Healthcare waste management: A case study from Sudan

Environments - MDPI

Volumn 5, Issue 8, 2018, Pages 1-16

  Hassan, Ahmed Ali ^a   Tudor, Terry ^a   Vaccari, Mentore ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Healthcare waste; Khartoum; Needle stick injuries; Waste workers

Indexed keywords

EID: 85070403339     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20763298     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/environments5080089     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. WHO. Injection Safety. 2012. Available online: http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_ 20120204/en/(accessed on 18 December 2017).
2. Caniato, M.; Tudor, T.L.; Vaccari, M. Assessment of health-care waste management in a humanitarian crisis: A case study of the Gaza Strip. Waste Manage. 2016, 58, 386–396. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Health Care without Harm. Treating Sharps Waste. 2017. Available online: https://noharm-global.org/issues/global/treating-sharps-waste (accessed on 23 July 2017).
4. CDC. Sharps Safety for Healthcare Settings. 2015. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/sharpssafety/(accessed on 30 July 2017).
5. Pepin, J.; Abou Chakra, C.N.; Pépin, E.; Nault, V.; Valiquette, L. Evolution of the global burden of viral infections from unsafe medical injections, 2000-2010. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e99677. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. Chartier, Y.; Emmanuel, J.; Pieper, U.; Annette, P.; Rushbrook, P.; Stringer, S.; Townend, W.; Stringer, W.; Zghondi, R. Safe Management of Wastes from Health-Care Activities, 2nd ed.; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.
7. Ahmed, A.A; Awooda, E.M.; Elbeshir, E.I. Dentists knowledge, attitude and practice towards dental waste management in private clinics-Khartoum locality. Int. J. Latest Res. Sci. Technol. 2014, 3, 93–96.
8. Caniato, M.; Tudor, T.; Vaccari, M. International governance structures for health-care waste management: A systematic review of scientific literature. J. Environ. Manage. 2015, 153, 93–107. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. Vaccari, M.; Tudor, T.; Perteghella, A. Costs associated with the management of waste from healthcare facilities: An analysis at national and site level. Waste Manage. Res. 2018, 36, 39–47. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Waljee, J.F.; Malay, S.; Chung, K.C. Sharps Injuries: The Risks and Relevance to Plastic Surgeons. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2013, 131, 784–791. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Lavoie, M.C.; Verbeek, J.H.; Pahwa, M. Devices for preventing percutaneous exposure injuries caused by needles in healthcare personnel. Cochrane Db. Syst. Rev. 2014. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. McDowell, C.L. First Hand: The Surgeon and Hepatitis, C. J. Hand Surg. 2012, 37, 1693–1694. [CrossRef]
13. Adib-Hajbaghery, M.; Lotfi, M.S. Behavior of Healthcare Workers after Injuries from Sharp Instruments. Trauma Mon. 2013, 18, 75–80. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Naghavi, S.H.R.; Shabestari, O.; Alcolado, J. Post-traumatic stress disorder in trainee doctors with previous needlestick injuries. Occup. Med. 2013, 63, 260–265. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Basel Convention. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. 2011. Available online: http://www.basel.int/portals/4/basel%20convention/docs/text/baselconventiontext-e.pdf (accessed on 2 November 2016).
16. Ream, P.S.; Tipple, A.F.; Barros, D.X.; Souza, A.C.; Pereira, M.S. Biological risk among hospital housekeepers. J. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health. 2014, 71, 59–65. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Bokhoree, C.; Beeharry, Y.; Makoondlall-Chadee, T.; Doobah, T.; Soomary, N. Assessment of environmental and health risks associated with the management of medical waste in Mauritius. Apcbee Procedia. 2014, 9, 36–41. [CrossRef]
18. Ndejjo, R.; Musinguzi, G.; Yu, X.; Buregyeya, E.; Musoke, D.; Wang, J.S.; Halage, A.A.; Whalen, C.; Bazeyo, W.; Williams, P.; et al. Occupational health hazards among healthcare workers in Kampala, Uganda. Inter. J. Env. Res. Pub. Heal. 2015. [CrossRef]
19. Vaccari, M.; Perteghella, A.; Stolfini, M.; Tudor, T. Overcoming public health risks to staff during the management of waste from healthcare facilities: Case studies from Italy. Int. J. Technol. Health. Care Qual. Assess. 2018, 31. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Tibbetts, J. Garbage collection is one of the most hazardous jobs. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 2013, 185, 284. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Sefouhi, L.; Kalla, M.; Bahmed, L.; Aouragh, L. The risk assessment for the healthcare waste in the hospital of Batna city. Algeria. Inter. J. Env. Sci. Develop. 2013, 4, 442–445. [CrossRef]
22. Alwabr, G.M.; Al-Mikhlafi, A.S.; Al-Hakimi, S.A.; Dughish, M.A. Risk assessment of the current handling of medical waste in hospitals of Sana’a city Yemen. Inter. J. Sci. Technol. 2017, 3, 1–9. [CrossRef]
23. Biodex. Sharps Container Shields. 2017. Available online: http://m.biodex.com/nuclear-medicine/products/syringe-vial-shields/sharps-container-shields (accessed on 6 August 2017).
24. WHO. WHO Guideline on the Use of Safety-Engineered Syringes for Intramuscular, Intradermal and Subcutaneous Injections in Health-Care Settings. 2015. Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/170470/1/WHO_HIS_SDS_2015.5_eng.pdfshields (accessed on 29 July 2017).
25. Marinho, T.A.; Lopes, C.L.R.; Teles, S.A.; Reis, N.R.S.; Carneiro, M.A.D.S.; Andrade, A.A.D.; Martins, R.M.B. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among recyclable waste collectors in Central-West Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2013, 108, 519–522. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Majeed, A.; Batool, S.A.; Chaudhry, M.N.; Siddique, R.A. Scavenging demeanor in Bahawalpur, Pakistan: Social and health perspective. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 2017, 19, 815–826. [CrossRef]
27. Alemayehu, T.; Worku, A.; Assefa, N. Medical Waste Collectors in Eastern Ethiopia are Exposed to High Sharp Injury and Blood and Body Fluids Contamination. J. Prev. Infect. Control. 2016, 2, 1–10. [CrossRef]
28. Mol, M.P.; Gonçalves, J.P.; Silva, E.A.; Scarponi, C.F.; Greco, D.B.; Cairncross, S.; Heller, L. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among domestic and healthcare waste handlers in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Waste Manage. Res. 2016, 34, 875–883. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Tadesse, M.; Tadesse, T. Epidemiology of needle stick injuries among health-care workers in Awassa City, Southern Ethiopia. Trop. Doct. 2010, 40, 111–113. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. Elseviers, M.M.; Arias-Guillén, M.; Gorke, A.; Arens, H.J. Sharps injuries amongst healthcare workers: Review of incidence, transmissions and costs. J. Ren Care. 2014, 40, 150–156. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31. Himmelreich, H.; Rabenau, H.F.; Rindermann, M.; Stephan, C.; Bickel, M.; Marzi, I.; Wicker, S. The Management of Needle stick Injuries. Dtsch. Ärzteblatt Int. 2013, 110, 61–67.
32. Westermann, C.; Peters, C.; Lisiak, B.; Lamberti, M.; Nienhaus, A. The prevalence of hepatitis C among healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Occup. Environ. Med. 2015, 72, 880–888. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Nail, A.; Eltiganni, S.; Imam, A. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C among health care workers in Omdurman, Sudan. Sudan J. Med. Sci. 2008, 3, 201–206. [CrossRef]
34. Elduma, A.H.; Saeed, N.S. Hepatitis B virus infection among staff in three hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan, 2006–07. East Mediterr Health J. 2011, 17, 474–478. [CrossRef]
35. ◦ 253. 2016. Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs253/en/(accessed on 31 October 2016).
36. Di Bella, V.; Ali, M.; Vaccari, M. Constraints to healthcare waste treatment in low-income countries-A case study from Somaliland. Waste Manage. Res. 2012, 30, 572–575. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. Hanafi, M.I.; Mohamed, A.M.; Kassem, M.S.; Shawki, M. Needlestick injuries among health care workers of University of Alexandria Hospitals. East Mediterr Health J. 2011, 17, 26–35. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. Afridi, A.A.K.; Kumar, A.; Sayani, R. Needle stick injuries–risk and preventive factors: A study among health care workers in tertiary care hospitals in Pakistan. Glob. J. Health Sci. 2013, 5, 85–92. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. MacCannell, T.; Laramie, A.K.; Gomaa, A.; Perz, J.F. Occupational exposure of health care personnel to hepatitis B and hepatitis C: Prevention and surveillance strategies. Clin. Liver. Dis. 2010, 14, 23–36. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. Centre for Disease Control (CDC). Evaluation of Safety Devices for Preventing Percutaneous Injuries among Healthcare Workers during Phlebotomy Procedures-Minneapolis-St. Paul, New York City, and San Francisco. Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. 1997, 46, 21–23.
41. Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics. Censuses. 2017. Available online: http://www.cbs.gov.sd/en/files.php? id=7#&panel1-2 (accessed on 28 July 2017).
42. SFMOH. Annual Health Statistical Report, 2015. 2016. Available online: http://www.fmoh.gov.sd/yearlyReports/Annual2015.pdf (accessed on 6 December 2017).
43. Pai, R.; Rodrigues, L.L.; Mathew, A.O.; Hebbar, S. Impact of urbanization on municipal solid waste management: A system dynamics approach. Int. J. Renew. Energy Environ. Eng. 2014, 2, 31–37.
44. Dahiya, R. Projections for the population growth and its impact on solid waste generation of medium sized north Indian city. Int. J. Tech. Res. Appl. 2015, 3, 57–61.
45. Das, S.; Bhattacharyya, B.K. Estimation of municipal solid waste generation and future trends in greater metropolitan regions of Kolkata, India. J. Ind. Eng. Manag. Innovat. 2014, 1, 31–38. [CrossRef]
46. UN. Independence of South Sudan. 2011. Available online: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unmis/referendum.shtml (accessed on 18 February 2016).
47. Udombana, N.J. When neutrality is a sin: The Darfur crisis and the crisis of humanitarian intervention in Sudan. Hum. Rights Q. 2005, 27, 1149–1199. [CrossRef]
48. Gramizzi, C.; Tubiana, J. New War, Old Enemies: Conflict Dynamics in South Kordofan; The Small Arms Project: Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.
49. UNDP. Sudan. Human Development Indicators. 2016. Available online: http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SDN (accessed on 29 July 2017).
50. Minoglou, M.; Gerassimidou, S.; Komilis, D. Healthcare Waste Generation Worldwide and Its Dependence on Socio-Economic and Environmental Factors. Sustainability 2017, 9, 220. [CrossRef]
51. Saad, S.A. Management of Hospitals Solid Waste in Khartoum State. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2013, 185, 8567–8582. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
52. Ahmed, N.O.; Gasmelseed, G.A.; Musa, A.E. Assessment of Medical Solid Waste Management in Khartoum State Hospitals. Jpn. J. Ind. Appl. Math. 2014, 2, 201–205.
53. Idris, MGM. Medical Waste Management in Some Hospitals in Sudan. University of Khartoum, 2016. Available online: http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/handle/123456789/20910 (accessed on 6 September 2016).
54. Eltayeb, E.; Magdah, E.; Abdelelah, M.; Mohamed, E.; Khouya, K.; Benkaddour, R. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Collection and Disposal of Medical Waste among Medical Waste Workers in Khartoum State Hospitals, Sudan (2013–2016). Appl. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2017, 3, 268–279.
55. Abd Elgadir, A. Assessment of Medical Immunization Waste Management in Khartoum (Doctoral Dissertation, UOFK). Available online: http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/handle/123456789/7628 (accessed on 13 August 2017).
56. Fath, E.I.A.; Magdi, B. Evaluation of Laboratory Biosafety in Khartoum State Primary Health Care Centers, Sudan. Med. Saf. Global Health. 2016, 5, 126.
57. Elya, T.B.; Babiker, A.B. Assessment of Medical Waste Management in Port Sudan Teaching Hospital, Sudan. Int. J. Sci. Res. 2016, 5, 586–589.
58. Tairab, M.A.O. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards Medical Waste Hazards among Health Cleaners at Bahari and Sharq Al-Neel Hospitals. Master’s Thesis, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan, June 2009.
59. The Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan. 2005. Available online: http://www. refworld.org/pdfid/4ba749762.pdf (accessed on 9 November 2016).
60. Environmental Protection Act 2001. Sudan Parliament. Available online: http://www.parliament.gov.sd/ar/index.php/site/LigsualtionVeiw/210 (accessed on 24 December 2014).
61. Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources. National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Covention on POPs. 2007. Available online: http://www.pops.int/documents/implementation/nips/submissions/NIP_Sudan.pdf (accessed on 9 November 2016).
62. UNEP. Sudan Ratifies Paris Climate Agreement. 2017. Available online: http://www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts/news/sudan-ratifies-paris-climate-agreement (accessed on 10 August 2017).
63. KSMOH. Guideline to the Safe Disposal of Medical Waste. 2012. Available online: http://ksmoh.gov.sd/dpre.pdf (accessed on 25 July 2017).
64. Abdalgadir, M.A.; Osman, F.F.A.; Bushara, M.O.E.; Alawneh, S.M.A. 2016. Knowledge Attitude and Practice of the Workers towards Health Care Waste Safety Measures in Khartoum State Governmental Hospitals. Eur. J. Pharm. Med. Res. 2015, 3, 580–584.
65. Hassan, E.M.A.; Bashir, N.F. Evaluation of Medical Waste Treatment in Sudanese Hospitals. Inter. J. Env. Res. Eng. Sci. 2016, 4, 49–54.
66. Yousif, M.; Elfadil, H.; Eldalo, A.; Nasr. Sudanese patients’ perception on injections. Saudi J. Health Sci. 2012, 1, 99–102. [CrossRef]
67. Osman, O.B.; Osman, F.F.A.; Mohamed, M.H.; Ahmed, H.R.M. Effect of health awareness interventions on knowledge, attitudes and practices of health providers and workers involve in health care waste aspects at Khartoum North Teaching hospital. Eur. J. Pharm. Med. Res. 2015, 2, 124–132.
68. Elhassan, R.M.; Ibrahim, M.A. The Effect of Handling of Laboratory Wastes on Liver Function Tests among Handlers in National Laboratory for Public Health in Khartoum State. Eur. Acad. Res. 2016, 4, 1060–1069.
69. Elnour, A.M.; Moussa, M.M.R.; El-Borgy, M.D.; Fadelella, N.E.; Mahmoud, A.H. Impacts of health education on knowledge and practice of hospital staff with regard to Healthcare waste management at White Nile State main hospitals, Sudan. Int. J. Health Sci. 2015, 9, 315–331.
70. SHO. Environmental Health, Category Guidelines/SOPs. 2017. Available online: http://sho.gov.sd/controller/knowledge_hub.php?mid=110&sm_id=&lid=1# (accessed on 20 August 2017).
71. Alsudanalyoum. Healthcare Waste Incinerators in Khartoum State and Hepatitis. 2017. Available online: http://alsudanalyoum.com/2017/07/30/page/3/(accessed on 8 November 2017).
72. Alnilin. Healthcare Waste on the Road. 2013. Available online: http://www.alnilin.com/689461.htm (accessed on 29 September 2017).
73. Sudaress. Healthcare Waste, Information and Facts. 2013. Available online: https://www.sudaress.com/rayaam/308497 (accessed on 15 October 2017).
74. Seedbed. Hospital Waste. 2017. Available online: http://seedbed.nl/hospital-waste.html (accessed on 20 November 2017).
75. WHO. Technologies. 2017. Available online: https://www.healthcare-waste.org/resources/technologies/(accessed on 2 August 2017).
76. Mansab, M.R. Sharp waste management at Kidongo Chekundu National Mental Hospital Zanzibar Tanzania”. Master’s Thesis, The Open University of Tanzania, Salaam, Tanzania, September 2014. Available online: http://repository.out.ac.tz/605/1/MANSAB_MANSAB_RAMADHAN_-DISSERTATION. pdf (assessed on 10 August 2017).
77. Abeje, G.; Azage, M. Hepatitis B vaccine knowledge and vaccination status among health care workers of Bahir Dar City Administration, Northwest Ethiopia: A cross sectional study. BMC Infect. Dis. 2015, 15, 30. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
78. Udofia, E.A.; Fobil, J.N.; Gulis, G. Solid medical waste management in Africa. Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 9, 244–254.
79. Udofia, E.A.; Gulis, G.; Fobil, J. Solid medical waste: A cross sectional study of household disposal practices and reported harm in Southern Ghana. BMC Public Health 2017, 17, 464. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
80. ANA. 7 Things to Do in Response to Needle Stick Injury. 2010. Available online: http://www.nursingworld. org/DocumentVault/OccupationalEnvironment/Needles/7-Responses.pdf (accessed on 22 August 2017).
81. NIOSH. Emergency Sharps Information. 2016. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/bbp/emergnedl.html (accessed on 17 August 2017).
82. Health Authority of Abu Dhabi. Medical Waste Management in Health Care Facilities. 2009. Available online: https://www.haad.ae/haad/Portals/0/Policies_Docs/Policy%20on%20Medical%20Waste%20Mangement%20in% 20the%20HCFs.pdf (accessed on 14 November 2017).
83. La Torre, G.; Scalingi, S.; Garruto, V.; Siclari, M.; Chiarini, M.; Mannocci, A. Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviours towards Recommended Vaccinations among Healthcare Workers. Healthcare (Basel) 2017, 5, E13. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
84. Elmukashfi, T. Sero-Epidemiological Survey of Hepatitis B Markers among Health Care Workers in Public Hospitals in Khartoum State in the Year 2004. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan, July 2015.
85. Sudan Labor Law. 1997. Available online: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/49122/65103/E97SDN01.htm (accessed on 1 August 2017).
86. Amsalu, A.; Worku, M.; Tadesse, E.; Shimelis, T. The exposure rate to hepatitis B and C viruses among medical waste handlers in three government hospitals, southern Ethiopia. Epidemiol. Health 2016, 38, 1–8. [CrossRef]
87. CDC. Recommended Vaccines for Healthcare Workers. 2017. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/adults/rec-vac/hcw.html (accessed on 21 August 2017).
88. Tudor, T.L.; Noonan, C.L.; Jenkin, L.E.T. Healthcare waste management: A case study from the National Health Service in Cornwall, United Kingdom. Waste Manag. 2005, 25, 606–615. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
89. Lavee, D. Is municipal solid waste recycling economically efficient? Environ. Manage. 2007, 40, 926–943. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
90. Alam, M.Z.; Islam, M.S.; Islam, M.R. Medical Waste Management: A Case Study on Rajshahi City Corporation in Bangladesh. J Environ Sci Nat. Resour. 2015, 6, 173–178. [CrossRef]
91. Hossain, M.S.; Santhanam, A.; Norulaini, N.N.; Omar, A.M. Clinical solid waste management practices and its impact on human health and environment–A review. Waste Manage. 2011, 31, 754–766. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
92. Shannon, A.L.; Woolridge, A. Medical Waste. In Waste; Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment: Lansing, MI, USA, 2011; pp. 329–339.
93. Kumar, R.; Somrongthong, R.; Ahmed, J. Impact of waste management training intervention on knowledge, attitude and practices of teaching hospital workers in Pakistan. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 2016, 32, 705–710. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
94. Almahi, A.Y.Y. Assessment of the Radioactive Waste Management in Nuclear Medicine Departments in Khartoum State Hospitals. Available online: http://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/14321 (accessed on 11 August 2017).
95. Kusiluka, L.J.M.; Mkhandi, D.N.H.; Hango, M. Management of Medical Wastes: Public Awareness and Associated Health Risks. J. Open Univ. Tanzan. 2013, 15, 34–51.
96. WHO. Individualised Rapid Assessment Tool (I-RAT). 2009. Available online: http://www.who.int/water_ sanitation_health/facilities/waste/hcwmtool/en/(accessed on 8 October 2016).
97. Dabora, M.A.M.A. Efficiency of Recombinant DNA Vaccine against Hepatitis B Virus in Health Care Workers in Some Hospital in Khartoum State. Master’s Thesis, Sudan University of Science & Technology, Khartoum, Sudan, January 2014.
98. Laing, R.O.; Hogerzeil, H.V.; Ross-Degnan, D. Ten recommendations to improve use of medicines in developing countries. Health Policy Plan. 2001, 16, 13–20. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
99. Yilmaz, L. Effect of the Training Provided for Nurses on Sharp-Needle stick Injuries and Reporting Process. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 2016, 9, 561. Int. J. Caring Sci. 2016, 9, 561.
100. NIOSH. Hierarchy of Controls. 2015. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hierarchy/default.html (accessed on 22 September 2017).
101. RCN. Sharps Safety. 2013. Available online: http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_511552_en.pdf (accessed on 23 August 2017).