Media Exposure to Collective Trauma, Mental Health, and Functioning: Does It Matter What You See?

Clinical Psychological Science

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 111-124

  Holman, E Alison ^a   Garfin, Dana Rose ^a   Lubens, Pauline ^b   Silver, Roxane Cohen ^c,d  

^a University of California   (United States)

^b Swords to Plowshares   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

acute stress; functioning; graphic images; media exposure; mental health

Indexed keywords

EID: 85074609393     PISSN: 21677026     EISSN: 21677034     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/2167702619858300     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Ahern J., Galea S., Resnick H., (2002). Television images and psychological symptoms after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Psychiatry, 65, 289–300. doi:10.1521/psyc.65.4.289.20240
2. Ahern J., Galea S., Resnick H., Vlahov D., (2004). Television images and probable posttraumatic stress disorder after September 11: The role of background characteristics, event exposures, and perievent panic. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 217–226. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000116465.99830.ca
3. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053
4. Andridge R. R., Little R. J., (2010). A review of hot deck imputation for survey non-response. International Statistical Review, 78, 40–64. doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00103.x
5. Baker L. C., Bundorf M. K., Singer S., Wagner T. H., (2003). Validity of the survey of health and Internet and Knowledge Network’s panel and sampling. Stanford, CA: Sanford University.
6. Bernstein K. T., Ahern J., Tracy M., Boscarino J. A, Vlahov D., Galea S., (2007). Television watching and the risk of incident probable posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective evaluation. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 41–47. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000244784.36745.a5
7. Blair J. P., Martaindale M. H., (2013). United States active shooter events from 2000 to 2010: Training and equipment implications. San Marcos: Texas State University.
8. Bollen K. A., Tueller S. J., Oberski D., (2013). Issues in the structural equation modeling of complex survey data. In Proceedings of the 59th World Statistics Congress. Retrieved from http://2013.isiproceedings.org/Files/STS010-P1-S.pdf
9. Bourne C., Mackay C. E., Holmes E. A., (2013). The neural basis of flashback formation: The impact of viewing trauma. Psychological Medicine, 43, 1521–1532. doi:10.1017/S0033291712002358
10. Brosschot J. F., Pieper S., Thayer J. F., (2005). Expanding stress theory: Prolonged activation and perseverative cognition. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 1043–1049. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.008
11. Bryant R. A., McFarlane A. C., Silove D., O’Donnell M. L., Forbes D., Creamer M., (2016). The lingering impact of resolved PTSD on subsequent functioning. Clinical Psychological Science, 4, 493–499. doi:10.1177/2167702615598756
12. Cardeña E., Koopman C., Classen C., Waelde L. C., Spiegel D., (2000). Psychometric properties of the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ): A valid and reliable measure of acute stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 719–734. doi:10.1023/A:1007822603186
13. Cox B. G., (1980, August). The weighted sequential hot deck imputation procedure. In Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Section on Survey Research Methods (pp. 721–726). Washington, DC: American Statistical Association.
14. Curtiss J., Ito M., Takebayashi Y., Hofmann S. G., (2018). Longitudinal network stability of the functional impairment of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychological Science, 6, 325–334. doi:10.1177/2167702617745640
15. Fahmy S., Cho S., Wanta W., Song Y., (2006). Visual agenda-setting after 9/11: Individuals’ emotions, image recall, and concern with terrorism. Visual Communication Quarterly, 13, 4–15. doi:10.1207/s15551407vcq1301_2
16. Fox E., Russo R., Bowles R., Dutton K., (2001). Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 681–700. doi:10.1037//0096-3445.130.4.681
17. Garfin D. R., Holman E. A., Silver R. C., (2015). Cumulative exposure to prior collective trauma and acute stress responses to the Boston Marathon bombings. Psychological Science, 26, 675–683. doi:10.1177/0956797614561043
18. Grizzard M., Tamborini R., Sherry J. L., Weber R., (2017). Repeated play reduces video games’ ability to elicit guilt: Evidence from a longitudinal experiment. Media Psychology, 20, 267–290. doi:10.1080/15213269.2016.1142382
19. Holman E. A., Garfin D. R., Silver R. C., (2014). Media’s role in broadcasting acute stress following the Boston Marathon bombings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 111, 93–98. doi:10.1073/pnas.1316265110
20. Holman E. A., Silver R. C., (2005). Future-oriented thinking and adjustment in a nationwide longitudinal study following the September 11th terrorist attacks. Motivation and Emotion, 29, 389–410. doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9018-9
21. Holman E. A., Silver R. C., Poulin M. J., Andersen J., Gil-Rivas V., Mcintosh D. N., (2008). Terrorism, acute stress, and cardiovascular health: A 3-year national study following the September 11th attacks. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 73–80. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.6
22. Holmes E. A., Mathews A., (2010). Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 349–362. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.001
23. Hopwood T., Schutte N., (2017). Psychological outcomes in reaction to media exposure to disasters and large-scale violence: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Violence, 7, 316–327. doi:10.1037/vio0000056
24. Houston J. B., Spialek M. L., First J., (2018). Disaster media effects: A systematic review and synthesis based on the differential susceptibility to media effects model. Journal of Communication, 68, 734–757. doi:10.1093/joc/jqy023
25. Hu L., Bentler P. M., (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
26. Jones N. M., Garfin D. R., Holman E. A., Silver R. C., (2016). Media use and exposure to graphic content in the week following the Boston Marathon bombings. American Journal of Community Psychology, 58, 47–59. doi:10.1002/ajcp.12073
27. Keogh E., Ellery D., Hunt C., Hannent I., (2001). Selective attentional bias for pain-related stimuli amongst pain fearful individuals. Pain, 91, 91–100. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00422-X
28. Kline R. B., (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
29. Lang A., Newhagen J., Reeves B., (1996). Negative video as structure: Emotion, attention, capacity, and memory. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40, 460–477. doi:10.1080/08838159609364369
30. Leaning J., Guha-Sapir D., (2013). Natural disasters, armed conflict, and public health. New England Journal of Medicine, 369, 1836–1842. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1109877
31. Lee I. A., Preacher K. J., (2013). Calculation for the test of the difference between two dependent correlations with one variable in common [Computer software]. Available from http://quantpsy.org/corrtest/corrtest2.htm
32. Lubens P., Holman E. A., (2017). The unintended consequences of disaster-related media coverage. In Ursano R. J., Fullerton C. S., Weisaeth L., Raphael B., (Eds.), Textbook of disaster psychiatry (pp. 181–193). London, England: Cambridge University Press.
33. MacCallum R. C., Zhang S., Preacher K. J., Rucker D. D., (2002). On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological Methods, 7, 19–40. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.19
34. McEwen B. S., (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840, 33–44. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x
35. McEwen B. S., (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiological Reviews, 87, 873–904. doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006
36. McKnight P. E., Monfort S. S., Kashdan T. B., Blalock D. V., Calton J. M., (2016). Anxiety symptoms and functional impairment: A systematic review of the correlation between the two measures. Clinical Psychology Review, 45, 115–130. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.005
37. Mogg K., Bradley B. P., (2006). Time course of attentional bias for fear-relevant pictures in spider-fearful individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1241–1250. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.05.003
38. Nader K. O., Pynoos R. S., Fairbanks L. A., Al-Ajeel M., Al-Asfour A., (1993). A preliminary study of PTSD and grief among the children of Kuwait following the Gulf crisis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 407–416. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01075.x
39. Ottaviani C., Thayer J. F., Verkuil B., Lonigro A., (2016). Physiological concomitants of perseverative cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 231–259. doi:10.1037/bul0000036
40. Prins A., Ouimette P., Kimerling R., Camerond R. P., Hugelshofer D. S., Shaw-Hegwer J... Sheikh J. I. (2003). The Primary Care PTSD screen (PC–PTSD): Development and operating characteristics. Primary Care Psychiatry, 9, 9–14. doi:10.1185/135525703125002360
41. Redmond S., Jones N. M., Holman E. A., Silver R. C., (2019). Who watches an ISIS beheading—and why. American Psychologist, 74, 555–568. doi.org/10.1037/amp0000438
42. Riddle K., (2014). A theory of vivid media violence. Communication Theory, 24, 291–310. doi:10.1111/comt.12040
43. Schlenger W. E., Caddell J. M., Ebert L., Jordan B. K., Rourke K. M., Wilson D... Kulka R. A. (2002). Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks—Findings from the national study of Americans’ reactions to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 581–588. doi:10.1001/jama.288.5.581
44. Shin L. M., Liberzon I., (2010). The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 169–191. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.83
45. Silver R. C., Holman E. A., Andersen J., Poulin M., Mcintosh D., Gil-Rivas V., (2013). Mental- and physical-health effects of acute exposure to media images of the September 11, 2001, attacks and the Iraq War. Psychological Science, 24, 1623–1634. doi:10.1177/0956797612460406
46. Takenaga L., (2019, January 17). Why The Times published a disturbing photo of dead bodies after an attack in Nairobi. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/17/reader-center/nairobi-kenya-photo.html
47. U.S. Census Bureau. (2012). American community survey. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/acs/www/
48. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). Acute stress disorder. National Center for PTSD. Retrieved from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/acute_stress_disorder.asp
49. Vasterman P., Yzermans C. J., Dirkzwager A. J. E., (2015). The role of the media and media hypes in the aftermath of disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews, 27, 107–114. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxi002
50. Ware J. E., Sherbourne C. D., (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473–483. doi:10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002
51. Yeung N. C. Y., Lu Q., Wong C. C. Y., Huynh H. C., (2016). The roles of needs satisfaction, cognitive appraisals, and coping strategies in promoting posttraumatic growth: A stress and coping perspective. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 8, 284–292. doi:10.1037/tra0000091