Can we learn about national differences in happiness from individual responses? a multilevel approach

Multilevel Analysis of Individuals and Cultures

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 223-248

  Lucas, Richard E ^a   Diener, Ed ^b  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85075659264     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (83)

1. Ahadi, S., & Diener, E. (1989). Multiple determinants and effect size. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 398-406.
2. Allik, J., & Realo, A. (2004). Individualism-collectivism and social capital. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 29-49.
3. Argyle, M. (2001). The psychology of happiness (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
4. Arrindell, W. A., Hatzichristou, C., Wensink, J., Rosenberg, E., van Twillert, B. R., Stedema, J. et al. (1997). Dimensions of national culture as predictors of cross-national differences in subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 37-53.
5. Barrett, P. (1986) Factor comparison: An examination of three methods. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 327-340.
6. Barrett, P. (2005). Orthosim 2.1 [Statistical Software]. Retrieved February 1, 2006 from http://www.pbarrett.net/factor_similarity.htm
7. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
8. Berkman, L. F., & Syme, S. L. (1979). Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: A nine-year follow-up study of Alameda county residents. American Journal of Epidemiology, 109, 186-204.
9. Biswas-Diener, R., & Diener, E. (2001). Making the best of a bad situation: Satisfaction in the slums of Calcutta. Social Indicators Research, 55, 329-352.
10. Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 917-927.
11. Brief, A. P., Butcher, A. H., George, J. M., & Link, K. E. (1993). Integrating bottom-up and top-down theories of subjective well-being: The case of health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 646-653.
12. Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., & Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life: Perceptions, evaluations, and satisfactions. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
13. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668-678.
14. Davis, J. A., Smith, T. W., & Marsden, P. V. (2003). General social surveys, 1972-2002 [Computer File]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Available at: Http://webapp.icpsr.umich.edu/GSS/
15. Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). Will money increase subjective well-being? Social Indicators Research, 57, 119-169.
16. Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1996). Most people are happy. Psychological Science, 7, 181-185.
17. Diener, E., Diener, M., & Diener, C. (1995). Factors predicting the subjective wellbeing of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 851-864.
18. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
19. Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (1999). Personality and subjective well-being. In D. Kah-neman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 213-229). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
20. Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Scollon, C. N. (2006). Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revisions to the adaptation theory of well-being. American Psychologist, 61, 305-314.
21. Diener, E., & Oishi, S. (2004). Are Scandinavians happier than Asians? Issues in comparing nations on subjective well-being. In F. Columbus (Ed.), Asian economic and political issues (Vol. 10, pp. 1-25). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.
22. Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 1-31.
23. Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
24. Dijkers, M. (1997). Quality of life after spinal cord injury: A meta analysis of the effects of disablement components. Spinal Cord, 35, 829-840.
25. Donovan, N., & Halpern, D. (2003, November). Life satisfaction: The state of knowledge and implications for government. Paper presented at the conference on well-being and social-capital, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
26. Easterlin, R. A. (1995). Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 27, 35-47.
27. Easterlin, R. A. (2003). Explaining happiness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 11176-11183.
28. Economist Intelligence Unit (2005). The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Quality-of-Life Index. Retrieved July 17, 2005 from http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf
29. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1982) Recent advances in the cross-cultural study of personality. In C. D. Spielberger & J. N. Butcher (Eds.) Advances in personality assessment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
30. Ferriss, A. L. (2002). Religion and the quality of life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 199-215.
31. Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2000). Happiness prospers in democracy. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 79-102.
32. Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2002). Happiness and economics: How the economy and institutions affect human well-being. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
33. Fujita, F., & Diener, E. (2005). Life satisfaction set point: Stability and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 158-164.
34. Ganz, P. A., Lee, J. J., & Siau, J. (1991). Quality of life assessment: An independent prognostic variable for survival in lung cancer. Cancer, 67, 3131-3135.
35. Hagerty, M. R., & Veenhoven, R. (2003). Wealth and happiness revisited-Growing national income does go with greater happiness. Social Indicators Research, 64, 1-27.
36. Hammell, K. W. (2004). Exploring quality of life following high spinal cord injury: A review and critique. Spinal Cord, 42, 491-502.
37. Haring, M., Stock, W. A., & Okun, M. A. (1984). A research synthesis of gender and social class as correlates of subjective well-being. Human Relations, 37, 645-657.
38. Haring-Hidore, M., Stock, W. A., Okun, M. A., & Witter, R. A. (1985). Marital status and subjective well-being: A research synthesis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47, 947-953.
39. Helliwell, J. F. (2003a). How’s life? Combining individual and national variables to explain subjective well-being. Economic Modelling, 20, 331-360.
40. Helliwell, J. F. (2003b). Well-being and social capital: Does suicide pose a puzzle? Unpublished manuscript, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
41. House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540-545.
42. House, J. S., Robbins, C., & Metzner, H. L. (1982). The association of social relationships and activities with mortality: Prospective evidence from the Tecumseh Community Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 116, 123-140.
43. Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. (1985). Measurement in cross-cultural psychology: A review and comparison of strategies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16, 131-152.
44. Inglehart, R., & Klingemann, H.-D. (2000). Genes, culture, democracy, and happiness. In E. Diener & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and subjective well-being (pp. 165-183). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
45. Kahneman, D. (1994). New challenges to the rationality assumption. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 150, 18-36.
46. Kahneman, D., & Riis, J. (2005). Living and thinking about it: Two perspectives on life. In F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis, & B. Keverne (Eds.), The science of well-being. (pp. 285-304). New York: Oxford University Press.
47. Kirkcaldy, B. D., Furnham, A., & Martin, T. (1998). National differences in personality, socio-ecomonic, and work-related attitudinal variables. European Psychologist, 3, 255-262.
48. Lucas, R. E. (2005). Time does not heal all wounds: A longitudinal study of reaction and adaptation to divorce. Psychological Science, 16, 945-950.
49. Lucas, R. E. (2007). Long-term disability is associated with lasting changes in subjective well-being: Evidence from two nationally representative longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 711-730.
50. Lucas, R. E., Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y., & Diener, E. (2003). Reexamining adaptation and the set point model of happiness: Reactions to changes in marital status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 527-539.
51. Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 616-628.
52. Lucas, R. E., & Dyrenforth, P. (2006). Does the existence of social relationships matter for subjective well-being? In K. D. Vohs & E. J. Finkel (Eds.), Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes (pp. 254-273). New York: Guilford.
53. Lucas, R. E., & Gohm, C. L. (2000). Age and sex differences in subjective wellbeing across cultures. In E. Diener & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and subjective well-being (pp. 291-317). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
54. Lucas, R. E., Le, K., & Dyrenforth, P. S. (in press). Explaining the extraversión/positive affect relation: Sociability cannot account for extraverts’ greater happiness. Journal of Personality.
55. Lykken, D., & Tellegen, A. (1996). Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon. Psychological Science, 7, 186-189.
56. Mastekaasa, A. (1994). Marital status, distress, and well-being: An international comparison. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 25, 183-205.
57. McClellan, W. M., Anson, C., Birkeli, K., & Tuttle, E. (1991). Functional status and quality of life: Predictors of early mortality among patients entering treatment for end stage renal disease. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 44, 83-89.
58. Mossey, J. M., & Shapiro, E. (1982). Self-rated health: A predictor of mortality among the elderly. American Journal of Public Health, 72, 800-808.
59. Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. I. (2005). Change in life satisfaction during adulthood: Findings from the veterans affairs normative aging study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 189-202.
60. Mulaik, S. (1972). The foundations of factor analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
61. Muthén, B. O. (1991). Multilevel factor analysis of class and student achievement components. Journal of Educational Measurement, 28, 338-354.
62. Muthén, B. O. (1994). Multilevel covariance structure analysis. Sociological Methods & Research, 22, 376-398.
63. Muthén, B. O., & Muthén, L. (2004). Mplus 3.01 [Statistical Software]. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
64. Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55, 56-67.
65. Nelson, E., Conger, B., Douglass, R., Gephart, D., Kirk, J., Page, R. et al. (1983). Functional health status levels of primary care patients. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 249, 3331-3338.
66. Okun, M. A., & George, L. K. (1984). Physician- and self-ratings of health, neu-roticism and subjective well-being among men and women. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 533-539.
67. Okun, M. A., Stock, W. A., Haring, M. J., & Witter, R. A. (1984). Health and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 19, 111-132.
68. Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2000). Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15, 187-224.
69. Putnam, R. (2001). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
70. Rumsfeld, J. S., MacWhinney, S., McCarthy, M., Jr., Shroyer, A. L. W., VillaNueva, C. B., O’Brien, M. et al. (1999). Health-related quality of life as a predictor of mortality following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 1298-1303.
71. Schyns, P. (1998). Cross-national differences in happiness: Economic and cultural factors explored. Social Indicators Research, 43, 3-26.
72. Schyns, P. (2003). Income and life satisfaction: A cross-national and longitudinal study. Delft, the Netherlands: Eburon.
73. Steel, P., & Ones, D. S. (2002). Personality and happiness: A national-level analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 767-781.
74. Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Triandis, H. C. (1998). The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 482-493.
75. Ten Berge, J. M. F. (1996). The Kaiser, Hunka and Bianchini factor similarity coefficients: A cautionary note. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 31, 1-6.
76. Van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Leung, K. (1997) Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
77. Van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Poortinga, Y. H. (2002). Structural equivalence in multilevel research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 141-156.
78. Van Hemert, D. A., Van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Poortinga, Y. H. (2002). The Beck Depression Inventory as a measure of subjective well-being: A cross-national study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 257-286.
79. Veenhoven, R. (1995). The cross-national pattern of happiness: Test of predictions implied in three theories of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 34, 33-68.
80. Veenhoven, R. (1999). Quality-of-life in individualistic society. Social Indicators Research, 48, 157-186.
81. Wilson, W. R. (1967). Correlates of avowed happiness. Psychological Bulletin, 67, 294-306.
82. Wood, W., Rhodes, N., & Whelan, M. (1989). Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 249-264.
83. World Values Survey. (2006). Available from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org.