Fears, worries, and anxiety in children and adolescents

Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-35

  Ollendick, Thomas H ^a   Grills, Amie E ^a   Alexander, Kemie L ^a  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85073858205     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203759585-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (107)

1. Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
2. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd Ed.) (DSM-III). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd Ed., Rev.) (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Ed.; DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
5. Anderson, J.C. (1994). Epidemiological issues. In T.H. Ollendick, N.J. King, & W. Yule (Eds.), International Handbook of Phobic and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents. New York: Plenum Press.
6. Anderson, J.C., Williams, S., McGee, R., & Silva, P.A. (1987). DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children: Prevalence in a large sample from the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 69-76.
7. Arrindell, W.A., Emmelkamp, P.M.G., Monsma, A., & Brilman, E. (1983). The role of perceived parental rearing practices in the aetiology of phobic disorders: A controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 183-187.
8. Bauer, D.H. (1976). An exploratory study of developmental changes in children's fears. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 69-74.
9. Beidel, D.C. (1991). Social phobia and overanxious disorder in school-age children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 545-552.
10. Bell-Dolan, D., Last, C.G., & Strauss, C.C. (1990). Symptoms of anxiety disorders in normal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 759-765.
11. Bernstein, G.A. (1991). Comorbidity and severity of anxiety and depressive disorders in a clinic sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 43-50.
12. Bernstein, G.A., & Borchardt, CM. (1991). Anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence: A critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 519-532.
13. Bernstein, G.A., & Garfinkel, B.D. (1986). School phobia: The overlap of affective and anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 235-241.
14. Biederman, J., Faraone, S.V., Keenan, K., Steingard, R., & Tsuang, M.T. (1991a). Familial association between attention deficit disorder and anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 251-256.
15. Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J.F., Bolduc, E.A., Faraone, S.V., & Hirshfeld, D.R. (1991b). A high risk study of young children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia with and without comorbidg major depression. Psychiatry Research, 37, 333-348.
16. Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J.F., Hirshfield, D.R., Faraone, S.V., Bolduc, E.A., Gersten, M., Meminger, S.R., Kagan, J., Snidman, N., & Reznick, S. (1990). Psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition in young children without psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 21-26.
17. Birmaher, B., Khetarpal, S., Brent, D., Cully, M., Balach, L., Kaufman, J., & McKenzie Neer, S. (1997). The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 545-553.
18. Borkovec, T.D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & De Pree, J.A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 9-16.
19. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss: Separation, Anxiety, and Anger. New York: Basic Books.
20. Comunian, A.L. (1989). Some characteristics of relations among depression, anxiety, and self-efficacy. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69, 755-764.
21. Crick, N.R., & Ladd, G.W. (1993). Children's perceptions of their peer experiences: Attributions, loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance. Developmental Psychology, 29, 244-254.
22. Dong, Q., Yang, B., & Ollendick, T.H. (1994). Fears in Chinese children and adolescents and their relations to anxiety and depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 351-363.
23. Erol, N., & Sahin, N. (1995). Fears of children and the cultural context: The Turkish norms. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 4, 85-93.
24. Fox, J.E., Houston, B.K., & Pittner, M.S. (1983). Trait anxiety and children's cognitive behaviors in an evaluative situation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7, 149-154.
25. Garcia-Coll, C.G., Kagan, J., & Reznick, J.S. (1984). Behavioral inhibition in young children. Child Development, 55, 1005-1019.
26. Gaudry, E., & Poole, C (1972). The effects of an experience of success or failure on state anxiety level. Journal of Experimental Education, 41, 18-21.
27. Gerlsma, C., Arrindell, W.A., Van der Veen, N., & Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (1991). A parental rearing style questionnaire for use with adolescence: Psycometric evaluation of the EMBU-A. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 1245-1253.
28. Ginter, E.J., Lufi, D., & Dwinell, P.L. (1996). Loneliness, perceived social support, and anxiety among Israeli adolescents. Psychological Reports, 79, 335-341.
29. Gruner, K., Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1999). The relationship between anxious rearing behaviours and anxiety disorders symptom matology in normal children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 30, 27-35.
30. Hagopian, L.P., & Ollendick, T.H. (1993). Simple phobia in children. In R.T. Ammerman & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of behavior therapy with children and adults: A developmental and longitudinal perspective. General psychology series, Vol. 171. Boston, MA, USA: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
31. Hagopian, L.P., & Ollendick, T.H. (1997). Anxiety Disorders. In R.T. Ammerman and M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of prevention and treatment with children and adolescents. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
32. Hagopian, L.P., & Slifer, K.J. (1993). Treatment of Separation Anxiety Disorder with graduated exposure and reinforcement targeting school attendance: A controlled case study, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7, 271-280.
33. Hodges, W.F., & Felling, J.P. (1970). Types of stressful situations and their relation to trait anxiety and sex. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 333-337.
34. Ingman, K.A., Ollendick, T.H., & Akande, A. (1999). Cross-cultural aspects of fears in African children and adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 337-345.
35. Kagan, J., Reznick, J.S., Clarke, C, & Snidman, N. (1984). Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Development, 55, 2212-2225.
36. Kagan, J., Reznick, J.S., & Snidman, N. (1988). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development, 58, 1459-1473.
37. Kashani, J.H., Beck, N.C., Hoeper, E.W., Fallahi, C., Corcoran, C.M., McAllister, J.A., Rosenberg, T.K., & Reid, J.C. (1987). Psychiatric disorders in a community sample of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 584-589.
38. Kashani, J.H., & Orvaschel, H. (1988). Anxiety disorders in mid-adolescence: A community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 960-964.
39. Kearney, C.A., Eisen, A.R., & Schaefer, C.E. (1995). General issues underlying the diagnosis and treatment of child and adolescent anxiety disorders. In A.R. Eisen, C.A. Kearney & C.E. Schaefer (Eds.), Clinical handbook of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. New Jersey: Jason Aronson Inc.
40. Kendler, K.S., Neale, M.C., Kessler, R.C., Heath, A.C., & Eaves, D.K. (1992) Generalized Anxiety Disorder in women: A population-based twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 267-272.
41. King, N.J., Gullone, E., & Ollendick, T.H. (1990). Childhood anxiety disorders and depression: Phenomenology, comorbidity, and intervention issues. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 19, 59-70.
42. King, N., Ollendick, T.H., & Gullone, E. (1991). Negative affectivity in children and adolescents: Relations between anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 441-459.
43. King, N.J., Ollier, K., Iacuone, R., Schuster, S., Bays, K., Gullone, E., & Ollendick, T.H. (1989). Child and adolescent fears: An Australian crosssectional study using the Fear Survey Schedule for Children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 775-784.
44. La Greca, A.M., Dandes, S.K., Wick, P., Shaw, K., & Stone, W.L. (1988). Development of the social anxiety scale for children: Reliability and concurrent validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 84-91.
45. La Pouse, R., & Monk, M.A. (1959). Fears and worries in a representative sample of children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 29, 803-818.
46. Last, C.G., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A.E., Finkelstein, R., & Strauss, C.C. (1987a). Comparison of DSM-III separation anxiety and overanxious disorders: Demographic characteristics and patterns of comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 527-531.
47. Last, C.G., Perrin, S., Hersen, M., & Kazdin, A.E. (1992). DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in children: Socio demographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1070-1076.
48. Last, C. G., & Strauss, C. C. (1989). Panic disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 3, 87-95.
49. Last, C.G., Strauss, C.C., & Francis, G. (1987b). Comorbidity among childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 175, 726-730.
50. Livingston, R.L., Dykman, R.A., & Ackerman, P.T. (1990). The frequency and significance of additional self reported psychiatric diagnoses in children with attention deficit disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 465-478.
51. Maddux, J.E., & Stanley, M.A. (1986). Self-efficacy theory in contemporary psychology: An overview. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 249-255.
52. Manassis, K., & Bradley, S.J. (1994). The development of childhood anxiety disorders: Toward an integrated model. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15, 345-366.
53. Marks, I. (1987a). The development of normal fear: A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 667-697.
54. Marks, I. (1987b). Fears, phobias, and rituals. New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Mattis, S.G., & Ollendick, T.H. (1997). Children's cognitive responses to the somatic symptoms of panic. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 47-57.
56. McGee, R., Feehan, M., Williams, S., Partridge, F., Silva, P., & Kelly, J. (1990). DSM-III disorders in a large sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 611-619.
57. Messer, S.C., & Beidel, D.C. (1993). Psychosocial correlates of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 975-984.
58. Muris, P., Meesters, C., Merckelbach, H., Sermon, A., & Zwakhalen, S. (1998a). Worry in normal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 703-710.
59. Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1998). Perceived parental rearing behavior and anxiety disorders symptoms in normal children. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 1199-1206.
60. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & Collaris, R. (1997a). Common childhood fears and their origins. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 929-937.
61. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Gadet, B., & Moulaert, V. (2000). Fears, worries, and scary dreams in 4- to 12-year old children: Their content, developmental pattern, and origins. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 43-52.
62. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Mayer, B., & Meesters, C. (1998b). Common fears and their relationship to anxiety disorders symptom matology in normal children. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 575-578.
63. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Mayer, B., & Sneider, N. (1998d). The relationship between anxiety disorder symptoms and negative self-statements in normal children. Social Behavior and Personality, 26, 307-316.
64. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Meesters, C., & Van Lier, P. (1997b). What do children fear most often? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 28, 263-267.
65. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Ollendick, T.H., King, N.J., & Bogie, N. (1999). Children's nighttime fears: Parent-child ratings of frequency, content, origins, coping behavior, and severity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
66. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., van Brakel, A., Mayer, B., & van Dongen, L. (1998c). The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): Relationship with anxiety and depression in normal children. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 451-456.
67. Nalven, F.B. (1970). Manifest fears and worries of ghetto vs middle-class suburban children. Psychological Reports, 27, 285-286.
68. Neal, A.M., Lilly, R.S., & Zakis, S. (1993). What are African-American children afraid of? A preliminary study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7, 129-140.
69. Neal, A.M., & Turner, S.M. (1991). Anxiety disorders research with African Americans: Current status. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 400-410.
70. Ollendick, T.H. (1983). Reliability and validity of the revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC- R). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 685-692.
71. Ollendick, T.H., Hagopian, L.P., & King, N.J. (1997). Specific phobias in children. In G.C.L. Davey (Ed.), Phobias: A handbook of theory, research, and treatment. Chichester: Wiley.
72. Ollendick, T.H & King, N.J. (1991). Origins of childhood fears: An evaluation of Rachman's theory of fear ac quistion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29,117-123.
73. Ollendick, T.H., & King, N.J. (1994). Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of internalizing problems in children: The role of longitudinal data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 918-927.
74. Ollendick, T.H., King, N.J., & Frary, R.B. (1989). Fears in children and adolescents: Reliability and generalizability across gender, age, and nationality. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 19-26.
75. Ollendick, T.H., King, N.J., & Yule, W. (Eds.) (1994a). International handbook of phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
76. Ollendick, T.H., Matson, J.L., & Helsel, W.J. (1985). Fears in children and adolescents: Normative data. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 465-467.
77. Ollendick, T.H., Mattis, S.G., & King, N.J. (1994b). Panic in children and adolescents: A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 113-134.
78. Ollendick, T.H., Seligman, L.D., & Batcher, A.T. (1999). Does anxiety mitigate the behavioral expression of severe conduct disorders in delinquent youth? Journal of Disorders, 13, 565-574.
79. Ollendick, T.H., & Vasey, M.W. (1999). Developmental theory and the practice of clinical child psychology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 457-466.
80. Ollendick, T.H., Yang, B., King, N.J., Dong, Q., & Akande, A. (1996). Fears in American, Australian, Chinese, and Nigerian children and adolescents: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 213-220.
81. Ollendick, T.H., & Yule, W. (1990). Depression in British and American children and its relation to anxiety and fear. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 126-129.
82. Ollendick, T.H., Yule, W., & Ollier, K. (1991). Fears in British children and their relationship to manifest anxiety and depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 321-331.
83. Opolot, J.A. (1976). Normative data on the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale in a developing country. Psychological Reports, 39, 587-590.
84. Orton, G.L. (1982). Comparative study of children's worries. Journal of Psychology, 110, 153-162.
85. Pela, O.A., & Reynolds, C.R. (1982). Cross-cultural applications of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale: Normative and reliability data for Nigerian primary school children. Psychological Reports, 51, 1135-1138.
86. Pliszka, S.R. (1992). Comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and overanxious disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31,197-203.
87. Rachman, S.J. (1991). Neoconditioning and the classical theory of fear acquisition. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 155-173.
88. Rapee, R.M. (1997). Potential role of childbearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 17(1), 47-67.
89. Reed, L.J., Carter, B.D., & Miller, L.C. (1995). Fear and anxiety in children. In C.E. Walker & M.C. Roberts (Eds.), Handbook of clinical child psychology. New York: Wiley.
90. Rende, R.D. (1993). Longitudinal relations between temperament traits and behavioral syndromes in middle childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent sychiatry, 32, 287-290.
91. Rosenbaum, A.F., Biderman, J., Gersten, M., Hirshfield, D.R., Meminger, S.R., Herman, J.B., Kagan, J., Reznick, S., & Snidman, N. (1988). Behavioral inhibition in children of parents with Panic Disorder and agoraphobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 463-470.
92. Scherer, M.W., & Nakamura, C.Y. (1968). A Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSS-FC): A factor analytic comparison with manifest anxiety (CMAS). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 173-182.
93. Schwartz, J.C., Barton-Henry, M.L., & Pruzinsky, T. (1985). Assessing childrearing behaviors: A comparison of ratings made by mother, father, child, and sibling on the CRPBI. Child Development, 56, 462-479.
94. Schwartz, J.C., & Mearns, J. (1989). Assessing parental childrearing behaviors: A comparison of parent, child, and aggregate ratings from two instruments. Journal of Research in Personality, 23, 450-468.
95. Seligman, L.D., & Ollendick, T.H. (1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: An integrative review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 125-144.
96. Silverman, W.K., La Greca, A.M., & Wasserstein, S. (1995). What do children worry about? Worries and their relation to anxiety. Child Development, 66, 671-686.
97. Spence, S.H. (1997). Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: A confirmatory factor-analytic study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 280-297.
98. Spielberger, CD. (1975). Anxiety: State-trait process. In C.D. Spielberger & I.G. Sarason (Eds.), Stress and anxiety, Vol. 1. Washington, D.C. Hemisphere/Wiley.
99. Strauss, C.C., Last, C.G., Hersen, M., & Kazdin, A.E. (1988). Association between anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 57-68.
100. Thepar, A., & McGuffin, P. (1995). Are anxiety symptoms in childhood heritable? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 439-447.
101. Turner, S.M., Beidel, D.C., & Costello, A. (1987). Psychopathology in the offspring of anxiety disorder patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 229-235.
102. Vasey, M.W., Crnic, K.A., & Carter, W.G. (1994). Worry in childhood: A developmental perspective. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 529-549.
103. Walker, J.L., Lahey, B.B., Russo, M.F., Frick, P.J., Christ, M.A., McBurnett, K., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Green, S. (1991). Anxiety, inhibition, and conduct disorder in children: I. Relations to social impairment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 187-191.
104. Warren, S.L., Huston, L., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L.A. (1997). Child and adolescent anxiety disorders and early attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 637-644.
105. Weems, C.F., Silverman, W.K., Saavedra, L.M., Pina, A.A., & Lumpkin, P.W. (2000). The discrimination of children's phobias using the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40,941-952.
106. Weissman, M.M., Leckman, J.F., Merikangas, K.R., Gammon, G.D., & Prusoff, B.A. (1984). Depression and anxiety disorders in parents and children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 845-852.
107. Zatz, S.L., & Chassin, L. (1985). Cognitions of test anxious children under naturalistic test-taking conditions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 393-401.