novo F, Crawford RM, Díaz Barradas MC (eds) (1997) The ecology and conservation of European dunes. Secretariado de publicaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 375 p
43. Gómez-pina G, Muñoz-Pérez JJ, Ramírez JL, Ley C (2002) Sand dune management problems and techniques, Spain. J Coast Res 36:325–332
44. Greaver TL, Sternberg LLS (2006) Linking marine resources to ecotonal shifts of water uptake by terrestrial dune vegetation. Ecology 87:2389–2396
45. Greaver TL, Sternberg LLS (2007) Fluctuating deposition of ocean water drives plant function on coastal sand dunes. Glob Change Biol 13:216–223
46. Greaver TL, Sternberg LLS (2010) Decreased precipitation exacerbates the effects of sea level on coastal dune ecosystems in open ocean islands. Glob Change Biol 16:1860–1869
47. Heslenfeld P, Jungerius PD, Klijn JA (2004) European coastal dunes: ecological values, threats, opportunities and policy development. In: Martínez ML, Psuty NP (eds) Coastal dunes, ecology and conservation, vol 171, Ecological studies. Springer, Berlin, pp 335–351
48. Hesp PA (2000) Coastal sand dunes: form and function. Massey University/Rotorua Printers, New Zealand, p 24
49. Hesp PA (2004) Coastal dunes in the Tropics and temperate regions: locations, formation, morphology and vegetation processes. In: Martínez ML, Psuty NP (eds) Coastal dunes, ecology and conservation, vol 171, Ecological studies. Springer, Berlin, pp 29–49
50. Hesp PA, Martínez ML (2007) Disturbance processes and dynamics in coastal dunes. In: Johnson EA, Miyanishi K (eds) Plant disturbance ecology. Academic Press, Burlington, Massachusetts, pp 215–248
51. Holdgate MW (1993) The sustainable use of tourism: a key conservation issue. Ambio 22:481–482
52. Hulme PE (2009) Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization. J Appl Ecol 46:10–18
53. Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change (IPCC) (2007) Climate change 2007: the scientific basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
54. Isermann M (2008a) Classification and habitat characteristics of plant communities invaded by the non-native Rosa rugosa Thunb. in NW Europe. Phytocoenologia 38(1–2):133–150
55. Isermann M (2008b) Expansion of Rosa rugosa and Hippophaë rhamnoides in coastal grey dunes: effects at different spatial scales. Flora 203:273–280
56. Isermann M, Diekmann M, Heemann S (2007) Effects of the expansion by Hippophaë rhamnoides on plant species richness in coastal dunes. Appl Veg Sci 10:33–42
57. Jackson NL, Nordstrom LF (2011) Aeolian sediment transport and landforms in managed coastal systems: a review. Aeolian Res 3:181–196
58. Jørgensen RH, Kollmann J (2009) Invasion of coastal dunes by the alien shrub Rosa rugosa is associated with roads, tracks and houses. Flora 209(4):289–297
59. Kidd R (2001) Coastal dune management: a manual of coastal dune management and rehabilitation techniques. NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation Coastal Unit, DLWC, Newcastle, 96 p
60. Kith-y-Tassara M (1946) El problema de las dunas del SO de España. Revista de Montes 11:414–419
61. Kutiel P, Zhevelev H, Harrison R (1999) Te effect of recreational impacts on soil and vegetation of stabilised coastal dunes in the Sharon Park, Israel. Ocean Coast Manage 42:1041–1060
62. Kutiel P, Peled Y, Geffen E (2000) The effect of removing shrub cover on annual plants and small mammals in a coastal sand dune ecosystem. Biol Conserv 94:235–242
63. Kutiel P, Cohen O, Shoshany M, Shub M (2004) Vegetation establishment on the southern Israeli coastal sand dunes between the years 1965 and 1999. Lands Urban Plann 67:141–156
64. Levin N, Ben-Dor E (2004) Monitoring sand dune stabilization along the coastal dunes of Ashdod-Nizanim, Israel, 1945–1999. J Arid Environ 58:335–355
65. Ley C, Gallego-Fernández JB, Vidal C (2011) Coastal dunes restoration manual. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Rural y Marino, 251 p
66. Li Y, Cui J, Zhang T, Okuro T, Drake S (2009) Effectiveness of sand-fixing measures on desert land restoration in Kerqin Sandy Land, northern China. Ecol Eng 35:118–127
67. Lichter J (1998) Primary succession and forest development on coastal Lake Michigan sand dunes. Ecol Monogr 68(4):487–510
68. Lowe S, Browne M, Boudjelas S, De Poorter M (2000) 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species A selection from the global invasive species database. Published by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), 12 p. Updated and reprinted version: November 2004
69. Lubke RA (1985) Erosion of the beach at St. Francis Bay, Eastern Cape. Biol Conserv 32:99–127
70. Lubke RA (2004) Vegetation dynamics and succession on sand dunes of the eastern coasts of Africa. In: Martínez ML, Psuty NP (eds) Coastal dunes, ecology and conservation, vol 171, Ecological studies. Springer, Berlin, pp 67–84
71. Marchante E, Kjøller A, Struwe S, Freitas H (2008) Short-and long-term impacts of Acacia longiflora invasion on the belowground processes of a Mediterranean coastal dune ecosystem. Appl Soil Ecol 40:210–217
72. Margalef R (1977) Ecología, 2nd edn. Omega, Barcelona, 951 p
73. Marlow R, Morris A (2003) The vulnerability and management of three sand dune sites in southwestern Turkey. In: Özhan E (ed) Proceedings of the sixth international conference on the Mediterranean coastal environment, MEDCOAST 2003, Ravenna, Italy, vol 2, pp 1381–1391
74. Martínez ML, Psuty NP (eds) (2004) Coastal dunes, ecology and conservation, vol 171, Ecological studies. Springer, Berlin, 380 p
75. Martínez ML, Moreno-Casasola P, Castillo S (1993) Biodiversidad Costera: Playas y Dunas. In: Salazar Vallejo SI, González NE (eds) Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de México. Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo y CONABIO, Chetumal, pp 160–181
76. Martínez ML, Vázquez G, Sánchez Colón S (2001) Spatial and temporal variability during primary succession on tropical coastal sand dunes. J Veg Sci 12(3):361–372
77. Martínez ML, Maun MA, Psuty NP (2004a) The fragility and conservation of the world’s coastal dunes: geomorphological, ecological, and socioeconomic perspectives. In: Martínez ML, Psuty NP (eds) Coastal dunes, ecology and conservation, vol 171, Ecological studies. Springer, Berlin, pp 355–369
78. Martínez ML, Psuty NP, Lubke RA (2004b) A perspective on coastal dunes. In: Martínez ML, Psuty NP (eds) Coastal dunes, ecology and conservation, vol 171, Ecological studies. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–10
79. Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB, García Franco JG, Moctezuma C, Jiménez CD (2006) Coastal dune vulnerability along the Gulf of México. Environ Conserv 33:109–117
80. Matias A, Dias JA, Ferreira O, Williams AT (1998) Applicability of a dune vulnerability checklist to the Ria Formosa system. In: de Carvalho S, Gomes V, Pinto T (eds) Seminario Dunas da Zona Costeira de Portugal. Instituto de hidráulica e Recursos Hidricos, Leiria, pp 213–224
81. Maun MA (1998) Adaptations of plants to burial in coastal sand dunes. Can J Bot 76:713–738
82. Maun MA (2009) The biology of coastal sand dunes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 265 p
83. Melvin SM, Griffin CR, MacIvor LH (1991) Recovery strategies for piping plovers in manager coastal landscapes. Coast Manage 19:21–34
84. Milne FD, Dong P, Davidson M (2012) Natural variability and anthropogenic effects on the morphodynamics of a beach–dune system at Montrose Bay, Scotland. J Coast Res 28 (2):375–388
85. Moreno-Casasola P (1986) Sand movement as a factor in the distribution of plant communities in coastal dune system. Vegetatio 65:67–76
86. Muñoz Vallés S, Gallego-Fernández JB, Dellafiore C (2005) Foredune fragmentation and tourist pressure in two natural places in the coast of Huelva, SW Spain. In: Sena A, Ferreira O, Noronha P, Veloso F, Taveira F, Correira F, das Neves L (eds) Book of abstracts of the international conference on coastal conservation and management in the Atlantic and Mediterranean. ICCCM’05, Tavira, Portugal, pp 375–378
87. Muñoz Vallés S, Gallego-Fernández JB, Dellafiore CM (2011a) Dune vulnerability in relation to tourism pressure in Central Gulf of Cádiz (SW Spain), a case study. J Coast Res 27(2):243–251
88. Muñoz Vallés S, Gallego-Fernández JB, Dellafiore CM, Cambrollé J (2011b) Effects on soil, microclimate and vegetation of the native-invasive Retama monosperma (L.) in coastal dunes. Plant Ecol 212:169–179
89. Nilsson C, Grelsson G (1995) The fragility of ecosystem: a review. J Appl Ecol 32:677–692
90. Nordstrom KF (2008) Beach and dune restoration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 185 p
91. Nordstrom KF, Lotstein EL (1989) Perspectives on resource use of dynamic coastal dunes. Geogr Rev 79(1):37–53
92. Nordstrom KF, Psuty N, Carter B (1990) Coastal dunes: form and process. Wiley, Chichester, 410 p
93. Nordstrom KF, Lampe R, Vandemark LM (2000) Reestablishing naturally functioning dunes on developed coasts. Environ Manage 25(1):37–51
94. Olson JO (1958) Rates of succession and soil changes on southern Lake Michigan sand dunes. Bot Gaz 119(3):125–170
95. Orians GH (1975) Diversity, stability and maturity in natural ecosystems. In: Van Dobben WH, Lowe-McConnell RH (eds) Unifying concepts in ecology. W. Junk B.V. Publishers, The Hague, pp 139–150
96. Orians SH (1986) Site characteristics favoring invasions. In: Mooney HA, Drake JA (eds) Ecology of biological invasion in North America and Hawaii. Springer, New York, pp 133–148
97. Packham JR, Willis AJ (1997) Ecology of dunes, salt marsh and shingle. Chapman and Hall, London, 335 p
98. Panario D, Piñeiro G (1997) Vulnerability of oceanic dune systems under wind pattern change scenarios in Uruguay. Clim Res 9:67–72
99. Perrings C, Mooney H, Williamson M (2010) The problem of biological invasions. In: Perrings C, Mooney H, Williamson M (eds) Bioinvasions and globalization. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 1–16
100. Peters DPC, Yao J, Gosz JR (2006) Woody plant invasion at a semi-arid/arid transition zone: importance of ecosystem type to colonization and patch expansion. J Veg Sci 17:389–396
101. Pethick JS, Crooks S (2000) Development of a coastal vulnerability index: a geomorphological perspective. Environ Conserv 27:359–367
102. Pimm SL (1991) The Balance of Nature: Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Species and Communities. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 434 p
103. Psuty NP (2004) The coastal foredune: a morphological basis for recreational coastal dune development. In: Martínez ML, Psuty NP (eds) Coastal dunes, ecology and conservation, vol 171, Ecological studies. Springer, Berlin, pp 11–27
104. Pye K (1983) Coastal dunes. Prog Phys Geogr 7:531–557
105. Ranwell DS (1960) Newborough Warren, Anglesey: III. Changes in the vegetation on parts of the dune system after the loss of rabbits by mixomatosis. J Ecol 2:385–395
106. Ranwell DS (1972) Ecology of salt marshes and sand dunes. Chapman and Hall, London, 258 p
107. Ross MS, O’Brien JJ, Stenberg LSL (1994) Sea-level rise and the reduction in pine forests in the Florida Keys. Ecol Appl 4(1):144–156
108. Santoro R, Jucker T, Prisco I, Carboni M, Battisti C, Acosta ATR (2012) Effects of Trampling Limitation on Coastal Dune Plant Communities. Environ Manage 49(3):534–542
109. Sternberg LSL, Swart PK (1987) Utilization of freshwater and ocean water by coastal plants of Southern Florida. Ecology 68:1898–1905
110. Thomas AS (1960) Changes in vegetation since the advent of mixomatosis. J Ecol 48(2):287–306
111. Tsoar H (2005) Sand dunes mobility and stability in relation to climate. Phys A: Stat Mech Its Appl 357(1):50–56
112. Tsoar H, Blumberg DG (2002) Formation of parabolic dunes from barchans and transverse dunes along Israel’s Mediterranean coast. Earth Surf Process Landf 27:1147–1161
113. Tsoar H, Levin N, Porat N, Maia LP, Herrmann HJ, Tatumi SH, Claudino-Sales V (2009) The effect of climate change on the mobility and stability of coastal sand dunes in Ceará State (NE Brazil). Q Res 71(2):217–226
114. Van der Maarel E (ed) (1993a) Dry coastal ecosystems: ecosystem of the world, vol 2A. Elsevier Scientific Publishing, Amsterdam, 600 p
115. Van der Maarel E (1993b) Dry coastal ecosystems: scope and historical significance. In: der Maarel V (ed) Dry coastal ecosystems: ecosystem of the world, vol 2A. Elsevier Scientific Publishing, Amsterdam, pp 1–6
116. Van der Meulen F, Salman AHPM (1996) Management of Mediterranean coastal dunes. Ocean Coast Manage 30(2–3):177–195
117. Van der Meulen F, Bakker TWM, Houston JA (2004) The costs of our coasts: examples of dynamic dune management from Western Europe. In: Martínez ML, Psuty NP (eds) Coastal dunes, ecology and conservation, vol 171, Ecological studies. Springer, Berlin, pp 259–277
118. Van der Putten WH, Peters BAM (1995) Possibilities for managenet of coastal foredunes with deteriorated stands of Ammophila arenaria (marram grass). J Coast Conserv 1:29–39
119. Vestergaard P (1997) Possible impact of sea-level rise on some habitat types at the Baltic coast of Denmark. J Coast Conserv 3:103–112
120. Wiedemann AM, Pickart AJ (1996) The Ammophila problem on the Northwest Coast of North America. Lands Urban Plann 34:287–299
121. Wiedemann AM, Pickart AJ (2004) Temperate zone coastal dunes. In: Martínez ML, Psuty NP (eds) Coastal dunes, ecology and conservation, vol 171, Ecological studies. Springer, Berlin, pp 53–65
122. Williams AT, Davies P, Curr RHF, Koh A, Bodéré J-C, Hallégouët B, Meur C, Yoni C (1993) A checklist assessment of dune vulnerability and protection in Devon and Cornwall, UK. In: Magoon O (ed) Proceedings of coastal zone ’93. American Society of Civil Engineering, New York, pp 3395–3408
123. Williams AT, Randerson P, Sothern E (1997) Trampling and vegetation response on sand dunes in South Wales, UK. In: García Novo F, Crawford RMM, Díaz Barradas MC (eds) The ecology and conservation of European dunes. Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, pp 287–300
124. Williams AT, Alveirinho Días J, Garcia Novo F, García Mora MR, Curr R, Pereira A (2001) Integrated coastal dune management: checklists. Cont Shelf Res 21:1937–1960
125. Yizhaq H, Ashkenazy Y, Tsoar H (2007) Why do active and stabilized dunes coexist under the same climatic conditions? Phys Rev Lett 98(18):188001–1–188001–4