The impact of television on cognitive development and educational achievement

Children and Television: Fifty Years of Research

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 65-84

  Schmidt, Marie Evans ^a   Anderson, Daniel R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85075306190     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781410618047-10     Document Type: Chapter

References (77)

1. Alexander, A., Ryan, M., & Munoz, P. (1984). Creating a learning context: Investigations on the interactions of siblings during television viewing. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 1, 345-364.
2. Anderson, D. R., & Collins, P. A. (1988). The influence on children’s education: The effects of television on cognitive development. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
3. Anderson, D. R., Collins, P. A., Schmitt, K. L., & Jacobvitz, R. S. (1996). Stressful life events and television viewing. Communication Research, 23, 243-260.
4. Anderson, D. R., & Evans, M. K. (2001). Peril and potential of media for toddlers. Zero to Three, 22(2), 10-16.
5. Anderson, D. R., Huston, A. C., Schmitt, K., Linebarger, D. L., & Wright, J. C. (2001). Early childhood television viewing and adolescent behavior: The recontact study. Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development, 66(Serial No. 264).
6. Anderson, D. R., Levin, S. R., & Lorch, E. (1977). The effects of television program pacing in behavior of preschool children. Communication Research, 25, 159-166.
7. Anderson, D. R., & Lorch, E. P. (1983). Looking at television: Action or reaction? In J. Bryant & D. R. Anderson (Eds.), Children’s understanding of TV: Research on attention and comprehension (pp. 1-33). New York: Academic.
8. Anderson, D. R., Lorch, E. P., Field, D. E., & Sanders, J. (1981). The effect of television program comprehensibility on preschool children’s visual attention to television. Child Development, 52, 151-157.
9. Anderson, D. R., & Smith, R. (1984). Young children’s television viewing: The problem of cognitive continuity. In F. Morrison, C. Lord, & D. Keating (Eds.), Advances in applied developmental psychology (pp. 115-163). New York: Academic.
10. Armstrong, G. B., Boiarsky, G. A., & Mares, M. L. (1991). Background television and reading performance. Communication Monographs, 58, 235-253.
11. Armstrong, G. B., & Greenberg, B. S. (1990). Background television as an inhibitor of cognitive processing. Human Communication Research, 16, 355-386.
12. Ball, S. J., & Bogatz, G. A. (1970). The first year of Sesame Street: An evaluation. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
13. Beentjes, J. W. J., Koolstra, C. M., & van der Voort, T. H. A. (1996). Combining background media with doing homework: Incidence of background media use and perceived effects. Communication Education, 45, 59-72.
14. Beentjes, J. W. J., & van der Voort, T. H. A. (1988). Television’s impact on children’s reading skills: A review of research. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 389-413.
15. Beentjes, J. W. J., Vooijis, M. W., & van der Voort, T. H. A. (1993). Children’s recall of televised and printed news as a function of test expectation. Journal of Educational Television, 19, 5-13.
16. California Assessment Program. (1981). Student achievement in California schools. 1979-1980 annual report: Television and student achievement. Sacramento: California State Department of Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 195 559)
17. California Assessment Program. (1982). Survey of sixth grade school achievement and television viewing habits. Sacramento: California State Department of Education.
18. Carew, J. V. (1980). Experience and the development of intelligence in young children at home and in day care. Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development, 45(6-7), (Serial no. 187).
19. Carpenter, C. J., Huston, A. C., & Spera, L. (1989). Children’s use of time in their everyday activities during middle childhood. In M. Bloch & A. Pellegrini (Eds.), The ecological context of children’s play. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
20. Comstock, G. A., & Paik, H. J. (1991). Television and the American child. Orlando, FL: Academic.
21. Corteen, R. S., & Williams, T. M. (1986). Television and reading skills. In T. M. Williams (Ed.), The impact of television: A natural experiment in three communities (pp. 39-85). Orlando, FL: Academic.
22. Crawley, A. M., Anderson, D. R., Santomero, A., Wilder, A., Williams, M., Evans, M. K., et al. (2002). Do children learn how to watch television? The impact of extensive experience with Blue’s Clues on preschool children’s television viewing behavior. Journal of Communication, 52, 264-280.
23. Crawley, A. M., Anderson, D. R., Wilder, A., Williams, M., & Santomero, A. (1999). Effects of repeated exposures to a single episode of the television program Blue’s Clues on the viewing behaviors and comprehension of preschool children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 630-637.
24. Fay, A. L., Teasley, S. D., Cheng, B. H., Bachman, K. M., & Schnakenburg, J. H. (1995). Children’s interest in and their understanding of science and technology: A study of the effects of CRO. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Children’s Television Workshop.
25. Fetler, M. (1984). Television viewing and school achievement. Journal of Communication, 35, 104-118.
26. Field, D. E., & Anderson, D. R. (1985). Instruction and modality effects on children’s television comprehension and attention. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 91-100.
27. Friedrich, L. K., & Stein, A. H. (1973). Aggressive and prosocial television programs and the natural behavior of preschool children. Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development, 38, 1-64.
28. Gaddy, G. D. (1986). Television’s impact on high school achievement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 340-359.
29. Gentile, D. A., & Walsh, D. A. (2002). A normative study of family media habits. Applied Developmental Psychology, 23, 157-178.
30. Gladwell, M. (2000). The tipping point: How little things can make a big difference. Boston: Little, Brown.
31. Hall, E. R., Esty, E. T., & Fisch, S. M. (1990). Television and children’s problemsolving behavior: A synopsis of an evaluation of the effects of Square One TV. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 9, 161-174.
32. Halpern, W. (1975). Turned-on toddlers. Journal of Communication, 25, 66-70.
33. Hartmann, T. (1996). Beyond ADD: Hunting for reasons in the past & present. Grass Valley, CA: Underwood.
34. Healy, J. M. (1990). Endangered minds: Why our children don’t think. New York: Simon & Schuster.
35. Himmelweit, H. T., Oppenheim, A. N., & Vince, P. (1958). Television and the child. London: Oxford University Press.
36. Huesmann, L. R., & Eron, L. D. (1986). Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
37. Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1984). The stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1120-1134.
38. Huston, A. C., Donnerstein, E., Fairchild, H., Feshbach, N. D., Katz, P. A., Murray, J. P., et al. (1992). Big world, small screen: the role of television in American society. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
39. Huston, A., & Wright, J. (1983). Children’s processing of television: The informative functions of formal features. In J. Bryant & D. R. Anderson (Eds.), Children’s understanding of television: Research on attention and comprehension (pp. 35-68). New York: Academic.
40. Huston, A. C., & Wright, J. C. (1989). The forms of television and the child viewer. In G. Comstock & G. A. Comstock (Eds.), Public communication and behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 103-158). New York: Academic.
41. Huston, A. C., Wright, J. C., Marquis, J., & Green, S. B. (1999). How young children spend their time: Television and other activities. Developmental Psychology, 35, 912-925.
42. Keith, T. Z., Reimers, T. M., Fehrmann, P. G., Pottebaum, S. M., & Aubey, L. W. (1986). Parental involvement, homework, and TV time: Direct and indirect effects on high school achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 373-380.
43. Koolstra, C., & van der Voort, T. (1996). Longitudinal effects of television on children’s leisure time reading: A test of three explanatory models. Human Communication Research, 23, 4-35.
44. Kubey, R., & Csikzentmihalyi, M. (1990). Television and the quality of life: How viewing shapes everyday experience. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
45. Linebarger, D. L., Eskrootchi, P., Sai Doku, N., Larsen, R., & Kosanic, A. (2001, April). Summative evaluation of Between the Lions: A new educational TV show for young children. Poster session presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Minneapolis, MN.
46. Lorch, E. P., Anderson, D. R., & Levin, S. R. (1979). The relationship of visual attention and comprehension of television by preschool children. Child Development, 50, 722-727.
47. Mahoney, J. L. (2000). School extracurricular activity participation as a moderator in the development of anti-social patterns. Child Development, 71, 502-516.
48. Mander, G. (1978). Four arguments for the elimination of television. New York: Morrow.
49. Moody, K. (1980). Growing up on television: The TV effect. New York: Times.
50. Morgan, M., & Gross, L. (1982). Television and educational achievement and aspiration. In D. Pearl, L. Bouthilet, & J. Lazar (Eds.), Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the eighties: Vol. 2. Technical reports (pp. 78-90). Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.
51. Mutz, D. C., Roberts, D. F., & van Vuuren, D. P. (1993). Reconsidering the displacement hypothesis: Television’s influence on children’s time use. Communication Research, 20, 51-75.
52. Nelson, K. (1973). Structure and strategy in learning to talk. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 38(1-2).
53. Neuman, S. B. (1995). Literacy in the television age: The myth of the TV effect (2nd Ed.). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
54. Pool, M. M., van der Voort, T. H. A., Beentjees, J. W. J., & Koolstra, C. M. (2000). Background television as an inhibitor of performance on easy and difficult homework assignments. Communication Research, 27, 293-326.
55. Rice, M. L., Huston, A. C., Truglio, R., & Wright, J. C. (1990). Words from Sesame Street: Learning vocabulary while viewing. Developmental Psychology, 26, 421-428.
56. Rice, M. L., & Woodsmall, L. (1988). Lessons from television: Children’s word learning when viewing. Child Development, 59, 420-429.
57. Ritchie, D., Price, V., & Roberts, D. F. (1987). Television, reading, and reading achievement. Communication Research, 14, 292-315.
58. Roberts, D., Bachen, C., Hornby, M., & Hernandez-Ramos, P. (1984). Reading and television: Predictors of reading at different age levels. Communication Research, 11, 9-50.
59. Rosengren, K. E., & Windahl, S. (1989). Media matter: TV use in childhood and adolescence. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
60. Salomon, G. (1984). Television is “easy” and print is “tough”: The differential investment of mental effort in learning as a function of perceptions and attributions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 647-658.
61. Schmitt, K. L. (1999). The three-hour rule: Is it living up to expectations? (Report No. 30). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg Public Policy Center.
62. Schramm, W., Lyle, J., & Parker, E. B. (1961). Television in the lives of our children. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
63. Singer, J. L. (1980). The power and limits of television: A cognitive-affective analysis. In P. Tannenbaum (Ed.), The entertainment function of television (pp. 353-396). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
64. Singer, J. L., & Singer, D. G. (1981). Television, imagination, and aggression: A study of preschoolers. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
65. Singer, J. L., & Singer, D. G. (1998). Barney & Friends as entertainment and education: Evaluating the quality and effectiveness of a television series for preschool children. In J. Asamen & G. Berry (Eds.), Research paradigms, television, and social behavior (pp. 305-367). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
66. Singer, J. L., Singer, D. G., & Rapaczynski, W. (1984). Family patterns and television viewing as predictors of children’s beliefs and aggression. Journal of Communication, 34, 73-89.
67. Smith, R., Anderson, D. R., & Fischer, C. (1985). Young children’s comprehension of montage. Child Development, 56, 962-971.
68. Timmer, S. G., Eccles, J. S., & O’Brien, K. (1985). How children use time. In F. T. Juster & F. P. Stafford (Eds.), Time, goods, and well-being. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
69. van der Voort, T. H. A. (2001). Television’s impact on children’s leisure-time reading and reading skills. In L. Verhoeven & C. Snow (Eds.), Literacy and motivation: Reading engagement in individuals and groups (pp. 95-119). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
70. Williams, P. A., Haertel, E. H., Walberg, H. J., & Haertel, G. D. (1982). The impact of leisure time television on school learning: A research synthesis. American Educational Research Journal, 19, 19-50.
71. Williams, T. M. (1986a). Background and overview. In T. M. Williams (Ed.), The impact of television: A natural experiment in three communities (pp. 1-38). New York: Academic.
72. Williams, T. M. (1986b). Summary, conclusions, and implications. In T. M. Williams (Ed.), The impact of television: A natural experiment in three communities (pp. 395-430). New York: Academic.
73. Willits, W. L., & Willits, F. K. (1986). Adolescent participation in leisure activities:“The less, the more” or “the more, the more”? Leisure Sciences, 8, 189-206.
74. Winn, M. (1977). The plug-in drug: Television, children, and the family. New York: Viking.
75. Wright, J. C., Huston, A. C., Murphy, K. C., St. Peters, M., Pinon, M., Scantlin, R., et al. (2001). The relations of early television viewing to school readiness and vocabulary of children from low-income families: The early window project. Child Development, 72, 1347-1366.
76. Zill, N. (2001). Does Sesame Street enhance school readiness?: Evidence from a national survey of children. In S. M. Fisch & R. T. Truglio (Eds.), “G” is for growing (pp. 131-146). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
77. Zill, N., Davies, E., & Daly, M. (1994). Viewing of Sesame Street by preschool children in the United States and its relation to school readiness. Rockville, MD: Westat.