Body shame in childhood and adolescence: Relations to general psychological functioning and eating disorders

Body Shame: Conceptualisation, Research and Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 55-74

  Gilbert, Stefanie C ^a   Thompson, J Kevin ^b  

^a HOWARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85069309313     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315820255-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (132)

1. Ackard, D.M. & Peterson, C.B. (2001) Association between puberty and disordered eating, body image, and other psychological variables. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 187-194.
2. Allan, S. & Gilbert, P. (1997) Submissive behaviour and psychopathology. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 467-488.
3. Amann-Gainotti, M. (1994) Adolescent girls’ internal body image. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 7, 73-86.
4. Andrews, B. (1995) Bodily shame as a mediator between abusive experiences and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 277-285.
5. Andrews, B. (1997) Bodily shame in relation to abuse in childhood and bulimia: A preliminary investigation. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 41-49.
6. Andrews, B. (1998) Shame and childhood sexual abuse. In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (eds) Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology and Culture (pp. 176-190). New York: Oxford University Press.
7. Attie, I. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1989) The development of eating problems in adolescent girls: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 25, 70-79.
8. Bartky, S.L. (1990) Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression. New York: Routledge.
9. Brooks-Gunn, J. & Ruble, D.N. (1983) The psychological significance of secondary sexual characteristics in nine- to eleven-year-old girls. Child Development, 59, 1061-1069.
10. Brown, H. (1991) Shame and relapse issues with the chemically dependent client. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 8, 77-82.
11. Brown, T.A., Cash, T.F. & Lewis, R.J. (1989) Body-image disturbances in adolescent female binge-purgers: A brief report of the reports of a national survey in the USA. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 605-613.
12. Bulik, C.M., Beidel, D.C., Duchman, E. & Weltzin, T.E. (1991) An analysis of social anxiety in anorexic, bulimic, social phobic, and control women. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 13, 199-211.
13. Burney, J. & Irwin, H.J. (2000) Shame and guilt in women with eating-disorder symptomology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 51-56.
14. Cash, T.F., Ancis, J.R. & Strachan, M.D. (1997) Gender attitudes, feminist identity, and body images among college women. Sex Roles, 36, 443-447.
15. Caspi, A. & Moffitt, T.E. (1991) Individual differences are accentuated during periods of social change: The sample case of girls at puberty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 157-168.
16. Cattarin, J. & Thompson, J.K. (1994) A three-year longitudinal study of body image and eating disturbance in adolescent females. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Prevention and Treatment, 2, 114-125.
17. Cusumano, D.L. & Thompson, J.K. (2001) Media influence and body image in 8-11 year old boys and girls: A preliminary report on the Multidimensional Media Influence Scale. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 37-44.
18. Daniluk, J.C. (1998) Adolescence: Biological and Psychological Development. In J.C. Daniluk (ed.) Women’s Sexuality Across the Life Span. New York: Guilford Press.
19. Dansky, B.S., Brewerton, T.D., Kilpatrick, D.G. & O’Neill, P.M. (1997) Rape PTSD and bulimia in a US sample of women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21, 213-228.
20. Darwin, C. (1965) The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1872.)
21. Davison, K.K. & Birch, L.L. (2001) Weight status, parent reaction and self-concept in five-year-old girls. Pediatrics, 107, 46-53.
22. Davison, K.K., Markey, C.N. & Birch, L.L. (2000) Etiology of body dissatisfaction and weight concerns among 5-year-old girls. Appetite, 35, 143-151.
23. Dubas, J., Graber, J. & Peterson, A. (1991) The effects of pubertal development on achievement during adolescence. American Journal of Education, 99, 444-460.
24. Eakin, E.P. (1995) The relationship of internalized shame and adult adjustment in women with incest histories. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 56, 2861.
25. Evans, L. & Wertheim, E.H. (1998) Intimacy patterns and relationship satisfaction of women with eating problems and the mediating effects of depression, trait anxiety and social anxiety. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 44, 355-365.
26. Fairburn, C.G., Jones, R., Peveler, R.C., Carr, S.J., Solomon, R.A., O’Connor, M.E., Burton, J. & Hope, R.A. (1990) Three psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa: A comparative trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 463-469.
27. Frederick, C.M. & Morrison, C.S. (1998) A mediational model of social physique anxiety and eating disordered behaviors. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 139-145.
28. Frederickson, B.L. & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206.
29. Frederickson, B.L., Roberts, T.A., Noll, S.M., Quinn, D.M. & Twenge, J.M. (1998) That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 269-284.
30. Friedman, M.A. & Brownell, K.D. (1995). Psychological correlates of obesity:Moving to the next research generation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 3-20.
31. Gallant, S.J. & Derry, P.S. (1995) Menarche, menstruation, and menopause: Psychosocial research and future directions. In A.L. Stanton & S.J. Gallant (eds) The Psychology of Women’s Health (pp. 199-259). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
32. Garfinkel, P.E., Lin, E., Goering, P., Spegg, C., Goldbloom, D.S., Kennedy, S., Kaplan, A.S. & Woodside, D.B. (1995) Bulimia nervosa in a Canadian community sample: Prevalence and comparison of subgroups. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1052-1058.
33. Ge, X., Conger, R.D. & Elder, G.H., Jr. (1996) Coming of age too early: Pubertal influences on girls’ vulnerability to psychological distress. Child Development, 67 (6), 3386-3400.
34. Gilbert, P. (1989). Human Nature and Suffering. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd and New York: Guilford Press.
35. Gilbert, P. (1992) Depression: The Evolution of Powerlessness. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd and New York: Guilford Press.
36. Gilbert, P. (1998a) What is shame? Some core issues and controversies. In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (eds) Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology and Culture (pp. 3-38). New York: Oxford University Press.
37. Gilbert, P. (1998b) Shame and humiliation in the treatment of complex cases. In N. Tarrier, A. Wells & G. Haddock (eds) Treating Complex Cases: The Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Approach (pp. 241-271). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
38. Gilbert, P. (2000) The relationship of shame, social anxiety and depression: The role of the evaluation of social rank. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7, 174-189.
39. Gilbert, P. (2001) Evolution and social anxiety: The role of attraction, social competition and social hierarchies. In F. Schnieder (ed) Social Anxiety: Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24, 723-751.
40. Gilbert, P. & Allan, S. (1998) The role of defeat and entrapment (arrested flight) in depression: An exploration of an evolutionary view. Psychological Medicine, 28, 584-597.
41. Gilbert, P., Allan, S. & Goss (1996) Parental representations, shame, interpersonal problems, and vulnerability to psychopathology. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 3, 23-34.
42. Gilbert, P. & Gerlsma, C. (1999) Recall of shame and favouritism in relation to psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 357-373.
43. Gilbert, P. & McGuire, M. (1998) Shame, social roles and status: The psychobiological continuum from monkey to human (pp.99-125). In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (eds) Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
44. Gilbert, S. & Thompson, J.K. (1996) Feminist explanations of the development of eating disorders: Common themes, research findings, and methodological issues. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 3, 183-202.
45. Golub, S. (1992) Periods: From Menarche to Menopause. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
46. Graber, J.A. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1998) Puberty. In E.A. Blechman & K.D. Brownell (eds) Behavioral Medicine and Women: A Comprehensive Handbook (pp. 51-58). New York: Guilford Press.
47. Graber, J.A., Lewinsohn, P.M., Seeley, J.R. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1997) Is psychopathology associated with the timing of pubertal development? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36 (12), 1768-1776.
48. Grilo, C.M., Wilfley, D.E., Brownell, K.D. & Rodin, J. (1994) Teasing, body image, and self-esteem in a clinical sample of obese women. Addictive Behaviors, 19, 443-450.
49. Grissett, N.I. & Norvell, N.K. (1992) Perceived social support, social skills, and quality of relationships in bulimic women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 293-299.
50. Harris, J.R. (1995) Where is the child’s environment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review, 102, 458-489.
51. Havens, B. & Swenson, I. (1988) Imagery associated with menstruation in advertising targeted to adolescent women. Adolescence, 23, 91-97.
52. Heinberg, L.J., Wood, K. & Thompson, J.K. (1995) Body image. In V.I. Rickert (ed.) Adolescent Nutrition: Assessment and Management (pp. 136-156). New York:Chapman and Hall.
53. Hewitt, P.L., Flett, G.L. & Ediger, E. (1995) Perfectionism traits and perfectionistic self-presentation in eating disorder attitudes, characteristics, and symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 317-326.
54. Hoare, P. & Cosgrove, L. (1998) Eating habits, body-esteem and self-esteem in Scottish children and adolescents. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 45, 425-431.
55. Hsu, L.K. (1989) The gender gap in eating disorders: Why are the eating disorders more common among women? Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 393-407.
56. Joiner, G.W. & Kashubeck, S. (1996) Acculturation, body image, self-esteem and eating-disorder symptomatology in adolescent Mexican American women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 419-435.
57. Joiner, T.E., Schmidt, N.B. & Wonderlich, S.A. (1997) Global self-esteem as contingent on body satisfaction among patients with bulimia nervosa: Lack of diagnostic specificity? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21, 67-76.
58. Kaufman, G. (1989) The Psychology of Shame. New York: Springer.
59. Keltner, D. & Harker, L.A. (1998) The forms and functions of the nonverbal signal of shame. In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (eds) Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology and Culture (pp. 78-98). New York: Oxford University Press.
60. Kingston, W. (1987) The shame of narcissism. In D.L. Nathanson (ed.) The Many Faces of Shame (pp. 214-245). New York: Guilford Press.
61. Knox, M., Funk, J., Elliott, R. & Bush, E.G. (1998) Adolescent possible selves and their relationship to global self-esteem. Sex Roles, 39, 61-80.
62. Koff, E. & Rierdan, J. (1995) Early adolescent girls’ understanding of menstruation. Women and Health, 22, 1-19.
63. Kwa, L. (1994) Adolescent females’ perceptions of competence: What is defined as healthy and achieving. In J. Gallivan, S.D. Crozier & V.M. Lalande (eds) Women, Girls, and Achievement (pp. 121-132). North York, Ontario: Captus University Publications.
64. Lashbrook, J.T. (2000) Fitting in: Exploring the emotional dimension of adolescent peer pressure. Adolescence, 35, 747-757.
65. Lerner, R.M., Orlos, J.R. & Knapp, J. (1976) Physical attractiveness, physical effectiveness and self-concept in adolescents. Adolescence, 11, 313-326.
66. Lewis, M. (1987) Introduction: Shame, the ‘sleeper’ in psychopathology. In H.B. Lewis (ed.) The Role of Shame in Symptom Formation (pp. 1-28). Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
67. Lewis, M. (1992) Shame: The Exposed Self. New York: Free Press.
68. Lewis, M. (1993) The emergence of human emotions. In M. Lewis & J.M. Haviland (eds) Handbook of Emotions (pp. 223-235). New York: Guilford Press.
69. Lewis, M. (1995) Self-conscious emotions. American Scientist, 83, 68-78.
70. Liebman, M., Cameron, B.A., Carson, D.K., Brown, D.M. & Meyer, S.S. (2001) Dietary fat reduction behaviors in college students: Relationship to dieting status, gender and key psychosocial variables. Appetite, 36, 51-56.
71. Lyders, G.C. (1999) Body image and attitudes toward eating: The influence of objectified body consciousness and variations by gender and sexual orientation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 60, 1861.
72. McCauley, M., Mintz, L. & Glenn, A.A. (1988) Body image, self-esteem, and depression-proneness: Closing the gender gap. Sex Roles, 18, 381-391.
73. McKinley, N.M. (1995) Women and objectified body consciousness: A feminist psychological analysis. Dissertation Abstracts International, 56, 05B (University Microfilms No. 9527111).
74. McKinley, N.M. (1998) Gender differences in undergraduates’ body esteem: The mediating effect of objectified body consciousness and actual/ideal weight discrepancy. Sex Roles, 39, 113-119.
75. McKinley, N.M. (1999) Women and objectified body consciousness: Mothers’ and daughters’ body experience in cultural, developmental, and familial context. Developmental Psychology, 33, 760-769.
76. McKinley, N.M. & Hyde, J.S. (1996) The objectified body consciousness scale: Development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181-215.
77. Merskin, D. (1999) Adolescence, advertising, and the ideology of menstruation. Sex Roles, 40, 941-957.
78. Mintz, L.B. & Betz, N.E. (1988) Prevalence and correlates of eating disordered behaviors among undergraduate women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 463-471.
79. Moore, S.M. (1995) Girls’ understanding and social constructions of menarche. Journal of Adolescence, 18, 87-104.
80. Murnen, S.K. & Smolak, L. (2000) The experience of sexual harassment among grade-school students: Early socialization of female subordination? Sex Roles, 43, 1-17.
81. Murray, C. & Waller, G. (in press) Reported sexual abuse and bulimic psychopathology among non-clinical women: The mediating role of shame. International Journal of Eating Disorders.
82. Mussen, P. & Jones, M.C. (1957) Self-conceptions, motivations, and interpersonal attitudes of late- and early-maturing boys. Child Development, 28, 243-256.
83. Mussen, P. & Jones, M.C. (1958) The behavior-inferred motivations of late- and earlymaturing boys. Child Development, 29, 61-67.
84. Nathanson, D.L. (1994) Shame and Pride: Affect Sex and the Birth of the Self. New York: Norton Paperbacks.
85. Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., Hannan, P.J., Beuhring, T. & Resnick, M.D. (2000) Disordered eating among adolescents: Associations with sexual/physical abuse and other familial/psychosocial factors. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, 249-258.
86. Noll, S.M. (1997) The relationship between sexual objectification and disordered eating: Correlational and experimental tests of body shame as a mediator. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 57, 5926.
87. Norman, D.K. & Herzog, D.B. (1986) A 3-year outcome study of normal-weight bulimia: Assessment of psycho-social functioning and eating attitudes. Psychiatric Research, 19, 199-205.
88. O’Dea, J.A. & Abraham, S. (1999) Association between self-concept and body weight, gender, and pubertal development among male and female adolescents. Adolescence, 34, 69-79.
89. Parnell, K., Sargent, R., Thompson, S.H., Duhe, S.F., Valois, R.F. & Kemper, R.C. (1996) Black and white adolescent females’ perceptions of ideal body size. Journal of School Health, 66, 112-118.
90. Petersen, A. (1985) Pubertal development as a cause of disturbance: Myths, realities, and unanswered questions. Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, 111, 205-232.
91. Polivy, J. & Herman, C.P. (1987) Diagnosis and treatment of normal eating. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 635-644.
92. Power, M. & Dalgleish, T. (1997) Cognition and Emotions: From Order to Disorder. Hove: Psychology Press.
93. Reel, J.J. & Gill, D.L. (1996) Psychosocial factors related to eating disorders among high school and college female cheerleaders. Sport Psychologist, 10, 195-206.
94. Rodin, J., Silberstein, L. & Striegel-Moore, R. (1984) Women and weight: A normative discontent. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 32, 267-307.
95. Rorty, M. & Yager, J. (1993) Speculations on the role of childhood abuse in the development of eating disorders among women. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 1, 199-210.
96. Rosenblum, G.D. & Lewis, M. (1999) The relations among body image, physical attractiveness, and body mass in adolescence. Child Development, 70, 50-64.
97. Rothblum, E.D. (1994) “I’ll die for the revolution but don’t ask me not to diet�?:Feminism and the continuing stigmatization of obesity. In P. Fallon, M.A. Katzman & S.C. Wooley (eds) Feminist Perspectives on Eating Disorders (pp. 17-52). New York: Guilford Press.
98. Schore, A.N. (1994) Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
99. Serdula, M.K., Collins, M.E., Williamson, D.F., Anda, R.F., Pamuk, E. & Byers, T.E. (1993) Weight control practices of U.S. adolescents and adults. Annals of Internal Medicine, 199, 667-671.
100. Shisslak, C.M., Crago, M., McKnight, K.M., Estes, L.S., Gray, N. and Parnaby, O.G. (1988) Potential risk factors associated with weight control behaviors in elementary and middle school girls. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 44, 301-313.
101. Simmons, R.G. & Blyth, D.A. (1987) Moving into Adolescence: The Impact of Pubertal Change and School Context. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
102. Smith, G.J. (1985) Facial and full-length ratings of attractiveness related to the social interactions of young children. Sex Roles, 12, 287-293.
103. Smolak, L. & Levine, M.P. (2001) Body image in children. In J.K. Thompson & L. Smolak (eds) Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity in Youth: Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment (pp. 41-66). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
104. Stattin, H. & Magnusson, D. (1990) Paths Through Life (Vol. 2) Pubertal Maturation in Female Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
105. Stice, E., Agras, W.S. & Hammer, L.D. (1999). Risk factors for the emergence of childhood eating disturbances: A five year prospective study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25, 375-387.
106. Stice, E., Presnell, K. & Bearman, S.K. (2001) Relation of early menarche to depression, eating disorders, substance abuse and comorbid psychopathology among adolescent girls. Developmental Psychology, 37, 1-12.
107. Stipek, D. (1995). The development of pride and shame in toddlers. In J.P. Tangney & K.W. Fischer (eds) Self-conscious emotions: The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment and Pride (pp.237-252). New York: Guilford Press.
108. Stormer, S.M. & Thompson, J.K. (1996) Explanations of body image disturbance:A test of maturational status, negative verbal commentary, social comparison, and sociocultural hypotheses. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 19, 193-202.
109. Stradmeijer, J., Bosch, J., Koops, W. & Seidell, J. (2000) Family functioning and psychosocial adjustment in overweight youngsters. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27, 110-114.
110. Striegel-Moore, R., Schreiber, G.B., Lo, A., Crawford, P., Obarzanek, E. & Rodin, J. (2000) Eating disorders symptoms in a cohort of 11 to 16-year-old black and white girls: The NHLBI Growth and Health Study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27, 49-66.
111. Striegel-Moore, R.H., Silbereisen, L.R. & Rodin, J. (1993) The social self in bulimia nervosa: Public self-consciousness, social anxiety, and perceived fraudulence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 297-303.
112. Tangney, J.P. & Fischer, K.W. (eds) (1995) Self-conscious Emotions: The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, and Pride. New York: Guilford Press.
113. Tangney, J.P., Miller, R.S., Flicker, L. & Barlow, D.H. (1996) Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1256-1269.
114. Thompson, J.K. (ed.) (1990) Body Image Disturbance: Assessment and Treatment. New York: Pergamon Press.
115. Thompson, J.K. (1992) Body image: Extent of disturbance, associated features, theoretical models, assessment methodologies, intervention strategies, and a proposal for a DSM-IV diagnostic category - Body Image Disorder. In M. Hersen, R.M. Eisler & P.M. Miller (eds) Progress in Behaviour Modification (vol. 28, pp.3-54). Sycamore, IL: Sycamore Publishing.
116. Thompson, J.K. (ed.) (1996) Body Image, Eating Disorders and Obesity: An Integrative Guide for Assessment and Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
117. Thompson, J.K., Coovert, M., Richards, K., Johnson, S. & Cattarin, J. (1995) Development of body image, eating disturbance and general psychological functioning in female adolescents: Covariance structure modeling and longitudinal investigations. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 221-236.
118. Thompson, J.K., Fabian, L.J., Moulton, D.O., Dunn, M.E. & Altabe, M.N. (1991) Development and validation of the Physical Appearance Related Teasing Scale (PARTS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 56, 513-521.
119. Thompson, J.K. & Heinberg, L.J. (1993) Preliminary test of two hypotheses of body image disturbance. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 14, 59-63.
120. Thompson, J.K., Heinberg, L.J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999) Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment and treatment of Body Image Disturbance. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
121. Thompson, J. K. & Smolak, L. (2001) (eds) Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity in Youth: Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
122. Thompson, K.M., Wonderlich, S., Crosby, R.D. & Mitchell, J.E. (2001) Sexual violence and eight control techniques among adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 166-176.
123. Thompson, S.H. & Sargent, R.G. (2000) Black and white women’s weight-related attitudes and parental criticism of their childhood appearance. Women and Health, 30, 77-92.
124. Tobin, D., Johnson, C., Steinberg, S., Staats, M. & Enright, A.B. (1991) Multifactorial assessment of bulimia nervosa. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 14-21.
125. Williams, L.R. (1983) Beliefs and attitudes of young girls regarding menstruation. In S. Golub (ed.) Menarche (pp. 139-148). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
126. Wolf, N. (1991) The Beauty Myth. New York: William Morrow.
127. Wolfgang, L.E (1999) Relationship between childhood sexual abuse in women, internalized shame, and attachments to peers, mother, and father. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 59, 4494.
128. Wonderlich, S.A., Brewerton, T.D., Jocic, Z., Dansky, B. & Abbott, D.W. (1997) Relationship of childhood sexual abuse and eating disorders. Journal of The Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1107-1115.
129. Wonderlich, S., Crosby, R., Mitchell, J., Thompson, K., Redlin, J., Demuth, G. & Smyth, J. (2001) Pathways mediating sexual abuse and eating disturbance in children. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 270-279.
130. Wurmser, L. (1987) Shame: The veiled companion of narcissism. In D.L. Nathanson (ed.) The Many Faces of Shame (pp. 64-92). New York: Guilford Press.
131. Yager, J., Landsverk, J. & Edelstein, C.K. (1987) A 20-month follow-up study of 628 women with eating disorders, I: Course and severity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1172-1177.
132. Yalom, M., Estler, S. & Brewster, W. (1982) Changes in female sexuality: A study of mother/daughter communication and generational differences. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 7, 141-154.