Divestment as climate justice: Weighing the power of the fossil fuel divestment movement

Climate Justice and the Economy: Social Mobilization, Knowledge and the Political

Volumn , Issue , 2018, Pages 84-109

  Lenferna, Georges Alexandre ^a  

^a School of Medicine Billings   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85071110273     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315306193-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (115)

1. 350.org, 2012. Do the Math Tour. 350.org. Available at: http://math.350.org/ (2 May 2010).
2. Abello, O.P., 2017. Amid Divestment Protests, More Cities Explore Public Banks. Next City. Available at: https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/cities-form-public-banks-divestment-wells-fargo (10 May 2017).
3. Adler, B., 2014. The Divestment Movement is Gaining Steam. What Can It Achieve? Grist. Available at: http://grist.org/climate-energy/the-divestment-movement-is-gaining-steam-what-can-it-achieve/ (15 December 2014).
4. Alexander, S., Nicholson, K. & Wiseman, J., 2014. Fossil free: The development and significance of the fossil fuel divestment movement. MSSI Issues Paper No. 3, Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, (4), pp.1-16. Available at: http://sustainable.unimelb.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/MSSI-IssuesPaper-4_Divestment_2014.pdf (31 January 2018).
5. Ali, M., 2017. Real Talk with Mustafa Ali: Science, Environmental Justice, and Power. Got Science. Available at: http://damethad.com/blog/mustafa (31 January 2018).
6. Ansar, A., Caldecott, B. & Tilbury, J., 2013. Stranded Assets and the Fossil Fuel Divestment Campaign: What Does Divestment Mean for the Valuation of Fossil Fuel Assets?, Oxford. Available at: www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/stranded-assets-and-fossil-fuel-divestment-campaign-what-does-divestment-mean-valuation-fossil-fuel (31 January 2018).
7. Apfel, D.C., 2015. Exploring divestment as a strategy for change: an evaluation ofthe history, success, and challenges of fossil fuel divestment. Social Research, 82(4), pp.913-1050.
8. Arabella Advisors, 2014. Measuring the Global Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement. Available at: www.arabellaadvisors.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Measuring-the-Global-Divestment-Movement.pdf (31 January 2018).
9. Arabella Advisors, 2016. The Global Fossil Fuel Divestment and Clean Energy Investment Movement. Available at: www.arabellaadvisors.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Global_Divestment_Report_2016.pdf (31 January 2018).
10. Ayling, J., 2017. A Contest for Legitimacy: The Divestment Movement and the Fossil Fuel Industry. Law and Policy, (Accepted Article). Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lapo.12087/abstract (31 January 2018).
11. Ayling, J. & Gunningham, N., 2015. Non-state governance and climate policy: the fossil fuel divestment movement. Climate Policy, 3062(98), pp.1-15.
12. Bratman, E., Brunette, K., Shelly, D.C. & Nicholson, S., 2016. Justice is the goal: divestment as climate change resistance. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 6(4), pp. 677-690. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13412-016-0377-6.
13. Burton, B., 2017. Adani's Telling Meltdown Over Westpac's New Climate Policy. Renew Economy. Available at: http://reneweconomy.com.au/adanis-telling-meltdown-westpacs-new-climate-policy-14504/ (12 May 2017).
14. Caney, S., 2016. Climate change, equity, and stranded assets, Oxfam America Research Backgrounder series. Available at: www.oxfamamerica.org/explore (31 January 2018).
15. Cardwell, D., 2014. NRG Seeks to Cut 90% of Its Carbon Emissions. The New York Times. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2014/11/21/business/energy-environment/nrg-sets-goals-to-cut-carbon-emissions.html (21 November 2014).
16. Carrington, D., 2015. Carbon Reserves Held by Top Fossil Fuel Companies Soar. The Guardian. Available at: www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/apr/19/carbon-reserves-held-by-top-fossil-fuel-companies-soar (19 April 2015).
17. Carrington, D., 2016. Oil Firms Announce $1bn Climate Fund to Clean up Gas. The Guardian. Available at: www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/nov/04/oil-firms-announce-1bn-green-fund-as-paris-climate-deal-comes-into-force (15 December 2016).
18. Chapman, B., 2017. BP and Shell Planning for Catastrophic 5°C Global Warming Despite Publicly Backing Paris Climate Agreement. The Independent. Available at: www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/bp-shell-oil-global-warming-5-degree-paris-climate-agreement-fossil-fuels-temperature-rise-a8022511.html (27 October 2017).
19. Citi, 2014. Energy 2020: The Revolution Will Not Be Televised as Disruptors Multiply. Available at: http://tecsol.blogs.com/files/citi--rapport-energie-08-14.pdf (31 January 2018).
20. Clauson, D., 2016. Washington State Millenial Lead First-Ever Citizen's Led Initiative to Put a Price on Carbon. National Geographic. Available at: http://yearsoflivingdangerously.com/learn/news/washington-state-millennials-lead-first-ever-citizens-ballot-put-price-carbon/ (31 January 2018).
21. Cleveland, S., 2017. Investors Pressure ExxonMobil to Plan for Climate Risks. Ceres. Available at: www.ceres.org/news-center/blog/investors-pressure-exxonmobil-join-peers-planning-low-carbon-future (31 January 2018).
22. Conway, E.M. & Oreskes, N., 2010. Merchants of Doubt, New York: Bloomsbury Press.
23. Coplan, K.S., 2016. Fossil fuel abolition: legal and social issues. Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, 41(2), pp.223-312.
24. Corkery, M., 2016. As Coal's Future Grows Murkier, Banks Pull Financing. The New York Times. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2016/03/21/business/dealbook/as-coals-future-grows-murkier-banks-pull-financing.html (31 January 2018).
25. Coronel, B. et al., 2016. Reinvestment Toolkit. Available at: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/themes/550a18732213934e51000001/attachments/original/1463103231/ToolkitForPriorityCampaigns.pdf (1 March 2017).
26. Covington, H. & Thamotheram, R., 2015a. The Case for Forceful Stewardship (Part 1): The Financial Risk from Global Warming. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2551478 (31 January 2018).
27. Covington, H. & Thamotheram, R., 2015b. The Case for Forceful Stewardship (Part 2): Managing Climate Risk. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2551485&rec=1&srcabs=2551478&alg=1&pos=1 (31 January 2018).
28. CTI, 2013. Unburnable Carbon 2013: Wasted Capital and Stranded Assets, London. Available at: www.carbontracker.org/wastedcapital (31 January 2018).
29. CTI, 2014. Energy Access: Why Coal Is not the Way Out of Energy Poverty, London. Available at: www.carbontracker.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Coal-Energy-Access-111014-final.pdf (31 January 2018).
30. Cuomo, C.J., 2011. Climate change, vulnerability and responsibility. Hypatia, 26(4), pp.690-711.
31. Davidson, S., 2015. A Critique of the Coal Divestment Campaign. Available at: www.minerals.org.au/file_upload/files/reports/A_critique_of_the_coal_divestment_campaign_Sinclair_Davidson_Jun_2014.pdf (31 January 2018).
32. Demasters, K., 2017. Knowledge Needed To Divest Of Fossil Fuels. Financial Advisor. Available at: www.fa-mag.com/news/knowledge-needed-to-divest-of-fossil-fuels-32943.html (31 January 2018).
33. Dordi, T., 2016. An Event Study Analysis of the Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement. University of Waterloo. Available at: https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/10736/Dordi_Truzaar.pdf?sequence=7&isAllowed=y (31 January 2018).
34. EcoEquity, 2015. Fair Shares: A Civil Society Equity Review of INDS’s. Available at: https://decorrespondent.nl/3705/Hoeveel-klimaatactie-moeten-rijke-landen-nemen-als-ze-hun-eerlijke-aandeel-willen-doen-/408324345-fab73cb8%5Cnpapers3://publication/uuid/A9831D33-8CB8-4A12-9357-6EFF957C05D0 (31 January 2018).
35. Elliott, B., 2016. Natural Catastrophe: Climate Change and Neoliberal Governance, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
36. Engler, M. & Engler, P., 2016. This Is an Uprising: How Nonviolent Revolt Is Shaping the Twenty-First Century, New York: Nation Books.
37. Erickson, P., Kartha, S., Lazarus, M. & Tempest, K., 2015. Assessing carbon lock-in. Environmental Research Letters, 10(8), pp.1-7.
38. Faust, D., 2013. Fossil Fuel Divestment Statement. Harvard University Office of the President. Available at: www.harvard.edu/president/fossil-fuels (31 January 2018).
39. Figueres, C., Schellnhuber, H. J., Whiteman, G., Rockström, J., Hobley, A. & Rahmstorf, S., 2017. Three years to safeguard our climate. Nature, 546(7660), pp.593-595.
40. Fitzgibbon, B., 2015. Divestment Commitments Pass the $3.4 trillion Mark at COP21. CommonDreams.org. Available at: www.commondreams.org/newswire/2015/12/02/divestment-commitments-pass-34-trillion-mark-cop21 (2 December 2015).
41. Flood, C., 2016. Sweden’s AP4 Pension Fund Avoids Fossil Fuels in Landmark Move. Financial Times. Available at: www.ft.com/content/4bfa92da-49c5-11e6-b387-64ab0a67014c (31 January 2018).
42. Franta, B., 2017. Litigation in the Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement. Law and Policy, (Accepted Article).
43. Gardiner, S.M., 2011. A Perfect Moral Storm, New York: Oxford University Press.
44. Geddes, P. et al., 2014. Building a Carbon-Free Equity Portfolio, Sausalito CA. Available at: www.aperiogroup.com/resource/138/node/download (31 January 2018).
45. Geman, B., 2017. Shell CEO Warns of "Disappearing" Public Patience on Carbon Emissions. Axios. Available at: www.axios.com/shell-ceo-scared-about-disappearing-public-patience-on-carbon-emission-2307927166.html (31 January 2018).
46. Godsen, E., 2014. Fossil Fuel Investing a Risk to Pension Funds, says Ed Davey. The Telegraph. Available at: www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/11277546/Fossil-fuel-investing-a-risk-to-pension-funds-says-Ed-Davey.html (28 July 2015).
47. Grady-Benson, J. & Sarathy, B., 2016. Fossil fuel divestment in US higher education: student-led organising for climate justice. Local Environment, 21(6), pp.661-681.
48. Griep, C., 2016. Shareholder Resolutions in the Carbon Undergound 200 Companies, 2012-2016: A Complex Picture. Available at: http://fossilfreeindexes.com/2016/09/06/shareholder-resolutions-carbon-underground-200-companies-2012-2016-complex-picture/ (31 January 2018).
49. Gunther, M., 2015. Sustainable Investing: Are Companies Finally Moving Money Away From Fossil Fuels? The Guardian. Available at: www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/sep/16/goldman-sachs-morgan-stanley-merrill-lynch-fossil-fuel-divestment (16 September 2015).
50. Healy, N. & Barry, J., 2017. Politicizing energy justice and energy system transitions: fossil fuel divestment and a "just transition". Energy Policy, 108(June), pp.451-459.
51. Healy, N. & Debski, J., 2016. Fossil fuel divestment: implications for the future of sustainability discourse and action within higher education. Local Environment, 22(6), pp. 1-26. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13549839.2016.1256382 (31 January 2018).
52. Höhne, N. et al., 2017. Action by China and India Slows Emissions Growth, President Trump's Policies Likely to Cause US Emissions to Flatten. Available at: http://climateactiontracker.org/assets/publications/briefing_papers/CAT_2017-05-15_Briefing_India-China-USA.pdf (31 January 2018).
53. Hunt, C., Weber, O. & Dordi, T., 2016. A comparative analysis of the anti-Apartheid and fossil fuel divestment campaigns. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 795 (April), pp.1-18. Available at: www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20430795.2016.1202641 (31 January 2018).
54. IEA, 2014. Energy Technology Perspectives 2014: Harnessing Electricity's Potential, Paris. Available at: www.iea.org/etp/ (31 January 2018).
55. IPCC, 2014. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available at: http://mitigation2014.org/ (31 January 2018).
56. Kaletsky, A., 2015. Why Big Oil Should Kill Itself. Project Syndicate. Available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/marginal-pricing-end-of-western-oil-producers-by-anatole-kaletsky-2015-12 (31 January 2018).
57. Kartha, S., Lazarus, M. & Tempest, K., 2016. Fossil Fuel Production in a 2°C World: The Equity Implications of a Diminishing Carbon Budget, Stockholm Environmental Institute. Available at: www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/SEI-DB-2016-Equity-fossil-fuel-production-rents.pdf (31 January 2018).
58. Kiyar, D. & Wittneben, B.B.F., 2015. Carbon as investment risk-the influence of fossil fuel divestment on decision making at Germany's main power providers. Energies, 8(9), pp.9620-9639.
59. Kofler, B., Netzer, N. & Beuermann, C., 2014. Towards a Global Energy Transformation. Available at: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/10817.pdf (31 January 2018).
60. Kolstad, I., 2015. Three myths about engagement and exclusion in responsible investment. Business Ethics: A European Review, 25(1), pp.45-58.
61. Last Real Indians, 2017. No, US Bank Has Not Stopped Funding Pipelines, Yet. Last Real Indians. Available at: http://lastrealindians.com/no-us-bank-has-not-stopped-funding-pipelines-yet/ (31 January 2018).
62. Lenferna, G.A., 2014a. Fossil Fuel Divestment Report for the Seattle City Employees Retirement System, Seattle. Available at: http://bit.ly/DivestSCERS (31 January 2018).
63. Lenferna, G.A., 2014b. Why Fossil Fuel Divestment Is Working. Ethics & International Affairs. Available at: www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2014/why-fossil-fuel-divestment-is-working/ (31 January 2018).
64. Lenferna, G.A., 2015. Bill Gates Gives Exxon Cover: The Gates Foundation Is Deadly Wrong on Climate Change, Fossil Fuels. Salon. Available at: www.salon.com/2015/11/07/bill_gates_gives_exxon_cover_the_gates_foundation_is_deadly_wrong_on_climate_change_fossil_fuels/ (31 January 2018).
65. Lenferna, G.A., 2016. How Africa Could Leapfrog Fossil Fuels to Clean Energy Alternatives. The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/how-africa-could-leapfrog-fossil-fuels-to-clean-energy-alternatives-55044 (31 January 2018).
66. Lenferna, G.A., 2017a. Can we equitably manage the end of the fossil fuel era? Energy Research & Social Science, 35, pp.217-223.
67. Lenferna, G.A., 2017b. Don't Believe Trump-The Fossil Fuel Era is Ending, The Real Question Is How Fast. Medium. Available at: https://medium.com/@AlexLenferna/dont-believe-trump-the-fossil-fuel-industry-is-going-under-the-real-question-is-how-fast-505b116dda24 (31 January 2018).
68. Lenferna, G.A., 2018. Divest-Invest: A Moral Case for Fossil Fuel Divestment. In H. Shue & R. Kanbur, eds. Climate Justice: Economics and Philosophy. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://bit.ly/AMoralEndowment (31 January 2018).
69. Lewis, M.C., 2014. Stranded Assets, Fossilised Revenues. Available at: www.keplercheuvreux.com/pdf/research/EG_EG_253208.pdf (31 January 2018).
70. Linnenluecke, M.K., Meath, C., Rekker, S., Sidhu, B.K. and Smith, T., 2015. Divestment from fossil fuel companies: confluence between policy and strategic viewpoints. Australian Journal of Management, 40(3), pp. 478-487. Available at: http://aum.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0312896215569794 (31 January 2018).
71. Longstreth, B., 2014. Climate Change and Investment in Fossil Fuel Companies: The Strategy of Engagement Won't Work. Huffington Post. Available at: www.huffingtonpost.com/bevis-longstreth/climate-change-and-invest_b_6295444.html (8 February 2015).
72. Ludwig, M., 2017. Under Activist Pressure, Portland Agrees to End All Corporate Investments. Truthout. Available at: www.truth-out.org/news/item/40179-under-activist-pressure-portland-agrees-to-end-all-corporate-investments (11 April 2017).
73. Lukacs, M., 2017. Neoliberalism Has Conned Us into Fighting Climate Change as Individuals. The Guardian. Available at: www.theguardian.com/environment/true-north/2017/jul/17/neoliberalism-has-conned-us-into-fighting-climate-change-as-individuals (31 January 2018).
74. McGlade, C. & Ekins, P., 2015. The geographical distribution of fossil fuels unused when limiting global warming to 2°C. Nature, 517(7533), pp. 187-190. Available at: www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature14016%5Cnpapers2://publication/doi/10.1038/ature14016 (31 January 2018).
75. McKibben, B., 2012. Global Warming's Terrifying New Math. Rolling Stone. Available at: www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/global-warmings-terrifying-new-math-20120719 (19 July 2012).
76. McKibben, B., 2016. Why We Need to Keep 80 Percent of Fossil Fuels in the Ground. Yes! Available at: www.yesmagazine.org/issues/life-after-oil/why-we-need-to-keep-80-percent-of-fossil-fuels-in-the-ground-20160215/ (31 January 2018).
77. McKinnon, C., 2016. Should We Tolerate Climate Change Denial? Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 40(1), pp.205-216.
78. Mapes, L.V., 2017a. Climate Activists Shut Down Chase Bank Branches in Seattle; Arrests Made. The Seattle Times. Available at: www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/climate-activists-shut-down-chase-bank-branches-in-seattle/ (31 January 2018).
79. Mapes, L.V., 2017b. Wells Fargo to Seattle: Take Your Money and Go Now. The Seattle Times. Available at: www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/letter-to-mayor-lets-city-out-of-its-contract-for-financial-services-immediately/ (31 January 2018).
80. Massie, R.K., 1997. Loosing the Bonds: The United States and South Africa in the Apartheid Years, New York: Doubleday.
81. Mathiesen, K., 2017. Seattle Pledges Support for Climate Fund Barred by Trump. Climate Home. Availableat: www.climatechangenews.com/2017/06/14/seattle-pledges-support-green-climate-fund/ (14 June 2017).
82. Mayes, R., Richards, C. & Woods, M., 2017. (Re)assembling Neoliberal Logics in the Service of Climate Justice: Fuzziness and Perverse Consequences in the Fossil Fuel Divestment Assemblage. In V. Higgins & W. Larner, eds. Assembling Neoliberalism: Expertise, Practices, Subjects. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.131-150.
83. Moss, J., 2017. The Morality of Divestment. Law and Policy, 39(4), pp.412-428.
84. MSCI, 2013. Responding to the Call for Fossil-fuel Free Portfolios. Available at: www.msci.com/resources/factsheets/MSCI_ESG_Research_FAQ_on_Fossil-Free_Investing.pdf (31 January 2018).
85. Muttitt, G., 2017. Forecasting Failure: Why Investors Should Treat Oil Company Energy Forecasts with Caution. Available at: http://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2017/03/forecasting-failure.pdf (31 January 2018).
86. Parenti, C., 2013. A Worthy Goal, but a Suspect Method. The New York Times. Available at: www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/01/27/is-divestment-an-effective-means-of-protest/a-worthy-goal-but-a-suspect-method (31 January 2018).
87. Paun, A., Night, Z. & Chan, W.-S., 2015. Stranded Assets: What Next?. Available at: www.businessgreen.com/digital_assets/8779/hsbc_Stranded_assets_what_next.pdf (31 January 2018).
88. Peabody Energy Corporation, 2015. Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Available at: https://mscusppegrs01.blob.core.windows.net/mmfiles/files/investors/2014peabody annual report.pdf (31 January 2018).
89. Peterson, R., 2015. Inside Divestment: The Illiberal Movement to Turn A Generation Against Fossil Fuels. Available at: www.nas.org/projects/divestment_report/the_report (31 January 2018).
90. Pilkington, P., 2014. Volatile Emotions are Driving the World Economy. Al Jazeera. Available at: http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/8/animal-spirits-spureconomicgrowthpsychologyofmarkets.html (31 January 2018).
91. Ressler, L. & Schellentrager, M., 2011. A Complete Guide to Reinvestment. Available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.350.org/images/Reivestment_Guide.pdf (31 January 2018).
92. Reuters, 2015. Bank of America’s New Policy to Limit Credit Exposure to Coal. The New York Times. Available at: www.nytimes.com/reuters/2015/05/06/business/06reuters-banking-coal-climatechange.html?_r=1 (31 January 2018).
93. Richardson, B.J., 2017. Divesting from Climate Change: The Road to Influence. Law and Policy, (Accepted Article), pp. 1-47.
94. Richardson, V., 2015. Multibillionaire Bill Gates Rejects Calls to Divest from Fossil Fuels. The Washington Times. Available at: www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jun/25/multibillionaire-bill-gates-rejects-calls-divest-f/ (31 January 2018).
95. Roberts, D., 2015a. College Students are Making Global Warming a Moral Issue. Here's Why That Scares People. Vox. Available at: www.vox.com/2015/4/29/8512853/fossil-fuel-divestment (29 April 2015).
96. Roberts, D., 2015b. What Critics of the Keystone Campaign Misunderstand About Climate Activism. Vox. Available at: www.vox.com/2015/11/8/9690654/keystone-climate-activism (8 November 2015).
97. Roser-Renouf, C., Maibach, E., Leiserowitz, A., Feinberg, G. & Rosenthal, S., 2016. Faith, Morality and the Environment: Portraits of Global Warming's Six Americas, New Haven. Available at: http://environment.yale.edu/climate-communication/files/Faith_Morality_Six_Americas.pdf (31 January 2018).
98. Ross, J. & Lowery, W., 2017. Turning away from street protests, Black Lives Matter tries a new tactic in the age of Trump. The Washington Post, (May 4).
99. Rowe, J., Dempsey, J. & Gibbs, P., 2016. The Power of Fossil Fuel Divestment (and its Secret). In Carroll, W.K. and Sarker, K, eds. A World to Win: Contemporary Social Movements and Counter-Hegemony. Winnipeg: ARP Books.
100. Sarang, S., 2016. Combating climate change through a duty to divest. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 49(2), pp. 295-341. Available at: www.columbia.edu/cu/jlsp/pdf/Mar2016/Sarang.pdf (31 January 2018).
101. Schifeling, T. & Hoffman, A.J., 2017. Bill McKibben's Influence on U.S. Climate Change: Shifting Fieldlevel Debates Through Radical Flank Effects. Organization & Environment. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026617744278 (31 January 2018).
102. Schlosberg, D. & Collins, L.B., 2014. From environmental to climate justice: climate change and the discourse of environmental justice. WIRES Climate Change, 5, pp.359-74.
103. Shiller, R. & Akerlof, G., 2009. Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
104. Singer, P., 2010. One Atmosphere. In S. M. Gardiner et al., eds. Climate Ethics: Essential Readings. New York: Oxford University Press, pp.181-199.
105. Speth, J.G., 2015. Am I a "Radical"? The Nation. Available at: http://www.thenation.com/article/how-i-became-radical/ (31 January 2018).
106. Stavins, R., 2015. Pitching Divestment as a "Moral" Crusade is Misguided. The New York Times, (August 10).
107. Stern, N., 2007. The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
108. Supran, G., 2015. How Fossil Fuel Divestment Can Rewrite the Climate Narrative. Good. Available at: www.good.is/articles/mit-scientists-sit-in-fossil-fuel-divestment (31 January 2018).
109. Sussams, L. & Leaton, J., 2017. Expect the Unexpected: The Disruptive Power of Low-carbon Technology, London. Available at: www.carbontracker.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Expect-the-Unexpected_CTI_Imperial.pdf (31 January 2018).
110. Ullmann, K., 2013. Simply, We Ought to Divest. Inside Vandy. Available at: www.insidevandy.com/opinion/article_21f3fd92-a3af-11e2-be92-0019bb30f31a.html (31 January 2018).
111. Williston, B., 2012. Climate Change and Radical Hope. Ethics & the Environment, 17(2), pp.165-186.
112. Wisor, S., 2014. Why Climate Change Divestment Will Not Work. Ethics & International Affairs. Available at: www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2014/why-climate-change-divestment-will-not-work/ (31 January 2018).
113. World Coal Association, 2014. Coal Matters: Divestment and the Future of Coal, London. Available at: www.worldcoal.org/extract/divestment-and-the-future-role-of-coal-4509/ (31 January 2018).
114. Xu, R., 2015. Looking Beyond Fossil Fuel Divestment: Combating Climate Change in Higher Education Combating Climate Change in Higher Education. Pomona College. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/134 (31 January 2018).
115. Yona, L. & Lenferna, G. A., 2016. The Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement Within Universities. In G. Sosa-Nunez & E. Atkins, eds. Environment, Climate Change and International Relations. Bristol: E-International Relations Publishing, pp.167-179.