Volcanism and early Maori society in New Zealand

Natural Disasters and Cultural Change

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 126-161

  Lowe, D J ^a   Newnham, R M ^b   McCraw, J D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85069575716     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203165102-14     Document Type: Chapter

References (162)

1. Allen, S.R. and Smith, I.E.M. (1994) Eruption styles and volcanic hazard in the Auckland Volcanic Field. Geoscience Reports of Shizuoka University 20: 5-14.
2. Alloway, B.V., Fyfe, R. and Neall, V.E. (1990) Further evidence of early Maori occupation on the flanks of Egmont volcano. Archaeology in New Zealand 33: 40-8.
3. Anderson, A.J. (1991) The chronology of colonisation in New Zealand. Antiquity 65: 767-95.
4. Anderson, A.J. (1995) Current approaches in East Polynesian colonisation research. Journal of the Polynesian Society 104: 110-32.
5. Anderson, A.J. (1996) Was Rattus exulans in New Zealand 2000 years ago? AMS Radiocarbon ages from Shag River Mouth. Archaeology in Oceania 31: 178-84.
6. Anderson, A.J. (2000) Differential reliability of 14C AMS ages of Rattus exulans bone gelatin in south Pacific prehistory. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 30: 243-61.
7. Anderson, A.J. and McFadgen, B.G. (1990) Prehistoric two-way voyaging between New Zealand and East Polynesia: Mayor Island obsidian on Raoul Island and possible Raoul Island obsidian in New Zealand. Archaeology in Oceania 25: 37-42.
8. Ansell, R. and Taber, J. (1996) Caught in the Crunch: Earthquakes and Volcanoes in New Zealand. Auckland: HarperCollins.
9. Best, E. (1925) Maori Agriculture. New Zealand Dominion Museum Bulletin 9. Wellington.
10. Blong, R.J. (1982) The Time of Darkness: Local Legends and Volcanic Reality in Papau New Guinea. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
11. Briggs, R.M., Itaya, T., Lowe, D.J. and Keane, A.J. (1989) Ages of the Pliocene-Pleistocene Alexandra and Ngatutura Volcanics, western North Island, New Zealand, and some geological implications. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 32: 417-27.
12. Briggs, R.M., Rosenberg, M., de Lange, P.J., Itaya, T., King, P.R. and Price, R.C. (1997) Geology and geochemistry of Gannet (Karewa) Island, Tasman Sea: a rift-related nephelenite tuff ring. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 40: 261-71.
13. Brook, F.J. (2000) Prehistoric predation of the landsnail Placostylus ambagiosus Suter (Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae), and evidence for the timing of establishment of rats in northernmost New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 30: 227-41.
14. Bulmer, S. (1996) Settlement patterns in Tamaki-Makau-Rau revisited. In J.M. Davidson, G. Irwin, B.F. Leach, A. Pawley and D. Brown (eds) Oceanic Culture History: Essays in Honour of Roger Green: 641-55. Dunedin: New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication.
15. Cameron, E., Hayward, B. and Murdoch, G. (1997) A Field Guide to Auckland. Auckland:Godwit Press.
16. Cassidy, J., Locke, C.A., Miller, C.A. and Rout, D.J. (1999) The Auckland volcanic field, New Zealand: geophysical evidence for its eruption history. Geological Society [London] Special Publication 161: 1-10.
17. Childs, C.W., Downs, C.J. and Wells, N. (1982) Hydrous iron oxide minerals with short range order deposited in a spring/stream system, Tongariro National Park, New Zealand. Australian Journal of Soil Research 20: 119-29.
18. Childs, C.W., Wells, N. and Downs, C.J. (1986) Kokowai Springs, Mount Egmont, New Zealand: chemistry and mineralogy of the ochre (ferrihydrite) deposit and analysis of the waters. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 16: 85-99.
19. Cole, J.W. (1970) Description and correlation of Holocene volcanic formations in the Tarawera-Rerewhakaaitu region. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand (Earth Sciences) 8: 93-108.
20. Cole, J.W. and Nairn, I.A. (1975) Catalogue of the active volcanoes and solfatara fields of New Zealand. International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior XXII.
21. Cole, J.W., Graham, I.J., Hackett, W.R. and Houghton, B.F. (1986) Volcanology and petrology of the Quaternary composite volcanoes of Tongariro Volcanic Centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 23: 224-50.
22. Cronin, S.J.and Neall, V.E. (1997) A late Quaternary stratigraphic framework for the northeastern Ruapehu and eastern Tongariro ring plains. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 40: 185-97.
23. Cronin, S.J. and Neall, V.E. (2000) Impacts of volcanism on pre-European inhabitants of Taveuni, Fiji. Bulletin of Volcanology 62: 199-213.
24. Cronin, S.J., Neall, V.E. and Palmer, S.J. (1997) Lahar history and hazard of the Tongariro River, northeastern Tongariro Volcanic Centre, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 40: 383-93.
25. Davidson, J.M. (1978) The prehistory of Motutapu Island, New Zealand: five centuries of Polynesian occupation in a changing landscape. Journal of the Polynesian Society 87: 327-37.
26. Davidson, J.M. (1984) The Prehistory of New Zealand. Auckland: Longman Paul.
27. Davidson, J.M. (1993) The chronology of occupation on Maungarei (Mount Wellington):a large volcanic cone pa in Auckland. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 15: 39-55.
28. de Lange, W.P. and Fraser, R. (1999) Overview of tsunami hazard in New Zealand. Tephra 17: 3-9.
29. Donoghue, S.L. and Neall, V.E. (2001) Late Quaternary constructional history of the southeastern Ruapehu ring plain, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 44: 439-66.
30. Donoghue, S.L., Neall, V.E. and Palmer, A.S. (1995) Stratigraphy and chronology of late Quaternary andesitic tephra deposits, Tongariro Volcanic Centre, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 25: 115-206.
31. Donoghue, S.L., Neall, V.E., Palmer, A.S. and Stewart, R.B. (1997) The volcanic history of Ruapehu during the past 2 millennia based on the record of Tufa Trig tephras. Bulletin of Volcanology 59: 136-46.
32. Eden, D.N. and Froggatt, P.C. (1996) A 6,500-year-old history of tephra deposition recorded in the sediments of Lake Tutria, eastern North Island, New Zealand. Quaternary International 34-6, 55-64.
33. Edwards, K.J. and Sadler, J.P. (1999) Introduction: striving for an environment-human consensus. Quaternary Proceedings 7: 5-8.
34. Elliot, M.B., Striewski, B., Flenley, J.R., Kirkman, J.H. and Sutton, D.G. (1997) A 4,300-year palynological record of environmental change and human impact from Wharau Road swamp, Northland, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 27: 401-18.
35. Evans, J. (1998). The Discovery of Aotearoa. Auckland: Reed.
36. Freundt, A., Wilson, C.J.N. and Carey, S.N. (2000) Ignimbrites and block-and-ash flow deposits. In H. Sigurdsson (ed.-in-chief) Encyclopedia of Volcanoes: 581-99. San Diego:Academic Press.
37. Froggatt, P.C. and Lowe, D.J. (1990) A review of late Quaternary silicic and some other tephra formations from New Zealand: their stratigraphy, nomenclature, distribution, volume, and age. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 33: 88-99.
38. Froggatt, P.C. and Rogers, G.M. (1990) Tephrostratigraphy of high-altitude peat bogs along the axial ranges, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 33: 111-24.
39. Giles, T.M., Newnham, R.M., Lowe, D.J. and Munro, A.J. (1999) Impact of tephra fall and environmental change: a 1,000-year record from Matakana Island, Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand. Geological Society [London] Special Publication 161: 11-26.
40. Gillespie, J.L., Lowe, D.J. and Nelson, C.S. (1999) Large eruptions from White Island volcano: the Holocene record in Bay of Plenty marine cores. Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication 107A: 49.
41. Goff, J.R. and McFadgen, B.G. (2000) Catastrophic seismic-related events and their impact on prehistoric human occupation in coastal New Zealand. Antiquity 75: 155-62.
42. Goles, G.G., Briggs, R.M. and Rosenberg, M.D. (1996) Late Pliocene stratigraphic succession and volcanic evolution of Karioi volcano, western North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 39: 283-94.
43. Grace, J.T.H. (1959) Tuwharetoa. Wellington: Reed.
44. Gray, M.M. (1996) The origins of soil and its importance as characterised in Maori mythology and tradition. New Zealand Soil News 44: 64-9.
45. Gregg, D.R. (1960) Volcanoes of Tongariro National Park. New Zealand Geological Survey Information Series 28.
46. Gumbley, W., Higham, T.F.G. and Lowe, D.J. (in press) Prehistoric horticultural adaptation of soils in the central Waikato Basin with particular reference to site S14/201, Hamilton. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology.
47. Hackett, W.R. and Houghton, B.F. (1986) Active composite volcanoes of Taupo Volcanic Zone. New Zealand Geological Survey Record 13: 61-114.
48. Harada, K. (1993a) Taboos about oceans and conservation of natural environment. In I. Koizumi and K. Tanaka (eds) Ocean and Civilisation, 155-60. Civilisation and Environment Book Series 10. Tokyo: Asakura.
49. Harada, K. (1993b) Disaster culture as societal technique. In N. Shuto (ed.) The Study of Disaster Culture in Regions Frequently Subject to Natural Disaster, 5-27. Report for Grantin-Aid for Scientific Research Project 04201110.
50. Harada, K. (1999) Shinto shrines as an example of disaster culture in Japan. Abstract, 1st Conference on Advances on Natural Hazards Mitigation Experiences from Europe and Japan, November 1999, Athens-Santorini, Greece.
51. Harris, S.L. (2000) Archaeology and volcanism. In H. Sigurdsson (ed.-in-chief) Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 1301-14. San Diego: Academic Press.
52. Hedenquist, J.W. (1986) Geothermal systems in the Taupo Volcanic Zone: their characteristics and relation to volcanism and mineralisation. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 23: 134-68.
53. Hellstrom, J., McCulloch, M. and Stone, J. (1998) A detailed 31,000-year record of climate and vegetation change from the isotope geochemistry of two New Zealand speleothems. Quaternary Research 50: 167-78.
54. Higham, T.F.G. and Hogg, A.G. (1997) Evidence for late Polynesian colonisation of New Zealand: University of Waikato radiocarbon measurements. Radiocarbon 39: 149-92.
55. Higham, T.F.G. and Johnson, L. (1996) The prehistoric chronology of Raoul Island, the Kermadec Group. Archaeology in Oceania 31: 207-13.
56. Higham, T.F.G. and Lowe, D.J. (1998) Significance of an early date from an adzed tree stump in Northland. Archaeology in New Zealand 41: 212-19.
57. Higham, T.F.G., Anderson, A.J. and Jacomb, C. (1999) Dating the first New Zealanders:the chronology of Wairau Bar. Antiquity 73: 420-7.
58. Hobden, B.J., Houghton, B.F., Davidson, J.P. and Weaver, S.D. (1999) Small and shortlived magma batches at composite volcanoes: time windows at Tongariro volcano, New Zealand. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156: 865-8.
59. Hodgson, K.A., Houghton, B.F. and White, J.D.L. (1997) What exactly did happen in the Tarawera River following the 700 14C Kaharoa eruption of Tarawera? Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication 95A: 81.
60. Hogg, A.G., Higham, T.F.G., Lowe, D.J., Palmer, J.G., Reimer, P.J. and Newnham, R.M. (in press) Wiggle-match date for Polynesian settlement layer (Kaharoa Tephra) of New Zealand. Antiquity.
61. Holdaway, R.N. (1996) Arrival of rats in New Zealand. Nature 384: 225-6.
62. Holdaway, R.N. (1999) A spatio-temporal model for the invasion of the New Zealand archipelago by the Pacific rat Rattus exulans. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 29: 91-105.
63. Horrocks, M., Ogden, J., Nichol, S., Alloway, B.V. and Sutton, D.G. (1999) The palynology and sedimentology of a coastal swamp at Awana, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand, from c. 7,000 years BP to present. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 29: 213-33.
64. Horrocks, M., Ogden, J., Nichol, S., Alloway, B.V. and Sutton, D.G. (2000) Palynology, sedimentology and environmental significance of Holocene swamps at northern Kaitoke, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 30: 27-47.
65. Houghton, B.F. and Wilson, C.J.N. (1986) Explosive rhyolite volcanism: the case studies of Mayor Island and Taupo volcanoes. New Zealand Geological Survey Record 12: 33-100.
66. Houghton, B.F., Weaver, S.D., Wilson, C.J.N. and Lanphere, M.A. (1992) Evolution of a Quaternary peralkaline volcano: Mayor Island, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 51: 217-36.
67. Houghton, B.F., Wilson, C.J.N. and Pyle, D.M. (2000) Pyroclastic fall deposits. In H. Sigurdsson (ed.-in-chief) Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 555-71. San Diego: Academic Press.
68. Hunt, J.B. and Lowe, D.J. (in press) Tephra nomenclatura. Journal of Archaeological Science.
69. Jones, K.L. (1987) Skill with stone and wood - Maori technology. In J. Wilson (ed.) From the Beginning: The Archaeology of the Maori 57-72. Auckland: Penguin.
70. Kamijoh, T. (1997) Research on red pigments: pipe-shaped substances contained in base material. Bulletin of the Tokyo Metropolitan Archaeological Center 26: 115-22.
71. Keam, R.F. (1988) Tarawera: The Volcanic Eruption of 10 June 1886. Auckland: R. F. Keam.
72. Kermode, L. (1992) Geology of the Auckland Urban Area 1:50,000. Lower Hutt: New Zealand: Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Map 2.
73. Lecointre, J.A., Neall, V.E. and Palmer, A.S. (1998) Quaternary lahar stratigraphy of the western Ruapehu ring plain, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 41: 225-45.
74. Lees, C.M. and Neall, V.E. (1993) Vegetation response to volcanic eruptions on Egmont volcano, New Zealand, during the last 1,500 years. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 23: 91-127.
75. Leonard, G.S., Cole, J.W., Nairn, I.A. and Self, S. (2002) Basalt triggering of the c. 1305 AD Kaharoa rhyolite eruption, Tarawera Volcanic Complex, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research.
76. Lowe, D.J. (1995) Teaching clays: from ashes to allophane. In G.J. Churchman, R.W. Fitzpatrick and R.A. Eggleton (eds) Clays: Controlling the Environment. Proceedings 10th International Clay Conference, Adelaide, Australia (1993), 19-23. Melbourne:CSIRO Publishing.
77. Lowe, D.J. and de Lange, W.P. (2000) Volcano-meteorological tsunamis, the c. 200 AD Taupo eruption (New Zealand) and the possibility of a global tsunami. The Holocene 10: 401-7.
78. Lowe, D.J. and Hunt, J.B. (2001) A summary of terminology used in tephra-related studies. In E.T. Juvigné and J.-P. Raynal (eds) Tephras: Chronology, Archaeology, 17-22. CDERAD editeurs, Goudet: Les dossiers de l’Archaéo-Logis no. 1.
79. Lowe, D.J. and Green J.D. (1992) Lakes. In J.M. Soons and M.J. Selby (eds) Landforms of New Zealand: 2nd edition, 107-43. Auckland: Longman.
80. Lowe, D.J. and Percival, H.J. (1993) Clay Mineralogy of Tephras and Associated Paleosols and Soils, and Hydrothermal Deposits, North Island. Guide Book for New Zealand Pre-Conference Field Trip F.1. 10th International Clay Conference, Adelaide, Australia.
81. Lowe, D.J., McFadgen, B.G., Higham, T.F.G., Hogg, A.G., Froggatt, P.C. and Nairn, I.A. (1998) Radiocarbon age of the Kaharoa Tephra, a key marker for late-Holocene stratigraphy and archaeology in New Zealand. The Holocene 8: 499-507.
82. Lowe, D.J., Newnham, R.M., McFadgen, B.G. and Higham, T.F.G. (2000) Tephras and New Zealand archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 859-70.
83. Lowe, D.J., Keam, R. and Lee, D. (2001) How many deaths were caused by the Tarawera eruption? Geological Society of New Zealand Newsletter 126: 18-20.
84. Lowe, D.J., Newnham, R.M., Higham, T.F.G., Wilmshurst, J.M., McGlone M.S. and Hogg, A.G. (in press) Dating earliest human impact and settlement in New Zealand. In D.G. Sutton (ed.) Origins of the First New Zealanders, 2nd edition. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
85. Luke, J. (1959) History. In W.M. Hamilton and I.L. Baumgart (eds) White Island, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 127: 14-24.
86. Machida, H. (1990) Frequency and magnitude of catastrophic explosive volcanism in the Japan region during the past 130 ka: implications for human occupance of volcanic regions. Geological Society of Australia Symposium Proceedings 1: 27-36.
87. Manville, V., White, J.D.L., Houghton, B.F. and Wilson, C.J.N. (1999) Paleohydrology and sedimentology of a post-1.8 ka breakout flood from intracaldera Lake Taupo, North Island, New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin 111: 1435-47.
88. McCraw, J.D. (1990) Maori legends as an aid in teaching Earth sciences. New Zealand Science Teacher 65: 45-7.
89. McCraw, J.D. (1993a) Maori legends as an aid in teaching Earth sciences. 2. Legends about the origins of rivers. New Zealand Science Teacher 73: 14-17.
90. McCraw, J.D. (1993b) Maori legends as an aid in teaching Earth sciences. 3. Legends about the origins of lakes. New Zealand Science Teacher 74: 15-18.
91. McCraw, J.D. (1994). Maori legends as an aid in teaching Earth sciences. 4. Legends about mountains. New Zealand Science Teacher 76: 23-76.
92. McCraw, J.D. (1995). Maori legends as an aid in teaching Earth sciences. 5. Concepts of erosion and volcanic activity. New Zealand Science Teacher 77: 52-6.
93. McFadgen, B.G. (1980). Maori plaggen soils in New Zealand, their origin and properties. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 10: 3-19.
94. McFadgen, B.G., Knox, F.B. and Cole, T.R.L. (1994) 14C calibration curve variations and their implications for the interpretation of New Zealand prehistory. Radiocarbon 36: 221-36.
95. McGlone, M.S. (1989) The Polynesian settlement of New Zealand in relation to environmental and biotic changes. New Zealand Journal of Ecology (Supplement) 12: 115-29.
96. McGlone, M.S. and Wilmshurst, J.M. (1999) Dating initial Maori environmental impact in New Zealand. Quaternary International 59: 5-16.
97. McGlone, M.S., Neall, V.E. and Clarkson, B.D. (1988) The effect of recent volcanic events and climatic changes on the vegetation of Mt Egmont (Mt Taranaki), New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 26: 123-44.
98. McKinnon, M. (ed.-in-chief) (1997) New Zealand Historic Atlas. Auckland: Bateman and Department of Internal Affairs.
99. Moore, P. (1980) Prehistoric stone quarries of Tahanga. Historical Review 30: 32-42.
100. Nairn, I.A. (1979) Rotomahana-Waimaungu eruption, 1886: base surge and basalt magma. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 22: 363-78.
101. Nairn, I.A. (1989) Sheet V16AC: Tarawera. Geological Map of New Zealand 1:50 000. Wellington: New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
102. Nairn, I.A. (1991) Volcanic hazards of Okataina Volcanic Centre. New Zealand Ministry of Civil Defence, Volcanic Hazards Information Series 2.
103. Nairn, I.A. and Self, S. (1978) Explosive eruptions and pyroclastic avalanches from Ngauruhoe in February 1975. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3: 39-60.
104. Nairn, I.A., Self, S., Cole, J.W., Leonard, G.S. and Scutter, C. (2001) Distribution, stratigraphy, and history of proximal deposits from the c. 1305 AD Kaharoa eruptive episode at Tarawera Volcano, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 44: 467-84.
105. Nakada, S. (2000) Hazards from pyroclastic flows and surges. In H. Sigurdsson (ed.-inchief) Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 945-55. San Diego: Academic Press.
106. Neall, V.E. (1972) Tephrochonology and tephrostratigraphy of western Taranaki (N108-109), New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 15: 507-57.
107. Neall, V.E. (1976) Volcanology of Egmont National Park. In J.H. Fullarton (ed.) Egmont National Park: 3rd edition, 56-62. New Plymouth: Egmont National Park Board.
108. Neall, V.E. (1979) Sheets P19, P20 and P21: New Plymouth, Egmont and Manaia. Geological Map of New Zealand 1:50 000. Wellington: New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
109. Neall, V.E. and Alloway, B.V. (1986) Quaternary volcaniclastics and volcanic hazards of Taranaki. New Zealand Geological Survey Record 12: 101-37.
110. Neall, V.E. and Alloway, B.V. (1991) Volcanic hazards at Egmont volcano. New Zealand Ministry of Civil Defence, Volcanic Hazards Information Series 1.
111. Neall, V.E., Stewart, R.B. and Smith, I.E.M. (1986) History and petrology of the Taranaki volcanoes. The Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 23: 251-63.
112. Newnham, R.M., Lowe, D.J., McGlone, M.S., Wilmshurst, J.M. and Higham, T.F.G. (1998a) The Kaharoa Tephra as a critical datum for earliest human impact in northern New Zealand. Journal of Archaeological Science 25: 533-44.
113. Newnham, R.M., Lowe, D.J. and Matthews, B.W. (1998b) A late Holocene and prehistoric record of environmental change from Lake Waikaremoana, New Zealand. The Holocene 8: 443-54.
114. Newnham, R.M., Lowe, D.J. and Williams, P.W. (1999a) Quaternary environmental change in New Zealand: a review. Progress in Physical Geography 23: 567-610.
115. Newnham, R.M., Lowe, D.J. and Alloway, B.V. (1999b) Volcanic hazards in Auckland, New Zealand: a preliminary assessment of the threat posed by central North Island silicic volcanism based on the Quaternary tephrostratigraphical record. Geological Society [London] Special Publication 161: 27-45.
116. Nichol, R. (1981) Preliminary report on excavations at the Sunde site, N38/24, Motutapu Island. New Zealand Archaeological Association Newsletter 24: 237-56.
117. Nichol, R. (1982) Fossilised human footprints in Rangitoto Ash on Motutapu Island. Geological Society of New Zealand Newsletter 51: 11-13.
118. Nichol, R. (1988) Tipping the feather against a scale: archaeozoology from the tail of the fish. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
119. Nichol, R. (1992) The eruption history of Rangitoto: reappraisal of a small New Zealand myth. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 22: 159-80.
120. Ogden, J., Basher, L.R. and McGlone, M.S. (1998) Fire, forest regeneration and links with early human habitation: evidence from New Zealand. Annals of Botany 81: 687-96.
121. Oliver, W.R.B. (1931) An ancient Maori oven on Mount Egmont. Journal of the Polynesian Society 40: 73-9.
122. Orbell, M. (1995) The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Maori Myth and Legend. Christchurch:Canterbury University Press.
123. Pearce, G.L. (1977) The Story of New Zealand Volcanoes. Auckland: Collins.
124. Petchey, F.J. and Higham, T.F.G. (2000) Bone diagenesis and radiocarbon dating of fish bones at the Shag River Mouth site, New Zealand. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 135-50.
125. Price, R.C., Gamble, J.A. and Hobden, B.J. (2000) State of the Arc 2000: Guidebook for Field Excursions on Ruapehu and Tongariro Volcanoes. Wellington: Royal Society of New Zealand.
126. Reed, A.W. (1977) Treasury of Maori Exploration. Auckland: Reed.
127. Rodolfo, K.S. (2000) The hazards from lahars and Jökulhlaups. In H. Sigurdsson (ed.-inchief) Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 973-95. San Diego: Academic Press.
128. Sase, T. and Hosono, M. (1996) Vegetation histories of Holocene volcanic ash soils in Japan and New Zealand - relationship between genesis of melanic volcanic ash soils and human impact. Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku) 50: 466-82.
129. Scott, B.J. and Nairn, I.A. (1998) Volcanic Hazard Map of Okataina Volcanic Centre. Environment Bay of Plenty Resource Planning Publication 97/4.
130. Scott, B.J., Houghton, B.F. and Wilson, C.J.N. (1995) Surveillance of New Zealand’s volcanoes. Tephra 14: 12-17.
131. Selby, M.J. and Lowe, D.J. (1992) The middle Waikato Basin and hills. In J.M. Soons and M.J. Selby (eds) Landforms of New Zealand, 233-55. Auckland: Longman.
132. Sigurdsson, H. (ed.-in-chief) (2000) Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego: Academic Press.
133. Simmons, D. (1987) Maori Auckland. Auckland: Bush Press.
134. Smith, S.P. (1886) Preliminary report on the volcanic eruption at Tarawera. Appendices to the Journal of the House of Representatives of New Zealand H-26, 1-4 (+ maps).
135. Smith, R.T. and Houghton, B.F. (1995) Vent migration and changing eruptive style during the 1800a Taupo eruption: new evidence from the Hatepe and Rotongaio phreatoplinian ashes. Bulletin of Volcanology 57: 432-9.
136. Soda, T. (1996) Explosive activities of Haruna volcano and their impacts on human life in the sixth century AD. Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University 31: 37-52.
137. Stafford, D. (1999) Pakiwaitara: Te Arawa Stories of Rotorua as Told to Don Stafford. Auckland: Reed.
138. Stevenson, C.M., Sheppard, P.J. and Sutton, D.G. (1996) Advances in the hydration dating of New Zealand obsidian. Journal of Archaeological Science 23: 233-42.
139. Stokes, E.M. (2000) The Legacy of Ngatoroirangi: Maori Customary Use of Geothermal Resources. Hamilton: Department of Geography, University of Waikato.
140. Sutton, D.G. (1987) A paradigmatic shift in Polynesian prehistory: implications for New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 9: 135-55.
141. Sutton, D.G (ed.) (1994a) Origins of the First New Zealanders. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
142. Sutton, D.G. (ed.) (1994b) Conclusions: origins. In D.G. Sutton (ed.) Origins of the First New Zealanders, 243-58. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
143. Thomas, A.P.W. (1888) Report on the Eruption of Tarawera and Rotomahana, New Zealand. Wellington: Government Printer.
144. Tonkin, P.J. (1970) The soils of the southeastern sector of Egmont National Park. Earth Science Journal 4: 36-57.
145. Topping, W.W. (1972) Burrell Lapilli eruptives, Mount Egmont, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 15: 476-90.
146. Topping, W.W. (1974) An AD 1480 Maori oven from Mount Egmont, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science 17: 119-22.
147. Ui, T., Takarada, S. and Yoshimoto, M. (2000) Debris avalanches. In H. Sigurdsson (ed.-in-chief) Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 617-26. San Diego: Academic Press.
148. Vallance, J.W. (2000) Lahars. In H. Sigurdsson (ed.-in-chief) Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 601-16. San Diego: Academic Press.
149. Valentine, G.A. and Fisher, R.V. (2000) Pyroclastic surges and blasts. In H. Sigurdsson (ed.-in-chief) Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 571-80. San Diego: Academic Press.
150. von Hochstetter, F. (1959) Geology of New Zealand. Translated from German and edited by C.A. Fleming. Wellington: Government Printer.
151. Walker, G.P.L. (1980) The Taupo plinian pumice: product of the most powerful known (ultraplinian) eruption? Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 8: 69-84.
152. Walker, G.P.L., Self, S. and Wilson, L. (1984) Tarawera 1886 New Zealand - a basaltic plinian fissure eruption. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 21: 61-78.
153. White, J.D.L., Houghton, B.F., Hodgeson, K.A. and Wilson, C.J.N. (1997) Delayed sedimentary response to the 1886 AD eruption of Tarawera, New Zealand. Geology 25: 459-62.
154. Wilmshurst, J.M. (1997) The impact of human settlement on vegetation and soil stability in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 97-111.
155. Wilmshurst, J.M. and McGlone, M.S. (1996) Forest disturbance in the central North Island, New Zealand, following the 1850 BP Taupo eruption. The Holocene 6: 399-411.
156. Wilmshurst, J.M., Eden, D.N. and Froggatt, P.C. (1999) Late Holocene forest disturbance in Gisborne, New Zealand: a comparison of terrestrial and marine pollen records. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 523-40.
157. Wilson, C.J.N. (1985) The Taupo eruption II. The Taupo ignimbrite. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London A314: 229-310.
158. Wilson, C.J.N. (1993) Stratigraphy, chronology, styles and dynamics of late Quaternary eruptions from Taupo volcano, New Zealand. Philosopical Transactions of the Royal Society London A343: 205-306.
159. Wilson, C.J.N. (2001) The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview. Journal of Volcanological and Geothermal Research 112: 133-74.
160. Wilson, C.J.N. and Walker, G.P.L. (1985) The Taupo eruption, New Zealand I. General aspects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London A314: 199-228.
161. Wilson, C.J.N., Houghton, B.F., McWilliams, M.O., Lanphere, M.A., Weaver, S.D. and Briggs, R.M. (1995) Volcanic and structural evolution of Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: a review. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 68: 1-28.
162. Woolnough, A. (1984) Rangitoto. Auckland: A. Woolnough.