메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 68, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 487-510

Primary succession and forest development on coastal Lake Michigan sand dunes

Author keywords

Aboveground biomass accumulation; Aboveground litter production; Chronosequence; Community convergence; Coniferous forest; Diversity environment relations; Net ecosystem production; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Primary succession; Soil development; Species diversity

Indexed keywords

ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS; DUNE; ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINT; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; NUTRIENT CYCLING; SUCCESSION;

EID: 0031731337     PISSN: 00129615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2657151     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (174)

References (132)
  • 1
    • 0001101302 scopus 로고
    • Fire and the development of oak forests
    • Abrams, M. D. 1992. Fire and the development of oak forests. Bioscience 42:346-353.
    • (1992) Bioscience , vol.42 , pp. 346-353
    • Abrams, M.D.1
  • 2
    • 0001495062 scopus 로고
    • Facilitation of succession by the nonmycotrophic colonizer Salsola kali on a harsh site: Effects of mycorrbizal fungi
    • Allen, E. B., and M. F. Allen. 1988. Facilitation of succession by the nonmycotrophic colonizer Salsola kali on a harsh site: effects of mycorrbizal fungi. American Journal of Botany 75:257-266.
    • (1988) American Journal of Botany , vol.75 , pp. 257-266
    • Allen, E.B.1    Allen, M.F.2
  • 3
    • 0028175389 scopus 로고
    • An age-altitude matrix analysis of Hawaiian rain-forest succession
    • Aplet, G. H., and P. M. Vitousek. 1994. An age-altitude matrix analysis of Hawaiian rain-forest succession. Journal of Ecology 82:137-147.
    • (1994) Journal of Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 137-147
    • Aplet, G.H.1    Vitousek, P.M.2
  • 4
    • 0001190934 scopus 로고
    • Diversity relations of upland forests in the western Great Lakes area
    • Auclair, A. N., and F. G. Goff. 1971. Diversity relations of upland forests in the western Great Lakes area. American Naturalist 105:499-528.
    • (1971) American Naturalist , vol.105 , pp. 499-528
    • Auclair, A.N.1    Goff, F.G.2
  • 6
    • 0024226184 scopus 로고
    • Leaf litter effect on plant species composition of deciduous forest treefall pits
    • Beatty, S. W., and O. D. V. Sholes. 1988. Leaf litter effect on plant species composition of deciduous forest treefall pits. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18:553-559.
    • (1988) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.18 , pp. 553-559
    • Beatty, S.W.1    Sholes, O.D.V.2
  • 7
    • 84982064154 scopus 로고
    • Life histories and demography of shade-tolerant temperate forest herbs: A review
    • Bierzychudek, P. 1982. Life histories and demography of shade-tolerant temperate forest herbs: a review. New Phytologist 90:757-776.
    • (1982) New Phytologist , vol.90 , pp. 757-776
    • Bierzychudek, P.1
  • 8
    • 0002443537 scopus 로고
    • The components of nitrogen availability assessments in forest soils
    • Binkley, D., and S. C. Hart. 1989. The components of nitrogen availability assessments in forest soils. Advances in Soil Science 10:57-112.
    • (1989) Advances in Soil Science , vol.10 , pp. 57-112
    • Binkley, D.1    Hart, S.C.2
  • 9
    • 0025603926 scopus 로고
    • Changes in productivity and distribution of nutrients in a chronosequence at Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska
    • Bormann, B. T. and R. C. Sidle. 1990. Changes in productivity and distribution of nutrients in a chronosequence at Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Journal of Ecology 78: 561-578.
    • (1990) Journal of Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 561-578
    • Bormann, B.T.1    Sidle, R.C.2
  • 11
    • 3643121524 scopus 로고
    • A half-century of changes in the herb layer of a climax deciduous forest in Michigan
    • Brewer, R. 1980. A half-century of changes in the herb layer of a climax deciduous forest in Michigan. Journal of Ecology 82:137-147.
    • (1980) Journal of Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 137-147
    • Brewer, R.1
  • 13
    • 0000627370 scopus 로고
    • Species richness and stand diversity in relation to site and succession of forests in Sarawak and Brunei (Borneo)
    • Brunig, E. F. 1973. Species richness and stand diversity in relation to site and succession of forests in Sarawak and Brunei (Borneo). Amazonia 3:293-320.
    • (1973) Amazonia , vol.3 , pp. 293-320
    • Brunig, E.F.1
  • 15
    • 0000782583 scopus 로고
    • Review of the influences of the Great Lakes on weather
    • Changnon, S. A., Jr., and D. M. A. Jones. 1972. Review of the influences of the Great Lakes on weather. Water Resources Research 8:360-371.
    • (1972) Water Resources Research , vol.8 , pp. 360-371
    • Changnon Jr., S.A.1    Jones, D.M.A.2
  • 16
    • 0027869225 scopus 로고
    • Physiological controls over plant establishment in primary succession
    • J. Miles and D. W. H. Walton, editors. Blackwell University Press, Oxford, UK
    • Chapin, F. S., III. 1993. Physiological controls over plant establishment in primary succession. Pages 161-178 in J. Miles and D. W. H. Walton, editors. Primary succession on land. Blackwell University Press, Oxford, UK.
    • (1993) Primary Succession on Land , pp. 161-178
    • Chapin III, F.S.1
  • 17
    • 0027975183 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of primary succession following deglaciation at Glacier Bay, Alaska
    • Chapin, F. S., III, L. R. Walker, C. L. Fastie, and L. C. Sharman. 1994. Mechanisms of primary succession following deglaciation at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ecological Monographs 64:149-175.
    • (1994) Ecological Monographs , vol.64 , pp. 149-175
    • Chapin III, F.S.1    Walker, L.R.2    Fastie, C.L.3    Sharman, L.C.4
  • 18
    • 0021548872 scopus 로고
    • Convergence during secondary forest succession
    • Christensen, N. L., and R. K. Peet. 1984. Convergence during secondary forest succession. Journal of Ecology 72: 25-36.
    • (1984) Journal of Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 25-36
    • Christensen, N.L.1    Peet, R.K.2
  • 19
    • 0004263107 scopus 로고
    • Publication 242, Carnegie Institute, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Clements, F. H. 1916. Plant succession. Publication 242, Carnegie Institute, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1916) Plant Succession
    • Clements, F.H.1
  • 20
    • 0001454323 scopus 로고
    • Phosphorus effects on terrestrial nitrogen cycling
    • F. E. Clark and T. Rosswall, editors. Terrestrial nitrogen cycles. Stockholm, Sweden
    • Cole, C. V., and R. D. Heil. 1981. Phosphorus effects on terrestrial nitrogen cycling. Pages 363-374 in F. E. Clark and T. Rosswall, editors. Terrestrial nitrogen cycles. Ecological Bulletins, Volume 33, Stockholm, Sweden.
    • (1981) Ecological Bulletins , vol.33 , pp. 363-374
    • Cole, C.V.1    Heil, R.D.2
  • 21
    • 0000337222 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of suecession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization
    • Connell, J. H., and R. O. Slatyer. 1977. Mechanisms of suecession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. American Naturalist 111:1119-1144.
    • (1977) American Naturalist , vol.111 , pp. 1119-1144
    • Connell, J.H.1    Slatyer, R.O.2
  • 22
    • 3643069397 scopus 로고
    • Effects of phosphorus and plants on nitrogen mineralization in three grassland soils
    • Cornish, P. S., and R. J. Raison. 1977. Effects of phosphorus and plants on nitrogen mineralization in three grassland soils. Plant and Soil 47:289-295.
    • (1977) Plant and Soil , vol.47 , pp. 289-295
    • Cornish, P.S.1    Raison, R.J.2
  • 23
    • 0002974048 scopus 로고
    • The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan
    • Cowles, H. C. 1899. The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan. Botanical Gazette 27:95-117, 167-202, 281-308, 361-391.
    • (1899) Botanical Gazette , vol.27 , pp. 95-117
    • Cowles, H.C.1
  • 24
    • 0024199097 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive mode and mechanisms for self-replacement of northern red oak: A review
    • Crow, T. R. 1988. Reproductive mode and mechanisms for self-replacement of northern red oak: a review. Forest Science 34:19-40.
    • (1988) Forest Science , vol.34 , pp. 19-40
    • Crow, T.R.1
  • 25
    • 34249973556 scopus 로고
    • Lags in vegetation response to greenhouse warming
    • Davis, M. B. 1989. Lags in vegetation response to greenhouse warming. Climatic Change 15:75-82.
    • (1989) Climatic Change , vol.15 , pp. 75-82
    • Davis, M.B.1
  • 26
    • 0027844321 scopus 로고
    • The colonization of strandlines
    • J. Miles and D. W. H. Walton, editors. Blackwell Scientific, London, UK
    • Davy, A. J., and M. E. Figueroa. 1993. The colonization of strandlines. Pages 113-131 in J. Miles and D. W. H. Walton, editors. Primary succession on land. Blackwell Scientific, London, UK.
    • (1993) Primary Succession on Land , pp. 113-131
    • Davy, A.J.1    Figueroa, M.E.2
  • 27
    • 0025948719 scopus 로고
    • Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: Seedling emergence
    • De Steven, D. 1991a. Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling emergence. Ecology 72:1066-1075.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1066-1075
    • De Steven, D.1
  • 28
    • 0026066144 scopus 로고
    • Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: Seedling survival and growth
    • _.1991b. Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling survival and growth. Ecology 72:1076-1088.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1076-1088
  • 29
    • 0021554619 scopus 로고
    • The effect of sand deposits on the growth and morphology of Ammophila breviligulata
    • Disraeli, D. J. 1984. The effect of sand deposits on the growth and morphology of Ammophila breviligulata. Journal of Ecology 72:145-154.
    • (1984) Journal of Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 145-154
    • Disraeli, D.J.1
  • 30
    • 84879880768 scopus 로고
    • Lake Michigan water levels and the development of Holocene beach-ridge complexes at Two Rivers, Wisconsin: Stratigraphie, geomorphic, and radiocarbon evidence
    • Dott, E. R., and D. Mickelson. 1995. Lake Michigan water levels and the development of Holocene beach-ridge complexes at Two Rivers, Wisconsin: stratigraphie, geomorphic, and radiocarbon evidence. Geological Society of America Bulletin 107:286-296.
    • (1995) Geological Society of America Bulletin , vol.107 , pp. 286-296
    • Dott, E.R.1    Mickelson, D.2
  • 31
    • 0027383599 scopus 로고
    • Population development of rain forest trees on a chronosequence of Hawaiian lava flows
    • Drake, D. R., and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1993. Population development of rain forest trees on a chronosequence of Hawaiian lava flows. Ecology 74:1012-1019.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1012-1019
    • Drake, D.R.1    Mueller-Dombois, D.2
  • 33
    • 0027062237 scopus 로고
    • Do Appalachian herbaceous understories ever recover from clearcutting?
    • Duffy, D. C., and A. J. Meier. 1992. Do Appalachian herbaceous understories ever recover from clearcutting? Conservation Biology 6:196-201.
    • (1992) Conservation Biology , vol.6 , pp. 196-201
    • Duffy, D.C.1    Meier, A.J.2
  • 35
    • 0028978318 scopus 로고
    • Causes and ecosystem consequences of multiple pathways of primary succession at Glacier Bay, Alaska
    • Fastie, C. L. 1995. Causes and ecosystem consequences of multiple pathways of primary succession at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ecology 76:1899-1916.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 1899-1916
    • Fastie, C.L.1
  • 36
    • 0345473058 scopus 로고
    • Biomass and productivity of the subalpine Pinus albicaulis-Vaccinium scoparium association in Montana, USA
    • Forcella, F., and T. Weaver. 1977. Biomass and productivity of the subalpine Pinus albicaulis-Vaccinium scoparium association in Montana, USA. Vegetatio 35:95-105.
    • (1977) Vegetatio , vol.35 , pp. 95-105
    • Forcella, F.1    Weaver, T.2
  • 38
    • 0025995128 scopus 로고
    • Tree and shrub seedling colonization of old fields in central New York
    • Gill, D. S., and P. L. Marks. 1991. Tree and shrub seedling colonization of old fields in central New York. Ecological Monographs 61:183-205.
    • (1991) Ecological Monographs , vol.61 , pp. 183-205
    • Gill, D.S.1    Marks, P.L.2
  • 39
    • 0002029376 scopus 로고
    • The regulation of chemical budgets over the course of terrestrial ecosystem succession
    • Gorham, E., P. M. Vitousek, and W. A. Reiners. 1979. The regulation of chemical budgets over the course of terrestrial ecosystem succession. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 10:53-84.
    • (1979) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.10 , pp. 53-84
    • Gorham, E.1    Vitousek, P.M.2    Reiners, W.A.3
  • 41
    • 36949060119 scopus 로고
    • Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation
    • Grime, J. P. 1973. Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature 242:344-347.
    • (1973) Nature , vol.242 , pp. 344-347
    • Grime, J.P.1
  • 43
    • 0025625718 scopus 로고
    • Changes in biomass and production over 53 years in a coastal Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla forest approaching maturity
    • Harcombe, P. A., M. E. Harmon, and S. E. Greene. 1990. Changes in biomass and production over 53 years in a coastal Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla forest approaching maturity. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20:1602-1610.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.20 , pp. 1602-1610
    • Harcombe, P.A.1    Harmon, M.E.2    Greene, S.E.3
  • 44
    • 38249035507 scopus 로고
    • Seedling growth in Elymus farctus after episodes of burial with sand
    • Harris, D., and A. J. Davy. 1987. Seedling growth in Elymus farctus after episodes of burial with sand. Annals of Botany 60:587-593.
    • (1987) Annals of Botany , vol.60 , pp. 587-593
    • Harris, D.1    Davy, A.J.2
  • 45
    • 0002130565 scopus 로고
    • Fire and succession in the conifer forests of northern North America
    • D. C. West, H. H. Shugart, and D. B. Botkin, editors. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA
    • Heinselman, M. L. 1981. Fire and succession in the conifer forests of northern North America. Pages 374-405 in D. C. West, H. H. Shugart, and D. B. Botkin, editors. Forest succession: concepts and applications. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1981) Forest Succession: Concepts and Applications , pp. 374-405
    • Heinselman, M.L.1
  • 46
    • 0028984489 scopus 로고
    • Phosphorus limitation of forest leaf area and net primary production on a highly weathered soil
    • Herbert, D. A., and J. H. Fownes. 1995. Phosphorus limitation of forest leaf area and net primary production on a highly weathered soil. Biogeochemistry 29:223-235.
    • (1995) Biogeochemistry , vol.29 , pp. 223-235
    • Herbert, D.A.1    Fownes, J.H.2
  • 47
    • 0020897314 scopus 로고
    • Forty years of forest succession in central New England
    • Hibbs, D. E. 1983. Forty years of forest succession in central New England. Ecology 64:1394-1401.
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 1394-1401
    • Hibbs, D.E.1
  • 48
    • 0009548382 scopus 로고
    • A chalk flora on the lower Green-sand: Its use in interpreting the calcicole habit
    • Hope Simpson, J. F. 1938. A chalk flora on the lower Green-sand: Its use in interpreting the calcicole habit. Journal of Ecology 26:218-235.
    • (1938) Journal of Ecology , vol.26 , pp. 218-235
    • Hope Simpson, J.F.1
  • 49
    • 0019183271 scopus 로고
    • Soil development on recent end moraines of the Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada
    • Jacobson, G. L., and H. J. B. Birks. 1980. Soil development on recent end moraines of the Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada. Quaternary Research 14:87-100.
    • (1980) Quaternary Research , vol.14 , pp. 87-100
    • Jacobson, G.L.1    Birks, H.J.B.2
  • 50
    • 0002179401 scopus 로고
    • Forest overstory vegetation and environment on the Missouri River floodplain in North Dakota
    • Johnson, W. C., R. L. Burgess, and W. R. Keammerer. 1976. Forest overstory vegetation and environment on the Missouri River floodplain in North Dakota. Ecological Monographs 46:59-84.
    • (1976) Ecological Monographs , vol.46 , pp. 59-84
    • Johnson, W.C.1    Burgess, R.L.2    Keammerer, W.R.3
  • 51
    • 84986808823 scopus 로고
    • Facilitation of tree seedling establishment in a sand dune succession
    • Kellman, M., and M. Kading. 1992. Facilitation of tree seedling establishment in a sand dune succession. Journal of Vegetation Science 3:679-688.
    • (1992) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.3 , pp. 679-688
    • Kellman, M.1    Kading, M.2
  • 52
    • 0002922940 scopus 로고
    • Primary production and turnover of organic matter in different forest ecosystems of the western Pacific
    • Kira, T., and T. Shidei. 1967. Primary production and turnover of organic matter in different forest ecosystems of the western Pacific. Japanese Journal of Ecology 17:70-87.
    • (1967) Japanese Journal of Ecology , vol.17 , pp. 70-87
    • Kira, T.1    Shidei, T.2
  • 53
    • 0030303246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of root biomass and dynamics for the carbon budget model of the Canadian forest sector
    • Kurz, W. A., S. J. Beukema, and M. J. Apps. 1996. Estimation of root biomass and dynamics for the carbon budget model of the Canadian forest sector. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26:1973-1979.
    • (1996) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.26 , pp. 1973-1979
    • Kurz, W.A.1    Beukema, S.J.2    Apps, M.J.3
  • 54
    • 0024228220 scopus 로고
    • The biogeochemistry of phosphorus cycling and phosphorus availability along a desert soil chronosequence
    • Lajtha. K., and W. H. Schlesinger. 1988. The biogeochemistry of phosphorus cycling and phosphorus availability along a desert soil chronosequence. Ecology 69:24-39.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 24-39
    • Lajtha, K.1    Schlesinger, W.H.2
  • 55
    • 0029475632 scopus 로고
    • Lake Michigan beach-ridge and dune development, lake level, and variability in regional water balance
    • Lichter. J. 1995. Lake Michigan beach-ridge and dune development, lake level, and variability in regional water balance. Quaternary Research 44:181-189.
    • (1995) Quaternary Research , vol.44 , pp. 181-189
    • Lichter, J.1
  • 56
    • 0031422630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMS radiocarbon dating of Lake Michigan beach-ridge and dune development
    • _.1997. AMS radiocarbon dating of Lake Michigan beach-ridge and dune development. Quaternary Research 48:137-140.
    • (1997) Quaternary Research , vol.48 , pp. 137-140
  • 57
    • 0031657854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rates of weathering and chemical depletion in surface soils across a chronosequence of Lake Michigan sand dunes
    • _.1998. Rates of weathering and chemical depletion in surface soils across a chronosequence of Lake Michigan sand dunes. Geoderma. 85:255-282.
    • (1998) Geoderma. , vol.85 , pp. 255-282
  • 58
    • 0001259752 scopus 로고
    • The ecological role of prescribed burns in the pine-oak forests of southern New Jersey
    • Little, S., and E. B. Moore. 1949. The ecological role of prescribed burns in the pine-oak forests of southern New Jersey. Ecology 30:223-233.
    • (1949) Ecology , vol.30 , pp. 223-233
    • Little, S.1    Moore, E.B.2
  • 59
    • 77957215096 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of diversity, efficiency, and community stability
    • Loucks, O. L. 1970. Evolution of diversity, efficiency, and community stability. American Zoologist 10:17-25.
    • (1970) American Zoologist , vol.10 , pp. 17-25
    • Loucks, O.L.1
  • 60
    • 0000094751 scopus 로고
    • On certain unifying principles in ecology
    • Margalef, R. 1963. On certain unifying principles in ecology. American Naturalist 97:357-374.
    • (1963) American Naturalist , vol.97 , pp. 357-374
    • Margalef, R.1
  • 61
    • 0003105235 scopus 로고
    • The role of pin cherry in the maintenance of stability in northern hardwood ecosystems
    • Marks. P. L. 1974. The role of pin cherry in the maintenance of stability in northern hardwood ecosystems. Ecological Monographs 44:73-88.
    • (1974) Ecological Monographs , vol.44 , pp. 73-88
    • Marks, P.L.1
  • 62
    • 0000274355 scopus 로고
    • A study of the variability of some successional and climax plant assemblage-types using multiple discriminant analysis
    • Matthews, J. A. 1979. A study of the variability of some successional and climax plant assemblage-types using multiple discriminant analysis. Journal of Ecology 67:255-271.
    • (1979) Journal of Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 255-271
    • Matthews, J.A.1
  • 63
    • 0029661287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of burial by sand on survival and growth of Calamovilfa longifolia
    • Maun, M. A. 1996. The effects of burial by sand on survival and growth of Calamovilfa longifolia. Ecoscience 3:93-100.
    • (1996) Ecoscience , vol.3 , pp. 93-100
    • Maun, M.A.1
  • 64
    • 0021537416 scopus 로고
    • The effects of burial by sand on Ammophila breviligulata
    • Maun, M. A., and J. Lapierre. 1984. The effects of burial by sand on Ammophila breviligulata. Journal of Ecology 72:827-839.
    • (1984) Journal of Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 827-839
    • Maun, M.A.1    Lapierre, J.2
  • 65
    • 0022837482 scopus 로고
    • The effect of a seed source on primary succession in a forest ecosystem
    • McClanahan, T. R. 1986. The effect of a seed source on primary succession in a forest ecosystem. Vegetatio 65: 175-178.
    • (1986) Vegetatio , vol.65 , pp. 175-178
    • McClanahan, T.R.1
  • 66
    • 0022197981 scopus 로고
    • Will similar forests develop on similar sites?
    • McCune, B., and T. F. H. Allen. 1984. Will similar forests develop on similar sites? Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 367-374.
    • (1984) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.63 , pp. 367-374
    • McCune, B.1    Allen, T.F.H.2
  • 67
    • 0021090979 scopus 로고
    • The structural complexity of old field vegetation and the recruitment of bird-dispersed plant species
    • McDonnell, M. J., and E. W. Stiles. 1983. The structural complexity of old field vegetation and the recruitment of bird-dispersed plant species. Oecologia 56:109-116.
    • (1983) Oecologia , vol.56 , pp. 109-116
    • McDonnell, M.J.1    Stiles, E.W.2
  • 68
    • 0000597467 scopus 로고
    • Comparative aspects of cycling of organic C, N, S and P through soil organic matter
    • McGill, W. B., and C. V. Cole. 1981. Comparative aspects of cycling of organic C, N, S and P through soil organic matter. Geoderma 26:267-286.
    • (1981) Geoderma , vol.26 , pp. 267-286
    • McGill, W.B.1    Cole, C.V.2
  • 69
    • 0028994989 scopus 로고
    • Possible ecological mechanisms for loss of vernal-herb diversity in logged eastern deciduous forests
    • Meier, A. J., S. P. Bratten, and D. C. Duffy. 1995. Possible ecological mechanisms for loss of vernal-herb diversity in logged eastern deciduous forests. Ecological Applications 5:935-946.
    • (1995) Ecological Applications , vol.5 , pp. 935-946
    • Meier, A.J.1    Bratten, S.P.2    Duffy, D.C.3
  • 70
    • 0000544745 scopus 로고
    • Tree species diversity in the eastern deciduous forest with particular reference to north central Florida
    • Monk, C. D. 1967. Tree species diversity in the eastern deciduous forest with particular reference to north central Florida. American Naturalist 101:173-187.
    • (1967) American Naturalist , vol.101 , pp. 173-187
    • Monk, C.D.1
  • 71
    • 0022231023 scopus 로고
    • Effects of shade, litter, and root competition on old-field vegetation in South Carolina
    • Monk, C. D., and F. C. Gabrielson. 1985. Effects of shade, litter, and root competition on old-field vegetation in South Carolina. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 112:383-392.
    • (1985) Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club , vol.112 , pp. 383-392
    • Monk, C.D.1    Gabrielson, F.C.2
  • 72
    • 0003641025 scopus 로고
    • Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
    • National Atmospheric Deposition Program. 1994. NADP/NTN annual data summary. Precipitation chemistry in the United States. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
    • (1994) NADP/NTN Annual Data Summary. Precipitation Chemistry in the United States
  • 73
    • 0000481203 scopus 로고
    • Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter
    • A. L. Page, R. H. Miller, and D. R. Keeney, editors. American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    • Nelson, D. W., and L. E. Sommers. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Pages 539-579 in A. L. Page, R. H. Miller, and D. R. Keeney, editors. Methods of soil analysis, number 9. American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
    • (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis , vol.9 , pp. 539-579
    • Nelson, D.W.1    Sommers, L.E.2
  • 74
    • 0009562679 scopus 로고
    • Competition and diversity in herbaceous vegetation
    • Newman, E. I. 1973. Competition and diversity in herbaceous vegetation. Nature 244:310.
    • (1973) Nature , vol.244 , pp. 310
    • Newman, E.I.1
  • 75
    • 0007444396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Michigan Department of Agriculture and Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
    • Nurnberger, F. V. 1996. Climate of Michigan summaries. Michigan Department of Agriculture and Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA.
    • (1996) Climate of Michigan Summaries
    • Nurnberger, F.V.1
  • 76
    • 0014683041 scopus 로고
    • The strategy of ecosystem development
    • Odum, E. P. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science 164:262-270.
    • (1969) Science , vol.164 , pp. 262-270
    • Odum, E.P.1
  • 77
    • 0001408971 scopus 로고
    • Lake Michigan dune development 3. Lake-level, beach, and dune oscillations
    • Olson, J. S. 1958a. Lake Michigan dune development 3. Lake-level, beach, and dune oscillations. Journal of Geology 66:473-483.
    • (1958) Journal of Geology , vol.66 , pp. 473-483
    • Olson, J.S.1
  • 78
    • 0000127488 scopus 로고
    • Rates of succession and soil changes on southern Lake Michigan sand dunes
    • _.1958b. Rates of succession and soil changes on southern Lake Michigan sand dunes. Botanical Gazette 119:125-170.
    • (1958) Botanical Gazette , vol.119 , pp. 125-170
  • 79
    • 0030614011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of rodents on survival of tree seeds and seedlings invading old fields
    • Ostfeld, R. S., R. H. Manson, and C. D. Canham. 1997. Effects of rodents on survival of tree seeds and seedlings invading old fields. Ecology 78:1531-1542.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1531-1542
    • Ostfeld, R.S.1    Manson, R.H.2    Canham, C.D.3
  • 80
    • 0021594764 scopus 로고
    • Biomass prediction using generalized allometric regressions for some northeast tree species
    • Pastor, J., J. D. Aber, and J. M. Mellilo. 1983/1984. Biomass prediction using generalized allometric regressions for some northeast tree species. Forest Ecology and Range Management 7:265-274.
    • (1983) Forest Ecology and Range Management , vol.7 , pp. 265-274
    • Pastor, J.1    Aber, J.D.2    Mellilo, J.M.3
  • 81
    • 0021537408 scopus 로고
    • Aboveground production and N and P cycling along a nitrogen mineralization gradient on Blackhawk Island, Wisconsin
    • Pastor, J., J. D. Aber, C. A. McClaughterty, and J. M. Melillo. 1984. Aboveground production and N and P cycling along a nitrogen mineralization gradient on Blackhawk Island, Wisconsin. Ecology 65:256-268.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 256-268
    • Pastor, J.1    Aber, J.D.2    McClaughterty, C.A.3    Melillo, J.M.4
  • 82
    • 0023468695 scopus 로고
    • Biomass and nutrient accumulation during stand development in Wyoming lodgepole pine forests
    • Pearson, J. A., D. H. Knight, and T. J. Fahey. 1987. Biomass and nutrient accumulation during stand development in Wyoming lodgepole pine forests. Ecology 6:1966-1973.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.6 , pp. 1966-1973
    • Pearson, J.A.1    Knight, D.H.2    Fahey, T.J.3
  • 83
    • 0003093408 scopus 로고
    • Forest vegetation of the Colorado front range: Patterns of species diversity
    • Peet, R. K. 1978. Forest vegetation of the Colorado front range: patterns of species diversity. Vegetatio 37:65-78.
    • (1978) Vegetatio , vol.37 , pp. 65-78
    • Peet, R.K.1
  • 85
    • 24944589435 scopus 로고
    • Succession: A population process
    • Peet. R. K., and N. L. Christensen. 1980. Succession: a population process. Vegetatio 43:131-140.
    • (1980) Vegetatio , vol.43 , pp. 131-140
    • Peet, R.K.1    Christensen, N.L.2
  • 86
    • 0021556348 scopus 로고
    • Historical factors affecting the number and distribution of vascular plant species in the woodlands of central Lincolnshire
    • Peterken. G. F., and M. Game. 1984. Historical factors affecting the number and distribution of vascular plant species in the woodlands of central Lincolnshire. Journal of Ecology 72:155-182.
    • (1984) Journal of Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 155-182
    • Peterken, G.F.1    Game, M.2
  • 87
    • 0029772050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holocene lake-level fluctuations and beach-ridge development along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, USA
    • Petty, W. H., P. A. Delcourt, and H. R. Delcourt. 1996. Holocene lake-level fluctuations and beach-ridge development along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, USA. Journal of Paleolimnology 15:147-169.
    • (1996) Journal of Paleolimnology , vol.15 , pp. 147-169
    • Petty, W.H.1    Delcourt, P.A.2    Delcourt, H.R.3
  • 88
    • 0002998231 scopus 로고
    • Space-for-time substitution as an alternative to long-term studies
    • G. E. Likens, editor. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA
    • Pickett, S. T. A. 1989. Space-for-time substitution as an alternative to long-term studies. Pages 110-135 in G. E. Likens, editor. Long-term studies in ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1989) Long-term Studies in Ecology , pp. 110-135
    • Pickett, S.T.A.1
  • 91
    • 0003128517 scopus 로고
    • Physical and human influences on coastal dune development between the Ribble and Mersey estuaries, northwest England
    • K. F. Nordstrum, N. P. Psuty, and R. W. G. Carter, editors. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA
    • Pye, K. 1990. Physical and human influences on coastal dune development between the Ribble and Mersey estuaries, northwest England. Pages 339-359 in K. F. Nordstrum, N. P. Psuty, and R. W. G. Carter, editors. Coastal dunes: form and process. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1990) Coastal Dunes: Form and Process , pp. 339-359
    • Pye, K.1
  • 92
    • 0029661450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both nitrogen and phosphorus limit plant production on young Hawaiian lava flows
    • Raich, J. W., A. E. Russell, T. E. Crews, H. Farrington, and P. M. Vitousek. 1996. Both nitrogen and phosphorus limit plant production on young Hawaiian lava flows. Biogeochemistry 32:1-14.
    • (1996) Biogeochemistry , vol.32 , pp. 1-14
    • Raich, J.W.1    Russell, A.E.2    Crews, T.E.3    Farrington, H.4    Vitousek, P.M.5
  • 93
    • 0002684031 scopus 로고
    • Plant diversity in a chronosequence at Glacier Bay, Alaska
    • Reiners, W. A., I. A. Worley, and D. B. Lawrence. 1971. Plant diversity in a chronosequence at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ecology 52:55-69.
    • (1971) Ecology , vol.52 , pp. 55-69
    • Reiners, W.A.1    Worley, I.A.2    Lawrence, D.B.3
  • 94
    • 0020383266 scopus 로고
    • Progress of plant succession on the Paricutin Volcano: 25 years after activity ceased
    • Rejmanek, M., R. Haagerova, and J. Haager. 1982. Progress of plant succession on the Paricutin Volcano: 25 years after activity ceased. American Midland Naturalist 108:194-198.
    • (1982) American Midland Naturalist , vol.108 , pp. 194-198
    • Rejmanek, M.1    Haagerova, R.2    Haager, J.3
  • 95
    • 0002733359 scopus 로고
    • Nitrification potentials in primary and secondary succession
    • Robertson, G. P., and P. M. Vitousek. 1981. Nitrification potentials in primary and secondary succession. Ecology 62:376-381.
    • (1981) Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 376-381
    • Robertson, G.P.1    Vitousek, P.M.2
  • 96
    • 0007409020 scopus 로고
    • A seedling bioassay on some soils in the Sheffield area
    • Rorison, I. H. 1967. A seedling bioassay on some soils in the Sheffield area. Journal of Ecology 55:725-741.
    • (1967) Journal of Ecology , vol.55 , pp. 725-741
    • Rorison, I.H.1
  • 98
    • 0001065592 scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term deer exclusion on a Pinus resinosa forest in north-central Minnesota
    • Ross, B. A., J. R. Bray, and W. H. Marshall. 1970. Effects of long-term deer exclusion on a Pinus resinosa forest in north-central Minnesota. Ecology 51:1088-1093.
    • (1970) Ecology , vol.51 , pp. 1088-1093
    • Ross, B.A.1    Bray, J.R.2    Marshall, W.H.3
  • 99
    • 0024530432 scopus 로고
    • Phytomass and detrital carbon storage during forest regrowth in the south-eastern United States piedmont
    • Schiffman, P. M., and W. C. Johnson. 1989. Phytomass and detrital carbon storage during forest regrowth in the south-eastern United States piedmont. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19:69-78.
    • (1989) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.19 , pp. 69-78
    • Schiffman, P.M.1    Johnson, W.C.2
  • 101
    • 0024186507 scopus 로고
    • Species composition and diversity during secondary succession of coniferous forests in the western Cascade Mountains of Oregon
    • Schoonmaker, P., and A. McKee. 1988. Species composition and diversity during secondary succession of coniferous forests in the western Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Forest Science 34:960-979.
    • (1988) Forest Science , vol.34 , pp. 960-979
    • Schoonmaker, P.1    McKee, A.2
  • 102
    • 0001628988 scopus 로고
    • Diversity, floristic richness, and species evenness during a secondary succession
    • Shafi, M. I., and G. A. Yarranton. 1973. Diversity, floristic richness, and species evenness during a secondary succession. Ecology 54:897-902.
    • (1973) Ecology , vol.54 , pp. 897-902
    • Shafi, M.I.1    Yarranton, G.A.2
  • 104
    • 0001136204 scopus 로고
    • Density, biomass, productivity, and nutrient-cycling changes during stand development in wave-regenerated balsam fir forest
    • Sprugel, D. G. 1984. Density, biomass, productivity, and nutrient-cycling changes during stand development in wave-regenerated balsam fir forest. Ecological Monographs 54:165-186.
    • (1984) Ecological Monographs , vol.54 , pp. 165-186
    • Sprugel, D.G.1
  • 105
    • 0022210629 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance and ecosystem energetics
    • Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA
    • _.1985. Natural disturbance and ecosystem energetics. Pages 335-352 in S. T. A. Pickett and P. S. White, editors. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
    • (1985) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics , pp. 335-352
    • Pickett, S.T.A.1    White, P.S.2
  • 106
    • 0001994023 scopus 로고
    • Late Pleistocene features of Cheboygan and Emmet Counties, Michigan
    • Spurr, S. H., and J. H. Zumberge. 1956. Late Pleistocene features of Cheboygan and Emmet Counties, Michigan. American Journal of Science 254:96-109.
    • (1956) American Journal of Science , vol.254 , pp. 96-109
    • Spurr, S.H.1    Zumberge, J.H.2
  • 107
    • 0001698574 scopus 로고
    • The chronosequence concept and soil formation
    • Stevens, P. R., and T. W. Walker. 1970. The chronosequence concept and soil formation. Quarterly Review of Biology 45:333-350.
    • (1970) Quarterly Review of Biology , vol.45 , pp. 333-350
    • Stevens, P.R.1    Walker, T.W.2
  • 108
    • 0001003730 scopus 로고
    • Conservation of potassium in the Pinns resinosa ecosystem
    • Stone, E. L., and R. Kszystyniak. 1977. Conservation of potassium in the Pinns resinosa ecosystem. Science 198: 192-194.
    • (1977) Science , vol.198 , pp. 192-194
    • Stone, E.L.1    Kszystyniak, R.2
  • 109
    • 0000376920 scopus 로고
    • Effects of tree leaf litter on herbaceous vegetation in deciduous woodland, II. An experimental investigation
    • Sydes, C., and J. P. Grime. 1981. Effects of tree leaf litter on herbaceous vegetation in deciduous woodland, II. An experimental investigation. Journal of Ecology 69:249-262.
    • (1981) Journal of Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 249-262
    • Sydes, C.1    Grime, J.P.2
  • 110
    • 0025639538 scopus 로고
    • An experimental investigation into the response of New Zealand sand dune species to different depths of burial by sand
    • Sykes, M. T., and J. B. Wilson. 1990. An experimental investigation into the response of New Zealand sand dune species to different depths of burial by sand. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 39:171-181.
    • (1990) Acta Botanica Neerlandica , vol.39 , pp. 171-181
    • Sykes, M.T.1    Wilson, J.B.2
  • 111
    • 0024224937 scopus 로고
    • Phosphorus control of soil organic matter accumulation and cycling
    • Tate, K. R., and I. Salcedo. 1988. Phosphorus control of soil organic matter accumulation and cycling. Biogeochemistry 5:99-107.
    • (1988) Biogeochemistry , vol.5 , pp. 99-107
    • Tate, K.R.1    Salcedo, I.2
  • 112
    • 0027047058 scopus 로고
    • Beach-ridge development and lake-level variation in southern Lake Michigan
    • Thompson. T. A. 1992. Beach-ridge development and lake-level variation in southern Lake Michigan. Sedimentary Geology 80:305-318.
    • (1992) Sedimentary Geology , vol.80 , pp. 305-318
    • Thompson, T.A.1
  • 113
    • 0022185801 scopus 로고
    • The resource-ratio hypothesis of plant succession
    • Tilman, D. 1985. The resource-ratio hypothesis of plant succession. American Naturalist 125:827-852.
    • (1985) American Naturalist , vol.125 , pp. 827-852
    • Tilman, D.1
  • 115
    • 0025243140 scopus 로고
    • Constraints and tradeoffs: Toward a predictive theory of competition and succession
    • _.1990. Constraints and tradeoffs: toward a predictive theory of competition and succession. Oikos 58:3-15.
    • (1990) Oikos , vol.58 , pp. 3-15
  • 116
    • 0027704788 scopus 로고
    • The maintenance of species richness in plant communities
    • R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, editors. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Tilman, D., and S. Pacala. 1993. The maintenance of species richness in plant communities. Pages 13-25 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, editors. Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
    • (1993) Species Diversity in Ecological Communities , pp. 13-25
    • Tilman, D.1    Pacala, S.2
  • 117
    • 0022233167 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation succession on the dunes near Ostvoorne, the Netherlands, since 1934, interpreted from air photographs and vegetation maps
    • van Dorp, D., R. Boot, and E. van der Maarel. 1985. Vegetation succession on the dunes near Ostvoorne, The Netherlands, since 1934, interpreted from air photographs and vegetation maps. Vegetatio 58:123-136.
    • (1985) Vegetatio , vol.58 , pp. 123-136
    • Van Dorp, D.1    Boot, R.2    Van der Maarel, E.3
  • 118
    • 0024258945 scopus 로고
    • Element interactions in forest ecosystems: Succession, allometry and input-output budgets
    • Vitousek, P. M., T. Fahey, D. W. Johnson, and M. J. Swift. 1988. Element interactions in forest ecosystems: succession, allometry and input-output budgets. Biogeochemistry 5:7-34.
    • (1988) Biogeochemistry , vol.5 , pp. 7-34
    • Vitousek, P.M.1    Fahey, T.2    Johnson, D.W.3    Swift, M.J.4
  • 119
    • 0026312019 scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: How can it occur?
    • Vitousek, P. M., and R. W. Howarth. 1991. Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: how can it occur? Biogeochemistry 13:87-115.
    • (1991) Biogeochemistry , vol.13 , pp. 87-115
    • Vitousek, P.M.1    Howarth, R.W.2
  • 120
    • 0000007132 scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem succession and nutrient retention: A hypothesis
    • Vitousek, P. M., and W. A. Reiners. 1975. Ecosystem succession and nutrient retention: a hypothesis. Bioscience 25: 376-381.
    • (1975) Bioscience , vol.25 , pp. 376-381
    • Vitousek, P.M.1    Reiners, W.A.2
  • 121
    • 0027329689 scopus 로고
    • Nutrient limitations to plant growth during primary succession in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
    • Vitousek, P. M., L. R. Walker, L. D. Whiteaker, and P. A. Maison. 1993. Nutrient limitations to plant growth during primary succession in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Biogeochemistry 23:197-215.
    • (1993) Biogeochemistry , vol.23 , pp. 197-215
    • Vitousek, P.M.1    Walker, L.R.2    Whiteaker, L.D.3    Maison, P.A.4
  • 122
    • 0027843755 scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen fixers and species replacements in primary succession
    • J. Miles and D. W. H. Walton, editors. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK
    • Walker, L. R. 1993. Nitrogen fixers and species replacements in primary succession. Pages 249-272 in J. Miles and D. W. H. Walton, editors. Primary succession on land. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK.
    • (1993) Primary Succession on Land , pp. 249-272
    • Walker, L.R.1
  • 123
    • 0022823124 scopus 로고
    • Physiological controls over seedling growth in primary succession on an Alaskan floodplain
    • Walker, L. R., and F. S. Chapin, III. 1986. Physiological controls over seedling growth in primary succession on an Alaskan floodplain. Ecology 67:1508-1523.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 1508-1523
    • Walker, L.R.1    Chapin III, F.S.2
  • 124
    • 0002907511 scopus 로고
    • Interactions among processes controlling successional change
    • Walker, L. R., and F. S. Chapin, III. 1987. Interactions among processes controlling successional change. Oikos 50:131-135.
    • (1987) Oikos , vol.50 , pp. 131-135
    • Walker, L.R.1    Chapin III, F.S.2
  • 125
    • 0022843597 scopus 로고
    • The role of life history processes in primary succession on an Alaskan floodplain
    • Walker, L. R., J. C. Zasada, and F. S. Chapin, III. 1986. The role of life history processes in primary succession on an Alaskan floodplain. Ecology 67:1243-1253.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 1243-1253
    • Walker, L.R.1    Zasada, J.C.2    Chapin III, F.S.3
  • 126
    • 49549127599 scopus 로고
    • The fate of phosphorus during pcdogenesis
    • Walker, T. W., and J. K. Syers. 1976. The fate of phosphorus during pcdogenesis. Geoderma 15:1-19.
    • (1976) Geoderma , vol.15 , pp. 1-19
    • Walker, T.W.1    Syers, J.K.2
  • 127
    • 0024944823 scopus 로고
    • The effect of disturbance scale on sand dune colonization by Lithospermum caroliniense
    • Weller, S. G. 1989. The effect of disturbance scale on sand dune colonization by Lithospermum caroliniense. Ecology 70:1244-1251.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 1244-1251
    • Weller, S.G.1
  • 129
    • 0024931319 scopus 로고
    • Plant recolonization and vegetation succession on the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia
    • Whittaker, R. J., M. B. Bush, and K. Richards. 1989. Plant recolonization and vegetation succession on the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia. Ecological Monographs 59:59-123.
    • (1989) Ecological Monographs , vol.59 , pp. 59-123
    • Whittaker, R.J.1    Bush, M.B.2    Richards, K.3
  • 130
    • 0023497127 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of early primary succession in subalpine habitats on Mount St. Helens
    • Wood, D. M., and R. del Moral. 1987. Mechanisms of early primary succession in subalpine habitats on Mount St. Helens. Ecology 68:780-790.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 780-790
    • Wood, D.M.1    Del Moral, R.2
  • 131
    • 0025526053 scopus 로고
    • Ecological constraints to seedling establishment on the pumice plains, Mount St. Helens, Washington
    • Wood, D. M., and W. F. Morris. 1990. Ecological constraints to seedling establishment on the pumice plains, Mount St. Helens, Washington. American Journal of Botany 77:1411-1418.
    • (1990) American Journal of Botany , vol.77 , pp. 1411-1418
    • Wood, D.M.1    Morris, W.F.2
  • 132
    • 0025206095 scopus 로고
    • Effects of sand burial on seed germination, seedling emergence, survival, and growth of Agropyron psammophilum
    • Zhang, J., and M. A. Maun. 1990. Effects of sand burial on seed germination, seedling emergence, survival, and growth of Agropyron psammophilum. Canadian Journal of Botany 68:304-310.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.68 , pp. 304-310
    • Zhang, J.1    Maun, M.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.